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Homofobi Olarak Erkeklik: Toplumsal Cinsiyet Kimliğinin İnşasında Korku, Utanç ve Sessizlik

Year 2013, , 91 - 107, 01.12.2013
https://doi.org/10.1501/Fe0001_0000000101

Abstract

Erkeklik toplumsal, kültürel ve tarihsel koşulların ürünüdür ve bir toplumsal inşadır. Hem zamansal, hem de kültürel ve toplumsal farklılıklar gösterir. Bu nedenle bireysel ve kolektif olarak değişme potansiyeli barındırır. Homofobi, erkekliğin –ve bu yazıda ele alınan örnek olan Amerikan erkekliğinin- kültürel tanımını örgütleyen ataerkilliğin merkezinde yer alan ilkelerden biridir. Erkekler, diğer erkekler tarafından “kadınsı” olarak değerlendirilerek alaya alınmaktan korkarlar; ancak kendileri de öteki erkekleri böyle değerlendirmekten kaçınmazlar genelde. Böylece dışlayıcı, baskıcı ve homofobik erkekliklerin inşa edilmesine katkıda bulunurlar. Bu yazı, Amerikan erkekliklerine odaklanırken, homofobinin erkekliklerin toplumsal inşa süreçlerindeki rolünü eleştirel bir biçimde tartışmakta ve erkeklerin içerme, eşitlik ve adalet siyasetlerine yönelerek toplumsal cinsiyet mücadelesine katılmalarını önermektedir

References

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  • The Magician Within: Accessing The Magician In Male Psyche. New York: William Morrow, 1993b.
  • Noble, V. “A Helping Hand From The Guys”. İçinde, Women Respond To Men’s Movement, Kay Leigh Hagan, Der. San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1992.
  • Osherson, Sam. Wrestling With Love: How Men Struggle With Intimacy, With Women, Children, Parents And Each Other. New York: Fawcett, 1992.
  • Rotundo, E. Anthony. American Manhood: Transformations In Masculinity From The Revolution To The Modern Era. New York: Basic Books, 1993.
  • Savran, David. Communists, Cowboys and Queers: The Politics Of Masculinity In The Work Of Arthur Miller And Tennessee Williams. Minneapolis: University Of Minnesota Press, 1992.
  • Seidler, Victor J. Unreasonable Men: Masculinity and Social Theory. New York: Routledge, 1994.
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  • Tocqueville, Alexis de. Democracy in America. New York: Anchor, 1835/1967.
  • Wayne, Kenneth Henroian. Building the Young Man. Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1912.
  • Weber, Max. Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1905/1966.
  • “What Men Need is Men’s Approval” The New York Times, s. C-11(3 Ocak 1993)..
  • Wilkinson, Rupert. American Tough: The Tough-Guy Tradition and American Character. New York: Harper & Row, 1986.
  • Woolfolk, Richard. L. ve Frank C. Richardson. Sanity, Stress and Survival. New York: Signet, 1978.

Masculinity as Homophobia: Fear, Shame and Silence in the Construction of Gender Identity

Year 2013, , 91 - 107, 01.12.2013
https://doi.org/10.1501/Fe0001_0000000101

Abstract

Masculinity as Homophobia: Fear, Shame and Silence in the Construction of Gender Identity Masculinity is a product of social, cultural and historical conditions; and it is a social construction. It presents historical, as well as cultural and social diversities. Hence, it accommodates the potential of individual and collective change. Homophobia is one of the principles that reside in the core of patriarchy which organizes the cultural definition of masculinity –and American masculinity, the case of this article. The men are afraid of being ridiculed by other men by being labelled as “feminine”; but usually they don’t hesitate to do that to other men as well. Hence, they contribute the construction of exclusionary, oppressive and homophobic masculinities. Focusing on American masculinities, this article critically discusses the role of homophobia in the construction of masculinities, and suggests the men to contribute the gender struggle by turning to politics of inclusion, equality and justice

