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Beyond Illegality: The Gendered In- Securities of Illegal Armenian Care Workers in Turkey

Year 2018, , 78 - 92, 01.01.2018
https://doi.org/10.1501/Fe0001_0000000198

Abstract

In the migration literature, there has been a shift of interest from studying exclusionary policies of states that result in the criminalization of ‘illegal’ migrants towards more subtle forms of incorporation. In this paper, I will examine such as migration regime imposed upon illegal Armenian migrant care workers, which is characterized by the conditional acceptance of illegality rather than by strict punishments and deportation. Within this context, Armenian migrant care workers are caught in a legal limbo of belonging and non-belonging. The paper argues that the terms of belonging and non- belonging are traversable normative-legal categories negotiated by everyday actors in a way that often crisscross gender and class hierarchies. Migrant women could become more acceptable if they comply with certain gendered expectations and norms of work while at the same time could easily become deportable. At the same time, this article demonstrates that this legal limbo increases the gendered vulnerabilities and labour precarity in women’s everyday lives

References

  • Akalın, Ayşe. “Hired as a Caregiver, Demanded as a Housewife Becoming a Migrant Domestic Worker in Turkey.” European Journal of Women's Studies 14, no. 3 (2012): 209-225.
  • Akalın, Ayşe. “Yukarıdakiler-Aşağıdakiler: Istanbul’daki Güvenlikli Sitelerde Göçmen Ev Hizmetlisi İstihdamı”, Türkiye’ye Uluslararası Göç ed. Barbara Pusch and Tomas Wilkoszewski (Istanbul: Kitap Yayinevi, 2010)
  • Ali, Syed and Doug Hartmann. Migration, Incorporation, and Change in an Interconnected World. (New York: Routledge, 2015).
  • Anderson, Benedict. “Migration, immigration controls and the fashioning of precarious workers.” Work, Employment& Society 24, no. 2 (2010), 300-317.
  • Anderson, Benedict and Martin Ruhs. “Researching illegality and labour migration.” Population, Space and Place 16, no. 3 (2010), 175-179.
  • Benhabib, Seyla, and Judith Resnik, eds. Migrations and Mobilities: Citizenship, Borders, and Gender. (New York: NYU Press, 2009).
  • Bigo, Didier, and Elspeth Guild, eds. Controlling Frontiers: Free Movement into and within Europe. (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2005).
  • Bora, Aksu. 2008. Kadınların Sınıfı: Ücretli Ev Emeği ve Kadın Öznelliğinin İnşası .(Istanbul: İletişim, 2008)
  • Bosniak, Linda. The Citizen and the Alien: Dilemmas of Contemporary Membership (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008).
  • Coutin, Susan. B. “Illegality, Borderlands and the Space of Non-Existence.” Globalization Under Construction: Governmentality, Law and Identity ed. Richard Warren Perry and Bill Maurer (University of Minnesota Press, 2003), 171-202.
  • Dannreuther, Roland. International Security: The Contemporary Agenda. (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007)
  • Racial Studies36, no. 7 (2013): 1180-1198.
  • Erder, Sema. “Yabancısız’ Kurgulanan Ülkenin ‘Yabancıları’” Türkiye’de Yabancı İşçiler ed Aylan Arı (Istanbul: Derin Yayınları, 2007), 1-65.
  • Erdoğdu, Sema and Gülay Toksöz. “The Visible Face of Women’s Invisible Labour: Domestic Workers in Turkey.” ILO Working Series, 2013
  • Erman, Tahire. “The Politics of Squatter Studies in Turkey: the Changing Representations of Rural Migrants in Academic Discourse.” Urban studies 38, no 7 (2001): 983-1002. the
  • Hallett, Miranda . Disappeared Subjects: Migration, Legality and the Neo-Liberal State. Unpublished , Cornell University. Dissertation ,2009, Cornell Universty.
  • Inda, Jonathan, X. Targeting Immigrants: Government, Technology, and Ethics. (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2008)
  • Kaşka, Selmin. “The New International Migration And Migrant Women In Turkey: The Case Of Moldovan Domestic Workers.” Mirekoç Resaarch Projects 2006, 48.
  • Kofman, Eleonore, and Parvati Raghuram. Gendered Migrations and Global Social Reproduction. (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015).
  • McNevin, Anne. Contesting Citizenship: Irregular Migrants and New Frontiers of the Political (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011).
  • Nyers, Peter. Rethinking Refugees: Beyond State of Emergency. (New York: Routledge, 2013).
  • Ong, Aihwa. Neoliberalism As Exception: Mutations In Citizenship And Sovereignty. (Duke University Press, 2006)
  • Özbay, Ferhunde. “Turkiye’de Ev Emeginin Donusum” [The Transformation Of Domestic Labour In Turkey] Geçmişten Günümüze Türkiye’de KadınEmeği. Ed Gulay Toksoz (Ankara: Ankey Yayincilik, 2012): 116- 159.
  • Özyegin, Gül 2001. Untidy Gender: Domestic Service In Turkey. (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2001).
  • Squire, Vicki, Ed. The Contested Politics Of Mobility: Borderzones And Irregularity. (London: Routledge, 2010).
  • Stoler, Ann Laura. Carnal Knowledge And Imperial Power: Race And The Intimate In Colonial Rule. Universıty Of California Press, 2010). (California:Press,2010)
  • Toksoz, Gülay. 2012. “The State Of Female Labour In The Impasse Of The Neo-Liberal Market And Thepatriarchal Family.” Gender And Society In Turkey: The Impact Of Neoliberal Policies, Political Islam And EU Accession Ed. Saniye Dedeoğlu And Adem Elveren (London: IB Tauris,2012): 47-65.
  • Walters, William. “Rezoning The Global: Technological Zones, Technological Work, And The (Un-)Making Of Biometric Borders”, The Contested Politics Of Mobility: Borderzones And Irregularity Ed. Vicki Squire (London: Routledge, 2011): 51-73.

