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The Impact of Education Expenditure on Income Distribution: The Function of Higher Education to Reduce Income Inequality in Turkey

Year 2015, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 45 - 75, 01.07.2015

Abstract

In this study, the impact of education expenditures to bring the income inequality which is one of the main problems of the whole world to a more equitable way has been analyzed. Turkey is considered as a model country in this study. Accordingly, the higher education level is, the more obtained income is and the individuals or households who take part in poor community can rise up a higher bracket in direct proportion to education level. In empirical analysis during this study, it has been explored that the costs carried out in higher education has a destructive effect on income distribution. The main reason of this result is that the segment benefited from higher education institutions is in the high-income category who can allocate more budget to these institutions.

References

  • Abdullah, Abdul, Doucouliagos, Hristos ve Manning, Elizabeth (2013), “Does Education Reduce Income Inequality? A Meta-Regression Analysis”, Journal of Economic Surveys (Article first published online: 19 DEC 2013), Vol. 29(2), pp.301–316, Doi: 10.1111/joes.12056
  • Aksoy, Şerafettin (2011), Kamu Maliyesi, 4. Baskı, İstanbul, Filiz Kitabevi.
  • Altınışık, İsa ve Peker, Hasan Sencer (2008), “Eğitim ve Gelir Dağılımı Eşitsizliği”, http://dergi.kmu.edu.tr/userfiles/file/aralik2008/101-118.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 04.11.2013 İİBF Dergisi, Sayı:15, ss.101-118
  • Biggs M.L. ve Dutta J. (1999) “The Distributional Effects of Education Expenditures”, National Institute Economic Review, July, 68-77, http://ner.sagepub.com/content/169/1/68.short
  • Bilen, Mahmut ve Es, Muharrem (1998), “Gelir Dağılımı Sorunu ve Çözümünde Yeni Arayışlar” Yönetim ve Siyasette Etik Sempozyumu, ss.376-399, Adapazarı, http://www.econturk.org/Turkiyeekonomisi/ bilen98.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 21.06.2013.
  • Callan, Tim, Smeeding, Tim ve Tsakloglou, Panos (2008), “Short-Run Distributional Effects of Public Education Transfers to Tertiary Education Students in Seven European Countries”, IZA Discussion Paper, No. 3557, pp.1-20, http://repec.iza.org/dp3557.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 23.07.2015
  • Boratav K. (1991), 1980’li Yıllarda Türkiye’ de Sosyal Sınıflar ve Bölüşüm, İstanbul, Gerçek Yayınevi.
  • Bütçe ve Mali Kontrol Genel Müdürlüğü (BÜMKO), İstatistikler, Bütçe Büyüklükleri ve Bütçe Gerçekleşmeleri, Konsolide Bütçe Dengesi (1973-2005), Merkezi Yönetim Bütçe Dengesi (2000-2013), http://www.bumko.gov.tr/TR,160/, Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2015
  • Demery, Lionel (2003), “Analyzing the Incidence of Public Expenditure”, François Bourguignon ve Luiz A. Pereira da Silva (Ed.), The Impact of Economic Policies on Poverty and Income Distribution, pp.41-68, New York: World bank and Oxford University Press.
  • Devarajan, Shantayanan ve Shaikh I. Hossain (1998), “The Combined Incidence of Taxes and Public Expenditures in the Philippines”, World Development, Vol. 26(6), pp. 963-977.
  • Dumlu, Ufuk ve Aydın, Özlem (2008), “Ekonometrik Modellerle Türkiye İçin 2006 Yılı Gini Katsayısı Tahmini”, Ege Akademik Bakış Dergisi, Cilt. 8(1), ss.373-393.
  • Eğilmez, Mahfi (01.08.2010), “Türkiye’de gelir dağılımı”, Radikal Gazetesi, http://www.radikal.com.tr/yazarlar/mahfi_egilmez/turkiyede_gelir_d agilimi-1011114, Erişim Tarihi: 23.05.2014
  • Eğilmez, Mahfi ve Kumcu, Ercan (2004), Ekonomi Politikası, Teori ve Türkiye Uygulaması, 15. Baskı, İstanbul, Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Eurostat, Gini Coefficient of Equivalised Disposable Income (source: SILC), http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database
  • Eurostat, Statics Explained, Government Expenditure on Education - 2012 Results, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php/Governme nt_expenditure_on_education_2012_results
  • Gregorio, Jose’ De ve Lee, Jong-Wha (2002), Education and Income Inequality: New Evidence from Cross-Country Data”, Review of Income and Wealth, Vol.48(3), pp.395-416.
  • Hashimoto, Keiji ve Heath, Julia A. (1995), “Income Elasticities of Educational Expenditure by Income Class: The Case of Japanese Households”, Economics Of Education Review, Vol.14(1), pp.63-71.
