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Yaşamın Anlamını Samkhya Felsefesi ile Anlamak

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 76 - 86, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.61960/fikriyat.1658947

Abstract

Yaşamın anlamını keşfetmek üzerine bir çok felsefe, din ve ezoterik bilgiler farklı kültürlere semboller ve mitlerle bilgi vermektedir. Bu derlemede Hint felsefesi olan Samkhya’nın temel bileşenleri, tanımları ve birbiriyle ilişkileri arasındaki bilgiler bir arada sunulmuştur. Samkyha Hint felsefesine göre Prusha ve Prakriti olmak üzere iki ilke ile anlatılmıştır. Bunlarda Prusha bilinç olarak kullanılmış, dişil özellikte olan sessiz ve değişmeyen nitelikler taşımaktadır. Prakriti ise Tanrının yaratıcı gücüdür ve chitta (zeki bilinç, hissetme gücü - temel zihinsel bilinç - Samkhya'nın Mahat-tattva'sı) gelişir, bunların içinde ahamkara (ego); buddhi (ayırt edici zeka); ve manas (duyusal zihin) bulunur. Jiva ('canlı bir varlık'), purusha'nın prakriti'ye bağlı olduğu durumdur. İnsan deneyimi, purusha-prakriti'nin etkileşimidir. Purusha gözlemciyi, 'tanığı' ifade eder. Prakṛti gerçekliğin tüm bilişsel, ahlaki, psikolojik, duygusal, duyusal ve fiziksel yönlerini içerir. Prakṛti gerçekliğin tüm bilişsel, ahlaki, psikolojik, duygusal, duyusal ve fiziksel yönlerini içerir. Düşünce süreçleri ve zihinsel olaylar yalnızca Purusha'dan aldıkları aydınlatma ölçüsünde bilinçlidir. Sāmkhya'nın görüşü, satva (iyilik niteliği veya aydınlanma) buddhi'de (akıl) baskın olduğunda, purusha için kabul edilebilir şekilde hareket edebileceği, tamas baskın olduğunda ise zayıf ve yetersiz olacağı yönünde görünüyor. Samkhya, cehaleti (avidyā) acı ve esaretin (Samsara) temel nedeni olarak görür. Acıyla savaşmanın tek yolu, göç çemberini (saṁsāra) sonsuza dek terk etmektir. Ve bir dansçı, performans gösterdikten sonra dans etmeyi bıraktığı gibi, Prakṛti de görevi tamamlandığında bireysel bir purusha için performans göstermeyi bırakır. O her zaman purusha için hareket etmiştir ve artık onunla ilgilenmediği için ("Onu gördüm"), sonsuza dek durur ("Ben zaten görüldüm”), verilen ince beden kök- Prakṛti'ye çözülür. Purusha sonsuza dek kurtuluşa (Moksha) girer.

References

  • Baba, S. S. B. (1990). Indian Culture and Spirituality. Delivered during the Summer Course.
  • Bernard, T. (1999). Hindu Philosophy. Motilal Banarsidass.
  • Burrow, T. (1971). Classical Sākṃhya. An interpretation of its history and meaning. By Gerald James Larson. pp. ix, 312. Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1969. Rs. 30.00. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 103(1), 85–85. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0035869X00128849
  • Chakraborty, C. (2024). Jungian Collective Unconscious and the Purusha-prakriti of the Sankhya. Journal of Applied Consciousness Studies, 12(2), 109–113. https://doi.org/10.4103/jacs.jacs_159_23
  • Fasching, W. (2022a). On the Ātman Thesis Concerning Fundamental Reality. The Monist, 105(1), 58–75. https://doi.org/10.1093/monist/onab023
  • Fasching, W. (2022b). On the Ātman Thesis Concerning Fundamental Reality. The Monist, 105(1), 58–75. https://doi.org/10.1093/monist/onab023
  • Gerald James Larson. (2001). Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning. Motilal Banarsidass, 154–256.
  • Haney, W. S. (2002). Culture and Consciousness: Literature Regained. New Jersey: Bucknell University Press. Isaac, J., & Dangwal, R. (1997). Bildiriler.
  • James, G. L. (2001). Guna. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: AM.
  • Knut A. Jacobsen. (2008). Theory and Practice of Yoga. Motilal Banarsidass, 100–101.
  • Lallianrawna, S. (2025). Indian Knowledge System and the Concept of Matter: A Review of Ancient Philosophical and Scientific Perspectives (Vol. 16).
  • Lusthaus, D. (2018). Samkhya. Resources for East Asian Language and Thought.
  • Osto, D. (2018). No-Self in Sāṃkhya: A Comparative Look at Classical Sāṃkhya and Theravāda Buddhism. Philosophy East and West, 68(1), 201–222. https://doi.org/10.1353/pew.2018.0010
  • Sharma, C. (2000). A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy.
  • Singh, V., Kushwaha, H. C., Dwivedi, S., Yadav, A., & Kamlesh. (2022). Concept of Panchmahabhutand its utility. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences, 7(3).
  • Sıngh ravail, & Kumar Amıt. (2024). Utility Of Sankhya School Of Indian Philosophy In Contemporary Educational System. Selp Journal of Social Science - A Blind Review & Refereed Quarterly Journal.
  • Sridhar, M., & Nagendra, H. (2021). Consciousness in Indian philosophy and modern physics. International Journal of Yoga - Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology, 9(2), 53. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijoyppp.ijoyppp_8_21
  • Sumana Ray Paul. (2023). A comprehensive review on Basic Principles of Samkhya Darshana and their implications in Charaka Samhita. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences, 8(8), 136–150. https://doi.org/10.21760/jaims.8.8.21
  • Talwar, S. D. (2001). The Ultimate Reality and Meaning of Samkhya. Ultimate Reality and Meaning, 24(1), 3–29. https://doi.org/10.3138/uram.24.1.3
  • Virupakshananda, S. (1995). Samkhya Karika Of Isvara Krsna With The Tattva Kaumudl Of * Sri Vacaspati Mi6ra.

