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Sağlıkta Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizlikleri: Eskişehir'de Kırsal ve Kentsel Alanlarda Kadın Sağlığı

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 96 - 115, 01.06.2014
https://doi.org/10.1501/Fe0001_0000000116

Öz

Toplumsal cinsiyet sağlığı belirleyen temel faktörlerden biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Toplumsal cinsiyet hiyerarşisi kadınların ekonomik, sosyal ve politik olanaklara ve güce erişim açısından erkeklere oranla dezavantajlı olduğu bir yapı yaratmakta ve bu dezavantajlar sağlığa ilişkin risklerin dağılımında, sağlık hizmetlerine erişimde ve sağlık statüsünde görünür hale gelmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, 2009-10 yıllarında Eskişehir’de 229 kişilik bir örneklem üzerinde yürütülmüş olan bir alan araştırmasının bulgularına dayanarak sağlık statüsü, sağlık kurumlarına başvurma ölçütleri, sağlık riskleri ve sağlık hizmetlerine yönelik değerlendirme açılarından kırsal ve kentsel alanlarda yaşayan kadınlarla erkekleri karşılaştırmaktır. Gebelik ve doğumla ilgili konularda da kırsal ve kentsel alanda yaşayan kadınlar karşılaştırılacak, bu veriler üzerinden toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizlikleri, bölgesel eşitsizlikler ve sağlık eşitsizlikleri arasındaki ilişkiyi irdelenecektir. Bulgular hem kırsal hem de kentsel alanda kadınların sağlıklarının, aynı gelir ve eğitim düzeyine sahip olsalar dahi erkeklere oranla daha kötü olduğunu, ayrıca kırsal alanda yaşayan kadınların sağlığının da kentsel alanda yaşayan kadınlara oranla daha kötü olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuçlar eğitimsel, ekonomik ve bölgesel gelişmişlikle ilgili eşitsizliklerle sağlık eşitsizliklerinin kesişerek birikimsel bir etki yarattığına işaret etmektedir

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, Syed Masud vd., “Changing Health-Seeking Behavior İn Matlab, Bangladesh: Do Development İnterventions Matter?” Health Policy and Planning 18, no.3 (2003):306-315.
  • Akın, Ayşe. “Toplumsal Cinsiyet Ayrımcılığı ve Sağlık.” Toplum Hekimliği Bülteni 26,no.2 (2007):1-9.
  • Annandale, Ellen ve Kate Hunt. ed. Gender Inequalities in Health. Buckingham: Open University Press, 2000.
  • Arber, Sara. “Class, Paid Employment and Family Roles: Making Sense Of Structural Disadvantage, Gender And Health Status.” Social Science and Medicine 32, no.4 (1991):425-436.
  • Asan, Aşkın vd. Kırsal Alanda Yoksulluğun Gerçek Yüzü: Kadınlar. Ankara: T.C. Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı, Strateji Geliştirme Başkanlığı, 2012.
  • Aslan, Dilek vd. “What Are the Predictors of Health Services Utilization by Women in a City Center Located in the Eastern Part of Turkey?: A Cross Sectional Study.”, Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 36 (2006):37-43.
  • Atauz, Akın vd. Türkiye’nin Nüfus ve Kalkınma Yazını: Eleştirel Bir Değerlendirme. Ankara: TÜBA-UNFPA Yayını, 2003.
  • Baghadi, Guitelle. “Gender and Medicines: An International Public Health Perspective,” Journal of Women’s Health 14, no.1 (2005): 82-86.
  • Bird, Chloe ve Patricia P. Rieker. “Gender Matters: An Integrated Model for Understanding Men’s and Women’s Health.” Social Science and Medicine 48, no. 6 (1999): 745-755.
  • Bourne, Paul A. ve Desmond Brooks. “Gender, Women and Health: Gendered Health differences.” International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health 3, no.7 (2011): 550-574.
  • Bönte, Marcus vd. “Women And Men With Coronary Heart Disease in Three Countries: Are They Treated Differently?.” Womens Health Issues 18, no.3 (2008): 191-198
  • Braveman, Paula. “Health Disparities and Health Equity: Concepts and Measurement.” Annual Review of Public Health 27 (2006): 167-194.
  • Burström, Kristina; Johannesson, Magnus ve Finn Diderichsen. (2001). “Health-Related Quality of Life by Disease And Socio-Economic Group in The General Population in Sweden.” Health Policy 55, no.1 (2001): 51-69.
  • Case, Anne ve Christina Paxson. “Sex Differences in Morbidity and Mortality.” Demography 42, no.2 (2005):189-214.
  • Crimmins, Eileen; Jung, Ki Kim ve Aaron Hagedorn. “Life With and Without Disease: Women Experience More of Both.” Journal of Women Aging 14, no1-2, (2002): 47-59.
  • Dinçer, Bülent ve Metin Özaslan, İlçelerin Sosyo-Ekonomik Gelişmişlik Sıralaması Araştırması. Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı Bölgesel Gelişme ve Yapısal Uyum Genel Müdürlüğü. (2004) www.dpt.gov.tr/DocObjects/Download/3116/2003-05.pdf Erişim:21.05.2008
  • Doyal, Lesley; Payne, Sarah ve Ailsa Cameron. Promoting Gender Equality in Health. Bristol: Equal Opportunities Commission, 2003.
  • Goldberg, D. ve Williams, P. A user's guide to the General Health Questionnaire. Winsdor: NFER-Nelson (1988).
  • Gibbons, P. H.F. De Arevalo ve M. Monico. “Assessment of the factor structure and reliability of the 28 item version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) in El Salvador.” International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology. No.4(2), (2004): 389-398.
  • Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etüdleri Enstitüsü. Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması 2008. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hastaneleri Basımevi, 2009.
  • Hemström, Örjan. “Health Inequalities by Wage Income in Sweden: The Role of Work Environment,” Social Science and Medicine 61, no.3 (2005): 637-647.