  • Hazine Müsteşarlığı (HM), Veri Dağıtım Sistemi, Bütçe Verileri, https://hmvds.hazine.gov.tr/, Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2015
  • James E. Ve Benjamin G. (1986) “Educational Distribution and Income Redistribution through Education in Japan”, The Journal of Human Resources,Vol.22(4),pp.469-489 http://www.jstor.org/stable/145693, Erişim Tarihi:05.02.2013
  • Jurado, Antonio, Perez-Mayo, Jesus ve Pedraja, Francisco (2015), “The Impact of Public Services Expenditure on the Spanish Income Distribution”, Soc Indic Res, pp.1-25, DOI 10.1007/s11205-015- 0957-y
  • Karim, Rezaul Mohammad (2015), “Public Education Spending and Income Inequality in Bangladesh”, International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol.5(1), pp.75-79.
  • Kirmanoğlu, Hülya (2011), Kamu Ekonomisi Analizi, 3. Baskı, İstanbul, Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Lustig, Nora (2015), “Government Spending on Education and Health: Evidence from Thirteen Developing Countries in the Commitment to Equity Project”, CEQ Working Paper, No. 30, pp.1-30.
  • Martinez-Vazquez, Jorge, Vulovic, Violeta and Moreno-Dodson, Blanca (2014), “The Impact of Tax and Expenditure Policies on Income Distribution: Evidence from a Large Panel of Countries”, Hacienda Pşblica Española/Review of Public Economics, Vol.200-(4/2012), pp.95-130.
  • Meerman, Jacob (1979), “Public Expenditure in Malaysia: Who Benefits and Why”, New York: Oxford University Press. Millî Eğitim
  • İstatistikleri, Örgün Eğitim 2014/'15
  • http://sgb.meb.gov.tr/istatistik/meb_istatistikleri
  • _orgun_egitim_2014_2015.pdf
  • Paternostro, Stefano, Rajaram, Anand ve Tiongson, Erwin R. (2007), “How Does the Composition of Public Spending Matter?”, Oxford Development Studies, Vol.35(1), pp.47-82.
  • OECD (2014), Education at a Glance 2014: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, 2014.pdf, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933117212.
  • OECD.Stat.Extracts, Income Distribution and Poverty (2012), https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx? DataSetCode=IDD
  • Selowsky, Marcelo (1979), “Who Benefits from Government Expenditures?”, Published for the World Bank Oford Universty Press, World Bank, Washington D.C.
  • Sundrum R.M. (1992), “Income Distribution in Less Developed Countries”, Routledge, London and New York.
  • Sylwester, Kevin (2002), “Can education expenditures reduce income inequality?”, Economics of Education Review, Vol.21, pp.43–52.
  • Şener, Orhan (2006), Kamu Ekonomisi, 8. Baskı, İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Turhan, Salih (1974), “Kamu Harcamaları ve Gelir Dağılımı”, Maliye Araştırma http://www.journals.istanbul.edu.tr/iumamk/article/view/ 1023014823/1023014034, Erişim Tarihi: 21.07.2015 ss.265-279.
  • TÜİK (2008), Tüketim Harcamaları, Yoksulluk ve Gelir Dağılımı Sorularla Resmi İstatistikler Dizisi – 6, Ankara.
  • TÜİK (2011), Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Araştırması, 2010, Haber Bülteni, Sayı: 8661, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=8661, Erişim Tarihi:10.05.2015
  • TÜİK (2014), Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Araştırması, 2013, Haber Bülteni, Sayı: 16083, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PdfGetir.do?id=16083, Erişim Tarihi:10.05.2015
  • TÜİK (2015), Hanehalkı İşgücü İstatistikleri, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/, Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2015
  • Ünsal, Erdal M. (2011), Makro İktisat, 9. Baskı, Ankara, İmaj Kitabevi.
  • Yüce, Mehmet (2002), “Türkiye’de Gelir Dağılımı Bozukluğunun İzlenen Kamu Gelir ve Harcama Politikaları ile Bağlantısı”, Bilig, Cilt.23, ss.1-38.
  • Wilson, Kathryn, Lambright, Kristina ve Timothy M. Smeeding (2004), “School Finance, Equivalent Educational Expenditure and Income Distribution: Equal Dollars or Equal Chances for Success?”, Center for http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/uploadedFiles/cpr/publications/working _papers2/wp62.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 24.04.2015 No.62, pp.1-35.
  • World Bank, GNI Per Capita, Atlas Method (Current US$), http://search.worldbank. org/data , Erişim Tarihi: 11.04.2015 World Bank, Health Expenditure, Public (% of GDP), http://data.worldbank.org/, Erişim Tarihi: 11.04.2015
  • Zhang, Lei (2002), “Income Distribution and Political Economy of Allocation of http://web.stanford.edu/group/siepr/cgibin/siepr/?q=system/files/shar ed/pubs/ papers/pdf/02-25.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 21.07.2015

