Effects of Melatonin and Vitamin C on Cigarette-Induced Structural Changes in the Trachea

Year 2005, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 40 - 44, 01.04.2005

Enver Ozan Neriman Çolakoğlu Mehmet Fatih Sönmez Sema Ozan Seval Yılmaz Bülent Taşdemir Gonca Ozan

Abstract

Objectives: This study was undertaken to investigate smoke-induced structural and biochemical changes and protective effects of co-administred of melatonin and vitamin C in rat trachea. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four Wistar female rats were used. Animals were divided into four groups. The first group of rats used as control. The second group of rats were inhalated cigarette. Cigarette inhalated third and fourth group of rats recieved melatonin and vitamin C respectively. At the end of the study trachea tissues and blood samples were taken under the anesthesia. Tissues were prepared and examined by light microscopy. And biochemically, malondialdehyde and glutathione levels and catalase activities were determined. Results: Microscopically, blood and desquamation of epithelial cells in the tracheal lumen, activated granular cells and apoptotic cells in the epithelial layer and activated serous gland in the submucosal layer were detected in the group II. In the group III and IV melatonin and vitamin C relatively protected the trachea tissue against smoke intoxication. Biochemical examination showed malondialdehyde levels in the group II higher than group I, melatonin and vitamin C injection to group III and IV caused to decrease of malondialdehyde. Glutathione levels and catalase activity in the group II were less than group I. Melatonin and vitamin C injection did not change the decrease of the glutathione levels and catalase activities in group III and IV. Conclusion: As a result, cigarette inhalation increased lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system and caused structural changes. However, melatonin and vitamin C administration obtained relative protection against smoke.©2005, Fırat Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi

Keywords

-

Sigara İnhalasyonunun Trakea'da Oluşturduğu Yapısal Değişiklikler Üzerine Melatonin ve C Vitamininin Etkileri

Abstract

Amaç: Sigara toksikasyonunun trakea dokusunda oluşturduğu yapısal ve biyokimyasal değişiklikler üzerine C vitamini ve melatoninin koruyucu etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmada 24 adet Wistar cinsi ergin dişi sıçan kullanıldı. Sıçanlar 4 gruba ayrıldı. Birinci grup sıçanlar kontrol olarak kullanıldı, ikinci grup sıçanlara sigara inhale ettirildi. Sigara soluyan üçüncü ve dördüncü grup sıçanlara ise hergün sırasıyla melatonin ve C vitamini enjekte edildi. Deney sonunda sıçanlardan eter anestezisi altında trakea dokuları ve kan örnekleri alındı. Dokuların bir kısmı rutin histolojik prosedürlerden geçirilerek ışık mikroskobunda incelendi. Biyokimyasal olarak, malondialdehit (MDA) ve glutatyon düzeyleri ile katalaz aktiviteleri belirlendi. Bulgular: Işık mikroskobik incelemelerde ikinci grupdaki sıçanların trakea lümeninde kan ve epitelyal hücre döküntüleri, epitel tabakasında apoptozise giden hücrelere ve aktive olmuş granüllü hücrelere rastlandı. Submukozadaki seröz bezlerde aktivasyon tespit edildi. Üçüncü ve dördüncü gruplarda melatonin ve C vitamininin trakea dokusunu sigara toksikasyonuna karşı kısmen koruduğu gözlendi. Yapılan biyokimyasal incelemelerde, sigara inhale eden grupta MDA düzeylerinin kontrol grubuna göre önemli ölçüde arttığı, C vitamini ve melatonin enjeksiyonunun ise artan MDA düzeyini azalttığı saptandı. Katalaz aktivitesi ve glutatyon düzeyi ise sigara inhale eden grupta kontrol grubuna göre düşüş gösterirken, C vitamini ve melatoninin bu düşüşü önemli derecede etkilemediği gözlendi. Sonuç: Sigara inhalasyonunun, lipid peroksidasyonunu ve antioksidan sistemi artırdığı, trakea dokusunda yer yer yapısal değişiklikler oluşturduğu tespit edildi. C vitamini ve melatoninin ise sigara toksikasyonuna karşı kısmen koruma sağladığı gözlendi. ©2005, Fırat Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi

Keywords

Trakea, sigara, melatonin, C vitamini, ışık mikroskop

References

• Doll R. Cancers weakly releated to smoking. Br Med Bull 1996; 52: 35-49
• Hoffman D, Hoffman I. The changing cigarette , 1950-1995. J. Toxicol Environ Health 1997; 50: 307-64.
• Carnevali S, Petruzzelli S, Longoni B, Vanacore R, Barale R, Cipollini M, Scatena F, Paggiaro P, Celi A, Giuntini C. Cigarette smoke extract induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in human lung fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 284: 955-63.
• Aoshiba K, Tamaoki J, Nagai A. Akut cigarette smoke exposure induce apoptosis alveolar macrophages. Am Jphysiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2001; 281: L 1392-1401.
• Lalonde C, Picard L, Campbell C, Demling R. Lung and systemic oxidant and antioxidant activity after graded smoke exposure in the rat. Circ Shock 1994; 42: 7-13.
• Cigarette smoke causes rapid lipid peroxidation of rat tracheal epithelium. Churg A, Cherukupalli K. Int J Exp Pathol 1993; 74: 127-32.
• Park EM, Park YM, Gwak YS. Oxidative damage in tissues of rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Free Radic Biol Med 1998; 25: 79-86.
• Bhatia A.L, Manda K. Study on pre-treatment of melatonin against radiation- induced oxidative stres in mice. Env Tox and Phar 2004; 18: 13-20.
• Bendich A, