Planning for Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems in Turkey a Systems Approach

Year 2014, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 25 - 36, 01.06.2014

Ufuk Karadavut

Abstract

Agricultural production is an important activity for the future of humanity. However, according to the observations and available data, it is seen that there will be serious problems in agricultural production in the not too distant future. Within this, agricultural production should be made sustainable. Made in this study is to define a sustainable ecosystem approach to Turkey. Especially in recent years, our country has started to severely deteriorate from agricultural production. As a result, there has been an increase in the number of producers who abandon production. It is expected to increase further. The main reason for this is determined as agriculture is not sustainable

Keywords

Agriculture, Ecosystems, Sustainability, Turkey

Türkiye'de Sürdürülebilir Tarımsal Ekosistemlerin Planlanması ve Sistem Yaklaşımı

Abstract

Tarımsal üretim insanlığın geleceği açısından yapılması gereken önemli bir faaliyettir. Ancak yapılan gözlemlere ve eldeki verilere göre çok uzak olmayan bir gelecekte tarımsal üretimde ciddi sıkınıtların yaşanacağı görülmektedir. Bunun içinde tarımsal üretimi sürdürülebilir hale getirmek gerekmektedir. Yapılan bu çalışmada Türkiye için sürdürülebilir bir ekosistem yaklaşımı tanımlanmak istenmiştir. Ülkemiz özellikle son yıllarda tarımsal ürtimden ciddi olarak kopmaya başlamıştır. Bunun sonucu olarak ta üretimden vazgeçen üretici sayısında artışlar olmuştur. Daha da artması beklenmektedir. Bunun ana nedeninin tarımın sürdürlebilir nitelikten uzak olması olarak belirlenmiştir

Keywords

Tarım, Ekosistem, Sürdürülebilirlik, Türkiye

References

• Anonymous. 1979. Tropical grazing land ecosystems: a state-of-knowledge report prepared by UNESCO/UNEP/FAO, C.78/XII-16/A 655 p.
• Arthur, W., B. 1989. Competing technologies, increasing returns, and lock-in by historical events, The economic journal, 99: 116-31.
• Balvanera, P., Pfisterer, A.B., Buchmann, N., et al., 2006. Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and services. Ecology Letters 9, 1146– 1156.
• Bianchi, F.J.J.A., Booij, C.J.H., Tscharntke, T., 2006. Sustainable pest regulation in agricultural landscapes: A review on landscape composition, biodiversity and natural pest control. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273, 1715– 1727.
• Brauman, K.A., Daily, G.C., Duarte, T.K., Mooney, H.A., 2007. The nature and value of ecosystem services: An overview highlighting hydrologic services. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 32, 67–98.
• Cardinale, B.J., Duffy, J.E., Gonzalez, A., et al., 2012. Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature 486, 59–67.
• Daily, G. C. editor. 1997. Nature's services: societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
• Dillon, R., John L. 1992. The farm as a purposeful system, University of New England.
• FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), 2011. Save and Grow: A Policymaker's Guide to Sustainable Intensification of Smallholder Crop Production. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Agroecosystems 37
• Forrester, Jay W. 1961. Industrial Dynamics. Cambridge, Mass, U.S. In.: The MIT Press.
• Foley, J.A., De Fries, R., Asner, G.P., et al., 2005. Global consequences of land use. Science 309, 570-578.
• Foley, J.A., 2012. Comparing the yields of organic and conventional agriculture. Nature 485, 229–232.
• Garbach, K., Lubell, M., DeClerck, F.A., 2012. Payment for ecosystem services: The roles of positive incentives and information sharing in stimulating adoption of silvopastoral conservation practices. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 156, 27–36.
• Garbach, K., Millder, J.C., Montenegro, M., Karp, DS., De Clerck, FAJ. 2014. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Agroecosystems. Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems, 2:21-40.
• Gill, R., A. 1993. The honeybee pollination market as a self-organizing emergent system, the University of New England.
• Gill, R. 1996. An integrated social fabric matrix/system dynamics approach to policy analysis, System Dynamics Review: The Journal of the System Dynamics Society, 12: 167-81.
• Gill, R., A. 2003. Planning for sustainable agroecosystem a system approach, 21.05.2003 www.une.edu.au/esoyo.
• Gleick, J. 1987. Chaos: Making a new science, London, Cardinal.
• Heuperman, A.F., Kapoor, A.S., Denecke, H.W. (Eds.), 2002. Biodrainage − Principles, Experiences and Applications. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
• Klein, A.-M., Vaissiere, B.E., Cane, J.H., et al., 2007. Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, 303–313.
• Kremen, C., R. K. Colwell, T. L. Erwin, D. D. Murphy, R. F. Noss, and M. A. Sanjayan . 1993. Terrestrial arthropod assemblages: their use in conservation planning. Conservation Biology 7: 796– 808.
• Lewin, R. 1999. Complexity: Life at the edge of chaos, University of Chicago Press.
• Mandala, H., R., and A. Ivanhrenko. 1993. Inductive Learning Algorithms for Complex Systems Modeling (CRC Press, New York).
• Matson, P., Parton, W., Power, A., Swift, M., 1997. Agricultural intensification and ecosystem properties. Science 277, 504–509.
• Mooney, H. A., J. Lubchenco, R. Dirzo, and O. E. Sala . 1995. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Pages 327–452 in V. H. Heywood, editor. Global biodiversity assessment. Cambridge Universty Press, Cambridge, UK.
• Mosekilde, E., S. Rasmussen, and s. Sorensen T. 1983. Self-organizations and stochastic re causal season in system dynamic models, İn Process of the 1983, İnrernational system dynamics Conference İds: J. D. 41.
• Nabhan, G.P., Buchmann, S.L., 1997. Services provided by pollinators. In: Daily, G. C. (Ed.), Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 133–150.
• Naeem, S., Li, S., 1997. Biodiversity enhances ecosystem reliability. Nature 390, 507–509.
• Naylor, R., Ehrlich, P.R., 1997. Natural pest control services and agriculture. In: Daily, G.C. (Ed.), Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Washington DC: Island Press, pp. 151–174.
• Oerke, E.-C., 2005. Crop losses to pests. Journal of Agricultural Science 144, 31–43.
• Pimentel, D., U. Stachow, D. A. Takacs, H. W. Brubaker, A. R. Dumas, J. J. Meaney, J. A. S. O'Neil, D. E. Onsi, and D. B. Corzilius . 1992. Conserving biological diversity in agricultural/forestry systems. BioScience 42: 354– 362.
• Radzicki, M., J. 1990. Institutional dynamics, deterministic chaos, and self-organizing systems, Journal of economic issues, 24: 57-102.
• Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., et al., 2009. A safe operating space for humanity. Nature 461, 472–475.
• Staces, R., D. 1993. Strategic management and organizational national dynamics, Pitman Publishing, London.
• Stafford S., B., Coull, A. 1991. Tall building structures: analysis and design. United States of America 690 p.
• Thies, C., Tscharntke, T., 1999. Landscape structure and biological control in agroecosystems. Science 285, 893–895.
• TZYMB, 2012. Türk Ziraat Yüksek Mühendislri Birliği Kayıtları. Ankara.
• Waldrop, M., M. 1993. Complexity: The emerging science at the edge of order and chaos'.
• Wolstenholme, E., F. 1982. 'System dynamics in perspective', Journal of the Operational Research Society, 33: 547-56.
• Zhang, W., Ricketts, T., Kremen, C., Carney, K., Swinton, S., 2007. Ecosystem services and dis-services to agriculture. Ecological Economics 64, 253–260.