Feminist Etik Açısından Cinsellik ve Üreme: Fetüsün Bireyliği ve Kadının Beden Bütünlüğü

Abstract

Bu makalede bir yandan elektrofotografi gibi görüntüleme teknolojileri ve ultrason, taşıyıcı annelik ve fetal cerrahi gibi üreme teknolojilerinin yardımıyla modern fetüsün teknolojik yaratımını ve tarihsel/kültürel inşasını göz önüne sererken, öte yandan bu teknofetüsün biyomedikal söylem ve uygulamalar, kürtaj karşıtı söylem ve hamileliği ve doğumu kriminalize eden yasa ve uygulamalarla birlikte hamileliği ve anneliği ciddi şekillerde dönüştürmesini işliyorum. Hamile kadın bedenini kad ı n ve fetüs olarak ikiye ayirip birbirine karşıt şekilde konumlandirildigi, fetüsün bireysellik kazanırken beden sınırları ihlal edilen ve belirsizleşen kadınin gittikçe yok olduğu veya “doğmamış çocuk” için “rahim ortamı/kuluçka” haline geldiği bu dönüşümü feminist etik bakış açısıdan ele alıyorum

Keywords

• fetüs
• teknofetus
• üreme
• üreme teknolojileri
• kürtaj
• feminist etik
• cyborg

Fe Dergi: Feminist Eleştiri 9, Sayı 1 Erişim bilgileri, makale sunumu ve ayrıntılar için

Abstract

In this article, I discuss the technological creation and historical/cultural production of the modern fetus through imaging technologies such as electrofotography and reproductive technologies such as ultrasound, surrogacy and fetal surgery. Simultaneously, I reveal how this technofetus interacts with biomedical discourses and practices, anti-abortion discourses and laws and practices that criminalize pregnancy and birth to transform profoundly the understanding and experience of pregnancy and motherhood. The pregnant women’s body is split into two: woman and fetus who then are juxtaposed against each other, the fetus gains personhood while the women, whose bodily integrity has been violated and her body borders become more and more permeable, starts disappearing i n t o empty space or becomes a “womb environment” or “incubator” for the “unborn child.” I end the article with a feminist ethics approach to this transformation.

Keywords

• technofetus
• reproduction
• reproductive technologies
• abortion
• feminist ethics
• cyborg

References

1. AAP Committee on Bioethics (1990). Fetal Therapy: Ethical Considerations. Women’s Health Issues, 1: 16-17.
2. ACOG Committee on Ethics, Committee Opinion. (2016, Number 664). Refusal of Medically Recommended Treatment During Pregnancy.
3. ACOG Committee on Ethics (1990). Patient Choice: Maternal-Fetal Conflict. Women’s Health Issues, 1: 13-15. Allen, Anita L. (1990). Surrogacy, Slavery, and the Ownership of Life. Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, V 13: 139-149.
4. A l l e n G u t t m a c h e r I n s t i t u t e ( A s o f J u l y 1 , 2 0 1 6 ) . A n O v e r v i e w o f A b o r t i o n L a w s . https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/state_policy_overview_files/spib_oal.pdf
5. A l l e n G U t t m a c h e r I n s t i t u t e ( A s o f M a r c h 1 , 2 0 1 6 ) . R e q u i r e m e n t s f o r U l t r a s o u n d . https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/spibs/spib_RFU.pdf
6. Ajay, Lakskmi (February 13, 2014). Gujarat, a hub of rent-a-womb industry in India. The Indian Express. http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/gujarat-a-hub-of-rent-a-womb-industry- india/ in
7. Balsoy, Gülhan Erkaya (2015). Kahraman doktor ihtiyar acuzeye karşı; Geç Osmanlı doğum politikaları. İstanbul,Türkiye: Can Yayınları.
8. Boone, Sarah S. (1992). Slavery and Contract Motherhood: A ‘Racialized’ Objection to the Autonomy In H. Bequaert Holmes (Ed), Issues in Reproductive Technology I: An Anthology (pp. 349 New York University Press. Arguments. 366).