Yasadışılığın Ötesi: Ermeni Kadınların Toplumsal Cinsiyet Temelli Güvencesizlikleri

Year 2018, , 78 - 92, 01.01.2018
https://doi.org/10.1501/Fe0001_0000000198

Abstract

Göç literatüründe ilgi, devletlerin göçmenleri ‘yasadışı’ ilan eden dışlayıcı politikalarından devletlerin göçmenleri inceden inceye topluma entegre eden politikalarına yönelmiştir. Bu çalışma, sınır dışı etmekten çok müsamahaya dayanan bu tip bir göç rejiminin Türkiye’de göçmen kadınlara yönelik gelişimini incelemektedir. Türkiye’de Ermeni ev işçileri göçmen kadınlarla yapılan mülakatlara dayanarak bu çalışma yeni tip göç rejiminin yarattığı yasal belirsizlik durumunu incelemektedir. Bu durum, göçmenleri yasal bir aidiyet ile aidiyet olmama durumu ikileminde bırakmaktadır. Aynı zamanda makalede bu yasaya dayalı ve resmi kategorilerin aynı zamanda nasıl sınıf ve toplumsal cinsiyet dayalı kültürel normlarla yoğurulduğunu tartışmaktadır. Göçmen kadınlar eğer işverenler tarafından baskın toplumsal cinsiyet normlarına atıfla tanımlanan makbul kadın ve makbul işçi olurlarsa, yasadışı göçmen statüsü görünmez olmaktadır. Fakat, kadınlar makbul kadın algısının dışına çıkarlarsa yasadışılık görünür olmakta ve onları hem devlet, hem erkek, hem de işveren şiddetine maruz bırakmaktadır