Eğitim Harcamalarının Gelir Dağılımına Etkisi: Türkiye’de Yükseköğretimin Gelir Eşitsizliğini Giderici İşlevi

Year 2015, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 45 - 75, 01.07.2015

Abstract

Bu çalışmada tüm dünyanın temel sorunlarından biri olan gelir eşitsizliğinin daha adil bir duruma getirilmesinde eğitim harcamalarının etkisi incelenmektedir. Çalışmada örnek ülke olarak Türkiye ele alınmıştır. Buna göre, eğitim durumu arttıkça elde edilen gelirin arttığı ve yoksul kesimde yer alan bireylerin ya da hane halkının eğitim seviyesi ile doğru orantılı olarak bir üst gelir dilimine çıkılabileceği savunulmaktadır. Yapılan ampirik analizde yükseköğretime yapılan harcamaların gelir dağılımını bozucu etkisi olduğu bulunmuştur. Bunun başlıca nedeni olarak yükseköğretim kurumlarından faydalanan kesimin eğitime daha fazla bütçe ayırabilen yüksek gelirli kesimin olmasından kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir.

References

  • Abdullah, Abdul, Doucouliagos, Hristos ve Manning, Elizabeth (2013), “Does Education Reduce Income Inequality? A Meta-Regression Analysis”, Journal of Economic Surveys (Article first published online: 19 DEC 2013), Vol. 29(2), pp.301–316, Doi: 10.1111/joes.12056
  • Aksoy, Şerafettin (2011), Kamu Maliyesi, 4. Baskı, İstanbul, Filiz Kitabevi.
  • Altınışık, İsa ve Peker, Hasan Sencer (2008), “Eğitim ve Gelir Dağılımı Eşitsizliği”, http://dergi.kmu.edu.tr/userfiles/file/aralik2008/101-118.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 04.11.2013 İİBF Dergisi, Sayı:15, ss.101-118
  • Biggs M.L. ve Dutta J. (1999) “The Distributional Effects of Education Expenditures”, National Institute Economic Review, July, 68-77, http://ner.sagepub.com/content/169/1/68.short
  • Bilen, Mahmut ve Es, Muharrem (1998), “Gelir Dağılımı Sorunu ve Çözümünde Yeni Arayışlar” Yönetim ve Siyasette Etik Sempozyumu, ss.376-399, Adapazarı, http://www.econturk.org/Turkiyeekonomisi/ bilen98.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 21.06.2013.
  • Callan, Tim, Smeeding, Tim ve Tsakloglou, Panos (2008), “Short-Run Distributional Effects of Public Education Transfers to Tertiary Education Students in Seven European Countries”, IZA Discussion Paper, No. 3557, pp.1-20, http://repec.iza.org/dp3557.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 23.07.2015
  • Boratav K. (1991), 1980’li Yıllarda Türkiye’ de Sosyal Sınıflar ve Bölüşüm, İstanbul, Gerçek Yayınevi.
  • Bütçe ve Mali Kontrol Genel Müdürlüğü (BÜMKO), İstatistikler, Bütçe Büyüklükleri ve Bütçe Gerçekleşmeleri, Konsolide Bütçe Dengesi (1973-2005), Merkezi Yönetim Bütçe Dengesi (2000-2013), http://www.bumko.gov.tr/TR,160/, Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2015
  • Demery, Lionel (2003), “Analyzing the Incidence of Public Expenditure”, François Bourguignon ve Luiz A. Pereira da Silva (Ed.), The Impact of Economic Policies on Poverty and Income Distribution, pp.41-68, New York: World bank and Oxford University Press.
  • Devarajan, Shantayanan ve Shaikh I. Hossain (1998), “The Combined Incidence of Taxes and Public Expenditures in the Philippines”, World Development, Vol. 26(6), pp. 963-977.
  • Dumlu, Ufuk ve Aydın, Özlem (2008), “Ekonometrik Modellerle Türkiye İçin 2006 Yılı Gini Katsayısı Tahmini”, Ege Akademik Bakış Dergisi, Cilt. 8(1), ss.373-393.
  • Eğilmez, Mahfi (01.08.2010), “Türkiye’de gelir dağılımı”, Radikal Gazetesi, http://www.radikal.com.tr/yazarlar/mahfi_egilmez/turkiyede_gelir_d agilimi-1011114, Erişim Tarihi: 23.05.2014
  • Eğilmez, Mahfi ve Kumcu, Ercan (2004), Ekonomi Politikası, Teori ve Türkiye Uygulaması, 15. Baskı, İstanbul, Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Eurostat, Gini Coefficient of Equivalised Disposable Income (source: SILC), http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database
  • Eurostat, Statics Explained, Government Expenditure on Education - 2012 Results, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php/Governme nt_expenditure_on_education_2012_results
  • Gregorio, Jose’ De ve Lee, Jong-Wha (2002), Education and Income Inequality: New Evidence from Cross-Country Data”, Review of Income and Wealth, Vol.48(3), pp.395-416.
  • Hashimoto, Keiji ve Heath, Julia A. (1995), “Income Elasticities of Educational Expenditure by Income Class: The Case of Japanese Households”, Economics Of Education Review, Vol.14(1), pp.63-71.
  • Hazine Müsteşarlığı (HM), Veri Dağıtım Sistemi, Bütçe Verileri, https://hmvds.hazine.gov.tr/, Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2015
  • James E. Ve Benjamin G. (1986) “Educational Distribution and Income Redistribution through Education in Japan”, The Journal of Human Resources,Vol.22(4),pp.469-489 http://www.jstor.org/stable/145693, Erişim Tarihi:05.02.2013
  • Jurado, Antonio, Perez-Mayo, Jesus ve Pedraja, Francisco (2015), “The Impact of Public Services Expenditure on the Spanish Income Distribution”, Soc Indic Res, pp.1-25, DOI 10.1007/s11205-015- 0957-y
  • Karim, Rezaul Mohammad (2015), “Public Education Spending and Income Inequality in Bangladesh”, International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol.5(1), pp.75-79.
  • Kirmanoğlu, Hülya (2011), Kamu Ekonomisi Analizi, 3. Baskı, İstanbul, Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Lustig, Nora (2015), “Government Spending on Education and Health: Evidence from Thirteen Developing Countries in the Commitment to Equity Project”, CEQ Working Paper, No. 30, pp.1-30.
  • Martinez-Vazquez, Jorge, Vulovic, Violeta and Moreno-Dodson, Blanca (2014), “The Impact of Tax and Expenditure Policies on Income Distribution: Evidence from a Large Panel of Countries”, Hacienda Pşblica Española/Review of Public Economics, Vol.200-(4/2012), pp.95-130.
  • Meerman, Jacob (1979), “Public Expenditure in Malaysia: Who Benefits and Why”, New York: Oxford University Press. Millî Eğitim
  • İstatistikleri, Örgün Eğitim 2014/'15
  • http://sgb.meb.gov.tr/istatistik/meb_istatistikleri
  • _orgun_egitim_2014_2015.pdf
  • Paternostro, Stefano, Rajaram, Anand ve Tiongson, Erwin R. (2007), “How Does the Composition of Public Spending Matter?”, Oxford Development Studies, Vol.35(1), pp.47-82.
  • OECD (2014), Education at a Glance 2014: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, 2014.pdf, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933117212.
  • OECD.Stat.Extracts, Income Distribution and Poverty (2012), https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx? DataSetCode=IDD
  • Selowsky, Marcelo (1979), “Who Benefits from Government Expenditures?”, Published for the World Bank Oford Universty Press, World Bank, Washington D.C.
  • Sundrum R.M. (1992), “Income Distribution in Less Developed Countries”, Routledge, London and New York.
  • Sylwester, Kevin (2002), “Can education expenditures reduce income inequality?”, Economics of Education Review, Vol.21, pp.43–52.
  • Şener, Orhan (2006), Kamu Ekonomisi, 8. Baskı, İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Turhan, Salih (1974), “Kamu Harcamaları ve Gelir Dağılımı”, Maliye Araştırma http://www.journals.istanbul.edu.tr/iumamk/article/view/ 1023014823/1023014034, Erişim Tarihi: 21.07.2015 ss.265-279.
  • TÜİK (2008), Tüketim Harcamaları, Yoksulluk ve Gelir Dağılımı Sorularla Resmi İstatistikler Dizisi – 6, Ankara.
  • TÜİK (2011), Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Araştırması, 2010, Haber Bülteni, Sayı: 8661, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=8661, Erişim Tarihi:10.05.2015
  • TÜİK (2014), Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Araştırması, 2013, Haber Bülteni, Sayı: 16083, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PdfGetir.do?id=16083, Erişim Tarihi:10.05.2015
  • TÜİK (2015), Hanehalkı İşgücü İstatistikleri, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/, Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2015
  • Ünsal, Erdal M. (2011), Makro İktisat, 9. Baskı, Ankara, İmaj Kitabevi.
  • Yüce, Mehmet (2002), “Türkiye’de Gelir Dağılımı Bozukluğunun İzlenen Kamu Gelir ve Harcama Politikaları ile Bağlantısı”, Bilig, Cilt.23, ss.1-38.
  • Wilson, Kathryn, Lambright, Kristina ve Timothy M. Smeeding (2004), “School Finance, Equivalent Educational Expenditure and Income Distribution: Equal Dollars or Equal Chances for Success?”, Center for http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/uploadedFiles/cpr/publications/working _papers2/wp62.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 24.04.2015 No.62, pp.1-35.
  • World Bank, GNI Per Capita, Atlas Method (Current US$), http://search.worldbank. org/data , Erişim Tarihi: 11.04.2015 World Bank, Health Expenditure, Public (% of GDP), http://data.worldbank.org/, Erişim Tarihi: 11.04.2015
  • Zhang, Lei (2002), “Income Distribution and Political Economy of Allocation of http://web.stanford.edu/group/siepr/cgibin/siepr/?q=system/files/shar ed/pubs/ papers/pdf/02-25.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 21.07.2015
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ahmet Ulusoy This is me

Birol Karakurt This is me

Eyüp Akbulut This is me

Publication Date July 1, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 1 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ulusoy, A., Karakurt, B., & Akbulut, E. (2015). Eğitim Harcamalarının Gelir Dağılımına Etkisi: Türkiye’de Yükseköğretimin Gelir Eşitsizliğini Giderici İşlevi. Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 45-75.

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