9. Casper, Monica, J. (1998). The making of the unborn patient: A social anatomy of fetal surgery. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
10. Demirci, Tuba, & Somel, Selcuk. A (2008). Women’s Bodies, Demography, and Public Health: Abortion policy and perspectives in the Ottoman Empire of the nineteenth century, Journal of History of Sexuality, 17(3): 377-420.
11. Duden, Barbara (2000). The fetus on the ‘farther shore’: Toward a history of the unborn. L. Morgan and M. Michaels (Eds). Fetal Subjects, Feminist Positions (pp. 13-25). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
12. Duden, Barbara (1993). Disembodying Women: Perspectives on Pregnancy and the Unborn. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
13. Dummit, Joseph, & Davis-Floyd, Robbie (1998). Cyborg Babies: Children of the Third Millenium. In Davis- Floyd, R. & J. Dummit (Eds.) Cyborg babies: From techno-sex to techno-tots (pp. 1-18). New York: Routledge.
14. Ertem, Ece Cihan (2011). Anti-abortion policies in Late Ottoman Empire and Early Republican Turkey: Intervention of State on women’s body and reprodutivity, Fe Journal: feminist critique, 3(1): 47-55.
15. Gentleman, Amelia (March 10, 2008). India Nurtures Business of Surrogate Motherhood. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/10/world/asia/10surrogate.html?_r=0
16. Joffe, Carole (2011). Dispatches from the abortion wars: The costs of fanaticism to doctors, patients, and the of us (Kindle Edition). Ypsilani, MI: Beacon Press.
17. Kadir Has Universitesi Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Kadin Arastirmalari Merkezi (2016). Yasal ama ulasabilir degil: Turkiye’deki Devlet Hastahanelerinde Kurtaj Hizmetleri.
18. Kirkova, Deni. (September 20, 2013). Wombs for rent in India: Inside the 'house of surrogates' where poverty- s t r i c k e n w o m e n c a r r y b a b i e s f o r w e a l t h y f o r e i g n e r s . D a i l y M a i l http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2438835/Wombs-rent-India-Inside-house- Online.
19. surrogates-poverty- stricken-women-carry-babies-wealthy-foreigners.html
20. Knopoff, Katherine A. (1991). Can a Pregnant Woman Morally Refuse Fetal Surgery. California Law Review, 79: 449-540.
21. Macklin, Ruth (1990). Maternal-Fetal Conflict: An Ethical Analysis. Women’s Health Issues, 1: 28-30.
22. Mayoh, Lisa. (May 3, 2017). Couples are turning extra IVF embryos into jewellery. Kidspot. http://www.kidspot.com.au/parenting/real-life/in-the-news/couples-are-turning-extra-ivfembryos-into-jewellery
23. Michaels, Meredith (2000). Fetal Galaxies: Some Questions About What We See. In L. Morgan and M.
24. Michaels (Eds). Fetal Subjects, Feminist Positions (pp. 113-132). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
25. Mitchell, Lisa, M. & Georges, Eugenia (1998). Baby’s first picture: The cyborg fetus of ultrasound imaging. In Davis-Floyd, R. & J. Dumit (Eds.) Cyborg babies: From techno-sex to techno-tots (pp. 107-124). New York: Routledge.
26. Mutlu, Burcu (May 25, 2017). Tüp Bebek Tedavinizden Arta Kalan Embriyolarınız İtinayla Mücevhere Dönüştürülür 5 Harfliler blog. http://www.5harfliler.com/embriyolariniz-itinayla-mucevheredonusturulur/
27. Oliver, Kelly (1989). Marxism and Surrogacy. Hypatia, V.4(3), Ethics & Reproduction (Autumn, 1989): 95-115.
28. Paltrow, Lynn M. & Flavin, Jeanne (2013). Arrests of and Forced Interventions on Pregnant Women in the United States, 1973–2005: Implications for Women’s Legal Status and Public Health. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, Vol. 38(2): 299-343.
29. Petchesky, Rosalind (2003). Global Prescriptions: Gendering Health and Human Rights. London: Zed Books.
30. Purdy, Laura M. (1990). Are Pregnant Women Fetal Containers?. Bioethics, 4: 273-291.
31. Radin, Margaret Jane (1987). Market In-alienability. Harvard Law Review, 100: 1848-1937.
32. Roberts, Dorothy (1999). Killing the Black Body: Race, reproduction, and the meaning of liberty. New York: Vintage Books.
33. Saletan, William. (September 11, 2008). Full metal Socket: How seniors became cyborgs. Slate Magazine.
34. Toprak, Zafer (Mayis 2017). Erken Cumhuriyet, kürtaj, ya da iskat-i cenin, Toplumsal Tarih, 281: 50-61.