  • Hosseinpoor, Ahmad Reza vd. “Social Determinants of Self-Reported Health in Women and Men: Understanding the Role of Gender in Population Health.” Plosone 7, no.4 (2012):1-9.
  • Karasu, Umut. Eskişehir İl Merkezinde Birinci Basamak Sağlık Kuruluslarında Ruhsal Bozuklukların Yaygınlığı Ve Sosyodemografik Değişkenlerle İlişkisi. Yayınlanmamış Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi, Eskişehir: Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi, 2007.
  • Kılıç, Azer. “The Gender Dimension of Social Policy Reform in Turkey: Towards Equal Citizenship?” Social Policy and Administration, 42, no.5 (2008): 487-503.
  • Mackenbach, Johan P. vd. “Socioeconomic Inequalities in Mortality Among Women and Among Men: An International Study.” American Journal of Public Health 89, no.12 (1999):1800-1806.
  • Nandi, Arijit vd. “Associations Between Macrolevel Economic Factors and Weight Distributions in Low- and Middle- Income Countries: A Multilevel Analysis of 200 000 Adults in 40 Countries.” American Journal of Public Health 104, no.2 (2014): 162-172.
  • O’Brien, Rosaleen, Hunt, Kate ve Graham J. Hart. “It's Caveman Stuff, But That is to a Certain Extent How Guys Still Operate: Men's Accounts Of Masculinity and Help seeking.” Social Science and Medicine 61, no.3 (2005): 503-516.
  • Östlin, Piroska, George, Asha ve Gita Sen. “Gender, Health, and Equity: The Intersections.” İçinde: Challenging Inequalities in Health: From Ethics to Action, ed. Timothy Evans vd. 174-189. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • Payne, Sarah. The Health of Men and Women. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2006.
  • Rahman, Omar vd., “Gender Differences in Adult Health: an International Comparison.” The Gerontologist 34, no.4 (1994): 463-439.
  • Sanchez-Lopez, Maria Del Pilar; Cuellar-Flores Isabel ve Virginia Dresch. “The Impact of Gender Roles on Health.” Women and Health 52 (2012):182-196.
  • Sen, Gita; George, Asha ve Piroska Östlin. “Endengering Health Equity: A Review of Research and Policy” İçinde: Engendering İnternational Health: The Challenge Of Equity, ed. Gita Sen, Asha George ve Piroska Östlin, 175-189. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2002.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Gezici Sağlık Hizmetlerinin Yürütülmesi Hakkında Yönerge. Ankara:T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, 2006.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Türkiye Ulusal Sağlık Hesapları Hanehalkı Sağlık Harcamaları 2002-2003. Ankara: T.C. RSHMB, Hıfzıssıhha Mektebi Müdürlüğü, 2006.
  • Tanner, Marcel ve Carol Vlassoff. “Treatment Seeking Behavior For Malaria: A Typology Based On Endemicity And Gender.” Social Science and Medicine, 46, no.4-5 (1998): 523-532.
  • The World Bank, “Gender Equality and Development.” World Development Report. Washington: The World Bank, 2012.
  • TUİK Sağlık Araştırması, Ankara: TUİK, 2012.
  • TUİK, 2012 Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Dinamik Sorgulama, http://tuikapp.tuik.gov.tr/isgucuapp/isgucu.zul (erişim: 5 Mart 2013)
  • Van Der Kwaak, Anke ve Dasgupta Jashodhara. “Introduction: Gender and health” İçinde: Gender And Health: Policy And Practice: A Global Sourcebook, ed. Anke van der Kwaak ve Madeleen Wegelin-Schuringa, 13-33. Amsterdam: Oxfam Publishing, 2006.
  • Wamala, Sarah ve Gunnar Agren. “Gender Inequity and Public Health: Getting Down to Real Issues.” European Journal of Public Health 12 (2002):163-165
  • World Health Organization. Official Records of the World Health Organization. New York: World Health Organization, 1948.
  • World Health Organization. Gender, Women And Primary Health Care Renewal. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2010.

