Biyoçarın Toprağın Fiziksel, Kimyasal ve Biyolojik Özelliklerine Etkileri

Year 2018, Volume: 2 Issue: 10, 29 - 58, 01.12.2018

Elif Günal Halil Erdem

Abstract

Toprak, su ve havayı kirletmeden tarımsal üretimin sürdürülebilirliğini sağlamak toprağın kalitesinin korunması ve iyileştirilmesi ile mümkün olabilir. Toprağın kalitesinin korunması ve iyileştirilmesine katkı veren en önemli bileşen şüphesiz organik maddedir. Ancak organik maddenin toprakta kalma süresinin kısa olması sürekli ilavesini gerekli kılmaktadır. Çeşitli bitki ve hayvan atıklarının oksijenin az veya hiç bulunmadığı ortamda termo-kimyasal değişimi ile elde edilen biyoçar, yüksek karbon içeriği ve yüzey alanı ve ayrışma karşı direnci gibi özellikleri nedeni ile organik maddenin bu eksikliğini giderebilecek potansiyele sahiptir. Organik maddeye kıyasla üstün özellikleri nedeni ile biyoçar, son yıllarda çok sayıda bilim insanının ilgisini çekmiş ve biyoçarın çevre üzerine etkileri araştırılmaya başlanmıştır. Biyoçarın toprağın fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik özelikleri üzerine etkilerini araştırmak üzere inkübasyon çalışmaları yapılmış, sera ve arazi denemeleri kurulmuş ve sonuçları yayınlanmaya başlanmıştır. Bu derlemede biyoçarın toprağın fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik özellikleri üzerine etkilerini araştıran ve çoğunluğu son yıllarda yayınlanmış 128 adet çalışmanın önemli bulguları ve tartışmaları özetlenmiştir. Bugüne adar yayınlanan çalışmaların çoğunluğu kısa süreli inkübasyon ve sera çalışmalardan oluşmaktadır. Biyoçarın devam eden etkisinin anlaşılabilmesi için uzun süreli arazi denemelerine gereksinim vardır

Keywords

Biyoçar, piroliz, biyokütle, besin elementi, su tutma, enzim aktivitesi

Effects of Biochar on Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties of Soils

Abstract

Sustainability of agricultural production without polluting soil, water and air may be possible by conserving and improving the quality of soils. The most important component that contributes to conservation and improvement of soil quality is undoubtedly organic matter. However, short life of organic matter in soil due to mineralization requires continuous addition of organic matter to sustain the benefits. Biochar obtained by thermochemical decomposition of various plant and animal wastes in a little or oxygen free environment has potential to overcome the shortcoming of organic matter due to high carbon content, surface area and resistance to degradation. The superior characteristics of biochar compared to organic matter have recently attracted the attentions of many scientists who conducted researches to investigate the effects of biochars on environment. In order to investigate the effects of biochars on physical, chemical and biological properties of soils, incubation studies were carried out, greenhouse and field experiments were established and the results started to be published. In this review, important findings and discussions of 128 studies, majority of which have been published in recent years, that investigated the effects of biochars on physical, chemical and biological properties of soils have been summarized. The majority of published studies are composed of short-term incubation and greenhouse studies. Long-term field experiments are required to understand the extent of biochar impact on environment

Keywords

Biochar, pyrolysis, biomass, plant nutrient, water retention, enzyme activity

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