Understanding the Meaning of Life through Samkhya Philosophy

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 76 - 86, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.61960/fikriyat.1658947

Abstract

Many philosophies, religions, and esoteric teachings across different cultures impart knowledge through symbols and myths in exploring the meaning of life. This compilation presents the fundamental components, definitions, and relationships of Samkhya, a philosophy from India. According to Samkhya, there are two principles: Purusha and Prakriti. Purusha is described as consciousness, embodying silent and unchanging qualities. In contrast, Prakriti is the creative power of the divine, and within it, chitta (intellectual consciousness, sensory power—Samkhya's Mahat-tattva) develops, which includes ahamkara (ego), buddhi (discriminative intellect), and manas (sensory mind). Jiva ('a living being') represents the state of Purusha being associated with Prakriti. Human experience is the interaction between Purusha and Prakriti. Purusha is the observer, the 'witness,' while Prakriti encompasses all cognitive, moral, psychological, emotional, sensory, and physical aspects of reality. Thought processes and mental events are only conscious to the extent that they receive illumination from Purusha. Samkhya views that when satva (goodness or enlightenment quality) predominates in buddhi (intellect), actions align with Purusha's acceptance, whereas when tamas (darkness or inertia) predominates, actions become weak and inadequate. Samkhya considers ignorance (avidyā) as the root cause of suffering and bondage (samsara). The only way to combat suffering is to escape the cycle of rebirth (samsāra) forever. Just as a dancer stops performing after their performance, Prakriti ceases to function for an individual Purusha once its purpose is fulfilled. It has always acted for Purusha and, upon ceasing to be concerned with him ("I have seen him"), it permanently rests ("I have already been seen"). The subtle body returns to Prakriti, and Purusha achieves eternal liberation (moksha).
Key words: Samkhya, existence, creation, Indian philosophy, Purusha, Prakriti

References

  • Baba, S. S. B. (1990). Indian Culture and Spirituality. Delivered during the Summer Course.
  • Bernard, T. (1999). Hindu Philosophy. Motilal Banarsidass.
  • Burrow, T. (1971). Classical Sākṃhya. An interpretation of its history and meaning. By Gerald James Larson. pp. ix, 312. Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1969. Rs. 30.00. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 103(1), 85–85. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0035869X00128849
  • Chakraborty, C. (2024). Jungian Collective Unconscious and the Purusha-prakriti of the Sankhya. Journal of Applied Consciousness Studies, 12(2), 109–113. https://doi.org/10.4103/jacs.jacs_159_23
  • Fasching, W. (2022a). On the Ātman Thesis Concerning Fundamental Reality. The Monist, 105(1), 58–75. https://doi.org/10.1093/monist/onab023
  • Fasching, W. (2022b). On the Ātman Thesis Concerning Fundamental Reality. The Monist, 105(1), 58–75. https://doi.org/10.1093/monist/onab023
  • Gerald James Larson. (2001). Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning. Motilal Banarsidass, 154–256.
  • Haney, W. S. (2002). Culture and Consciousness: Literature Regained. New Jersey: Bucknell University Press. Isaac, J., & Dangwal, R. (1997). Bildiriler.
  • James, G. L. (2001). Guna. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: AM.
  • Knut A. Jacobsen. (2008). Theory and Practice of Yoga. Motilal Banarsidass, 100–101.
  • Lallianrawna, S. (2025). Indian Knowledge System and the Concept of Matter: A Review of Ancient Philosophical and Scientific Perspectives (Vol. 16).
  • Lusthaus, D. (2018). Samkhya. Resources for East Asian Language and Thought.
  • Osto, D. (2018). No-Self in Sāṃkhya: A Comparative Look at Classical Sāṃkhya and Theravāda Buddhism. Philosophy East and West, 68(1), 201–222. https://doi.org/10.1353/pew.2018.0010
  • Sharma, C. (2000). A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy.
  • Singh, V., Kushwaha, H. C., Dwivedi, S., Yadav, A., & Kamlesh. (2022). Concept of Panchmahabhutand its utility. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences, 7(3).
  • Sıngh ravail, & Kumar Amıt. (2024). Utility Of Sankhya School Of Indian Philosophy In Contemporary Educational System. Selp Journal of Social Science - A Blind Review & Refereed Quarterly Journal.
  • Sridhar, M., & Nagendra, H. (2021). Consciousness in Indian philosophy and modern physics. International Journal of Yoga - Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology, 9(2), 53. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijoyppp.ijoyppp_8_21
  • Sumana Ray Paul. (2023). A comprehensive review on Basic Principles of Samkhya Darshana and their implications in Charaka Samhita. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences, 8(8), 136–150. https://doi.org/10.21760/jaims.8.8.21
  • Talwar, S. D. (2001). The Ultimate Reality and Meaning of Samkhya. Ultimate Reality and Meaning, 24(1), 3–29. https://doi.org/10.3138/uram.24.1.3
  • Virupakshananda, S. (1995). Samkhya Karika Of Isvara Krsna With The Tattva Kaumudl Of * Sri Vacaspati Mi6ra.
There are 20 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sociology of Religion, Far East Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ezra Kahraman 0009-0007-1480-3946

Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date March 16, 2025
Acceptance Date June 28, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kahraman, E. (2025). Yaşamın Anlamını Samkhya Felsefesi ile Anlamak. Fikriyat, 5(1), 76-86. https://doi.org/10.61960/fikriyat.1658947