References

  • Adler, Alfred. Cooperation Between the Sexes: Writings on Women, Love and Marriage, Sexuality and Its Disorders, Der. & Çev. H. Ansbacher & R. Ansbacher, New York: Jason Aronson, 1980.
  • Arendt, Hannah. On Revolution. New York: Viking, 1970.
  • Bly, Robert. Iron John: A Book About Men. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1990.
  • Brannon, Robert. The Male Sex-Role –And What It’s Done Lately. İçinde, The Forty-Nine Percent Majority, Der. Robert Brannon & Deborah Sarah David, 1-40. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1976.
  • Connell, Robert William. Gender and Power: Society, the Person and Sexual Politics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1987.
  • Farrell, Warren. Why Men are the Way They Are. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990.
  • The Myth of Male Power: Why Men are the Disposable Sex. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001.
  • Freud, Sigmund. New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. Der. L. Strachey. New York: Norton, 1933/1966.
  • Gaylin, Willard. The Male Ego. New York: Viking, 1992.
  • Goffman, Erwing. Stigma. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1963.
  • Gorer, Geoffrey. The American People: A Study in National Character. New York: Norton, 1964.
  • Kaufman, Michael. Cracking the Armour: Power, Pain and the Lives of Men. Toronto: Viking, 1993.
  • Keen, Sam. Fire in The Belly. New York: Bantam, 1991.
  • Kimmel, Michael. S. Manhood: The American Quest. New York: HarperCollins (Yayım aşamasında)..
  • Kimmel, Michael. S. ve Michael Kaufman. “Weekend Warriors: The New Men’s Movement”. İçinde, TheorizingMasculinities, Harry Brod. ve Michael Kaufman. Der. 142-163. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1994.
  • Leverenz, David. “Manhood, Humiliation And Public Life: Some Stories”. Southwest Review, 71, Fall, 1986.
  • “The Last Real Man In America: From Natty Bumppo To Batman”. American Literary Review, 3, 1991.
  • Marx, Karl ve Friedrich Engels. The Communist Manifesto. İçinde, The Marx-Engels Reader. Robert Tucker, Der. New York: Norton, 1848/1964.
  • Mead, Margaret. And Keep Your Powder Dry. New York: William Morrow, 1965.
  • Moore, Robert. ve Douglas Gillette King, Warrior, Magician Lover. New York: Harper Collins, 1991.
  • The King Within: Accessing The King In Male Psyche. New York: William Morrow, 1992.
  • The Warrior Within: Accessing The Warrior In Male Psyche. New York: William Morrow, 1993a.
  • The Magician Within: Accessing The Magician In Male Psyche. New York: William Morrow, 1993b.
  • Noble, V. “A Helping Hand From The Guys”. İçinde, Women Respond To Men’s Movement, Kay Leigh Hagan, Der. San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1992.
  • Osherson, Sam. Wrestling With Love: How Men Struggle With Intimacy, With Women, Children, Parents And Each Other. New York: Fawcett, 1992.
  • Rotundo, E. Anthony. American Manhood: Transformations In Masculinity From The Revolution To The Modern Era. New York: Basic Books, 1993.
  • Savran, David. Communists, Cowboys and Queers: The Politics Of Masculinity In The Work Of Arthur Miller And Tennessee Williams. Minneapolis: University Of Minnesota Press, 1992.
  • Seidler, Victor J. Unreasonable Men: Masculinity and Social Theory. New York: Routledge, 1994.
  • Symes, Lillian. “The New Masculinism”. Harper’s Monthly, 161, January, 1930.
  • Tocqueville, Alexis de. Democracy in America. New York: Anchor, 1835/1967.
  • Wayne, Kenneth Henroian. Building the Young Man. Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1912.
  • Weber, Max. Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1905/1966.
  • “What Men Need is Men’s Approval” The New York Times, s. C-11(3 Ocak 1993)..
  • Wilkinson, Rupert. American Tough: The Tough-Guy Tradition and American Character. New York: Harper & Row, 1986.
  • Woolfolk, Richard. L. ve Frank C. Richardson. Sanity, Stress and Survival. New York: Signet, 1978.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Women's Studies
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Michael S Kimmel This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013

Cite

Chicago Kimmel, Michael S. “Homofobi Olarak Erkeklik: Toplumsal Cinsiyet Kimliğinin İnşasında Korku, Utanç Ve Sessizlik”. Fe Dergi 5, no. 2 (December 2013): 91-107. https://doi.org/10.1501/Fe0001_0000000101.