Gender inequalities in health: Women's health in rural and urban areas in Eskişehir

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 96 - 115, 01.06.2014
https://doi.org/10.1501/Fe0001_0000000116

Öz

Gender inequalities in health: Women's health in rural and urban areas in Eskişehir Gender is accepted as a component of social gradient in health. Depending on the disadvantage of women’s access to social, economic and political sources, gender stratification become visible in distribution of health risks, access to healthcare and individual health status. Drawing upon a field research conducted in Eskisehir, Turkey in 2009-10 with a sample of 229, the aim of this research is to compare the health risks, healthcare seeking behaviour and health status of men and women in rural and urban areas. The study also aims to compare rural and urban women on issues related to pregnancy and giving birth. The study thus examines the relationship among gender, regional and health inequalities. The findings show that women’s health is worse than men in both rural and urban areas, even when men and women share the same educational and income levels. In addition, rural women’s health is worse than urban women’s. The findings point that gender inequalities intersect with educational, economic and regional inequalities and create a cumulative effect on women

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, Syed Masud vd., “Changing Health-Seeking Behavior İn Matlab, Bangladesh: Do Development İnterventions Matter?” Health Policy and Planning 18, no.3 (2003):306-315.
  • Akın, Ayşe. “Toplumsal Cinsiyet Ayrımcılığı ve Sağlık.” Toplum Hekimliği Bülteni 26,no.2 (2007):1-9.
  • Annandale, Ellen ve Kate Hunt. ed. Gender Inequalities in Health. Buckingham: Open University Press, 2000.
  • Arber, Sara. “Class, Paid Employment and Family Roles: Making Sense Of Structural Disadvantage, Gender And Health Status.” Social Science and Medicine 32, no.4 (1991):425-436.
  • Asan, Aşkın vd. Kırsal Alanda Yoksulluğun Gerçek Yüzü: Kadınlar. Ankara: T.C. Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı, Strateji Geliştirme Başkanlığı, 2012.
  • Aslan, Dilek vd. “What Are the Predictors of Health Services Utilization by Women in a City Center Located in the Eastern Part of Turkey?: A Cross Sectional Study.”, Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 36 (2006):37-43.
  • Atauz, Akın vd. Türkiye’nin Nüfus ve Kalkınma Yazını: Eleştirel Bir Değerlendirme. Ankara: TÜBA-UNFPA Yayını, 2003.
  • Baghadi, Guitelle. “Gender and Medicines: An International Public Health Perspective,” Journal of Women’s Health 14, no.1 (2005): 82-86.
  • Bird, Chloe ve Patricia P. Rieker. “Gender Matters: An Integrated Model for Understanding Men’s and Women’s Health.” Social Science and Medicine 48, no. 6 (1999): 745-755.
  • Bourne, Paul A. ve Desmond Brooks. “Gender, Women and Health: Gendered Health differences.” International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health 3, no.7 (2011): 550-574.
  • Bönte, Marcus vd. “Women And Men With Coronary Heart Disease in Three Countries: Are They Treated Differently?.” Womens Health Issues 18, no.3 (2008): 191-198
  • Braveman, Paula. “Health Disparities and Health Equity: Concepts and Measurement.” Annual Review of Public Health 27 (2006): 167-194.
  • Burström, Kristina; Johannesson, Magnus ve Finn Diderichsen. (2001). “Health-Related Quality of Life by Disease And Socio-Economic Group in The General Population in Sweden.” Health Policy 55, no.1 (2001): 51-69.
  • Case, Anne ve Christina Paxson. “Sex Differences in Morbidity and Mortality.” Demography 42, no.2 (2005):189-214.
  • Crimmins, Eileen; Jung, Ki Kim ve Aaron Hagedorn. “Life With and Without Disease: Women Experience More of Both.” Journal of Women Aging 14, no1-2, (2002): 47-59.
  • Dinçer, Bülent ve Metin Özaslan, İlçelerin Sosyo-Ekonomik Gelişmişlik Sıralaması Araştırması. Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı Bölgesel Gelişme ve Yapısal Uyum Genel Müdürlüğü. (2004) www.dpt.gov.tr/DocObjects/Download/3116/2003-05.pdf Erişim:21.05.2008
  • Doyal, Lesley; Payne, Sarah ve Ailsa Cameron. Promoting Gender Equality in Health. Bristol: Equal Opportunities Commission, 2003.
  • Goldberg, D. ve Williams, P. A user's guide to the General Health Questionnaire. Winsdor: NFER-Nelson (1988).
  • Gibbons, P. H.F. De Arevalo ve M. Monico. “Assessment of the factor structure and reliability of the 28 item version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) in El Salvador.” International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology. No.4(2), (2004): 389-398.
  • Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etüdleri Enstitüsü. Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması 2008. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hastaneleri Basımevi, 2009.
  • Hemström, Örjan. “Health Inequalities by Wage Income in Sweden: The Role of Work Environment,” Social Science and Medicine 61, no.3 (2005): 637-647.
  • Hosseinpoor, Ahmad Reza vd. “Social Determinants of Self-Reported Health in Women and Men: Understanding the Role of Gender in Population Health.” Plosone 7, no.4 (2012):1-9.
  • Karasu, Umut. Eskişehir İl Merkezinde Birinci Basamak Sağlık Kuruluslarında Ruhsal Bozuklukların Yaygınlığı Ve Sosyodemografik Değişkenlerle İlişkisi. Yayınlanmamış Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi, Eskişehir: Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi, 2007.
  • Kılıç, Azer. “The Gender Dimension of Social Policy Reform in Turkey: Towards Equal Citizenship?” Social Policy and Administration, 42, no.5 (2008): 487-503.
  • Mackenbach, Johan P. vd. “Socioeconomic Inequalities in Mortality Among Women and Among Men: An International Study.” American Journal of Public Health 89, no.12 (1999):1800-1806.
  • Nandi, Arijit vd. “Associations Between Macrolevel Economic Factors and Weight Distributions in Low- and Middle- Income Countries: A Multilevel Analysis of 200 000 Adults in 40 Countries.” American Journal of Public Health 104, no.2 (2014): 162-172.
  • O’Brien, Rosaleen, Hunt, Kate ve Graham J. Hart. “It's Caveman Stuff, But That is to a Certain Extent How Guys Still Operate: Men's Accounts Of Masculinity and Help seeking.” Social Science and Medicine 61, no.3 (2005): 503-516.
  • Östlin, Piroska, George, Asha ve Gita Sen. “Gender, Health, and Equity: The Intersections.” İçinde: Challenging Inequalities in Health: From Ethics to Action, ed. Timothy Evans vd. 174-189. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • Payne, Sarah. The Health of Men and Women. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2006.
  • Rahman, Omar vd., “Gender Differences in Adult Health: an International Comparison.” The Gerontologist 34, no.4 (1994): 463-439.
  • Sanchez-Lopez, Maria Del Pilar; Cuellar-Flores Isabel ve Virginia Dresch. “The Impact of Gender Roles on Health.” Women and Health 52 (2012):182-196.
  • Sen, Gita; George, Asha ve Piroska Östlin. “Endengering Health Equity: A Review of Research and Policy” İçinde: Engendering İnternational Health: The Challenge Of Equity, ed. Gita Sen, Asha George ve Piroska Östlin, 175-189. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2002.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Gezici Sağlık Hizmetlerinin Yürütülmesi Hakkında Yönerge. Ankara:T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, 2006.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Türkiye Ulusal Sağlık Hesapları Hanehalkı Sağlık Harcamaları 2002-2003. Ankara: T.C. RSHMB, Hıfzıssıhha Mektebi Müdürlüğü, 2006.
  • Tanner, Marcel ve Carol Vlassoff. “Treatment Seeking Behavior For Malaria: A Typology Based On Endemicity And Gender.” Social Science and Medicine, 46, no.4-5 (1998): 523-532.
  • The World Bank, “Gender Equality and Development.” World Development Report. Washington: The World Bank, 2012.
  • TUİK Sağlık Araştırması, Ankara: TUİK, 2012.
  • TUİK, 2012 Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Dinamik Sorgulama, http://tuikapp.tuik.gov.tr/isgucuapp/isgucu.zul (erişim: 5 Mart 2013)
  • Van Der Kwaak, Anke ve Dasgupta Jashodhara. “Introduction: Gender and health” İçinde: Gender And Health: Policy And Practice: A Global Sourcebook, ed. Anke van der Kwaak ve Madeleen Wegelin-Schuringa, 13-33. Amsterdam: Oxfam Publishing, 2006.
  • Wamala, Sarah ve Gunnar Agren. “Gender Inequity and Public Health: Getting Down to Real Issues.” European Journal of Public Health 12 (2002):163-165
  • World Health Organization. Official Records of the World Health Organization. New York: World Health Organization, 1948.
  • World Health Organization. Gender, Women And Primary Health Care Renewal. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2010.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Kadın Araştırmaları
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Temmuz Gönç Şavran Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Şavran, Temmuz Gönç. “Sağlıkta Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizlikleri: Eskişehir’de Kırsal Ve Kentsel Alanlarda Kadın Sağlığı”. Fe Dergi 6, sy. 1 (Haziran 2014): 96-115. https://doi.org/10.1501/Fe0001_0000000116.