References

  • Akalın, Ayşe. “Hired as a Caregiver, Demanded as a Housewife Becoming a Migrant Domestic Worker in Turkey.” European Journal of Women's Studies 14, no. 3 (2012): 209-225.
  • Akalın, Ayşe. “Yukarıdakiler-Aşağıdakiler: Istanbul’daki Güvenlikli Sitelerde Göçmen Ev Hizmetlisi İstihdamı”, Türkiye’ye Uluslararası Göç ed. Barbara Pusch and Tomas Wilkoszewski (Istanbul: Kitap Yayinevi, 2010)
  • Ali, Syed and Doug Hartmann. Migration, Incorporation, and Change in an Interconnected World. (New York: Routledge, 2015).
  • Anderson, Benedict. “Migration, immigration controls and the fashioning of precarious workers.” Work, Employment& Society 24, no. 2 (2010), 300-317.
  • Anderson, Benedict and Martin Ruhs. “Researching illegality and labour migration.” Population, Space and Place 16, no. 3 (2010), 175-179.
  • Benhabib, Seyla, and Judith Resnik, eds. Migrations and Mobilities: Citizenship, Borders, and Gender. (New York: NYU Press, 2009).
  • Bigo, Didier, and Elspeth Guild, eds. Controlling Frontiers: Free Movement into and within Europe. (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2005).
  • Bora, Aksu. 2008. Kadınların Sınıfı: Ücretli Ev Emeği ve Kadın Öznelliğinin İnşası .(Istanbul: İletişim, 2008)
  • Bosniak, Linda. The Citizen and the Alien: Dilemmas of Contemporary Membership (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008).
  • Coutin, Susan. B. “Illegality, Borderlands and the Space of Non-Existence.” Globalization Under Construction: Governmentality, Law and Identity ed. Richard Warren Perry and Bill Maurer (University of Minnesota Press, 2003), 171-202.
  • Dannreuther, Roland. International Security: The Contemporary Agenda. (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007)
  • Racial Studies36, no. 7 (2013): 1180-1198.
  • Erder, Sema. “Yabancısız’ Kurgulanan Ülkenin ‘Yabancıları’” Türkiye’de Yabancı İşçiler ed Aylan Arı (Istanbul: Derin Yayınları, 2007), 1-65.
  • Erdoğdu, Sema and Gülay Toksöz. “The Visible Face of Women’s Invisible Labour: Domestic Workers in Turkey.” ILO Working Series, 2013
  • Erman, Tahire. “The Politics of Squatter Studies in Turkey: the Changing Representations of Rural Migrants in Academic Discourse.” Urban studies 38, no 7 (2001): 983-1002. the
  • Hallett, Miranda . Disappeared Subjects: Migration, Legality and the Neo-Liberal State. Unpublished , Cornell University. Dissertation ,2009, Cornell Universty.
  • Inda, Jonathan, X. Targeting Immigrants: Government, Technology, and Ethics. (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2008)
  • Kaşka, Selmin. “The New International Migration And Migrant Women In Turkey: The Case Of Moldovan Domestic Workers.” Mirekoç Resaarch Projects 2006, 48.
  • Kofman, Eleonore, and Parvati Raghuram. Gendered Migrations and Global Social Reproduction. (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015).
  • McNevin, Anne. Contesting Citizenship: Irregular Migrants and New Frontiers of the Political (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011).
  • Nyers, Peter. Rethinking Refugees: Beyond State of Emergency. (New York: Routledge, 2013).
  • Ong, Aihwa. Neoliberalism As Exception: Mutations In Citizenship And Sovereignty. (Duke University Press, 2006)
  • Özbay, Ferhunde. “Turkiye’de Ev Emeginin Donusum” [The Transformation Of Domestic Labour In Turkey] Geçmişten Günümüze Türkiye’de KadınEmeği. Ed Gulay Toksoz (Ankara: Ankey Yayincilik, 2012): 116- 159.
  • Özyegin, Gül 2001. Untidy Gender: Domestic Service In Turkey. (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2001).
  • Squire, Vicki, Ed. The Contested Politics Of Mobility: Borderzones And Irregularity. (London: Routledge, 2010).
  • Stoler, Ann Laura. Carnal Knowledge And Imperial Power: Race And The Intimate In Colonial Rule. Universıty Of California Press, 2010). (California:Press,2010)
  • Toksoz, Gülay. 2012. “The State Of Female Labour In The Impasse Of The Neo-Liberal Market And Thepatriarchal Family.” Gender And Society In Turkey: The Impact Of Neoliberal Policies, Political Islam And EU Accession Ed. Saniye Dedeoğlu And Adem Elveren (London: IB Tauris,2012): 47-65.
  • Walters, William. “Rezoning The Global: Technological Zones, Technological Work, And The (Un-)Making Of Biometric Borders”, The Contested Politics Of Mobility: Borderzones And Irregularity Ed. Vicki Squire (London: Routledge, 2011): 51-73.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Fatma Armağan Teke Lloyd This is me

Publication Date January 1, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018

Cite

Chicago Teke Lloyd, Fatma Armağan. “Beyond Illegality: The Gendered In- Securities of Illegal Armenian Care Workers in Turkey”. Fe Dergi 10, no. 1 (January 2018): 78-92. https://doi.org/10.1501/Fe0001_0000000198.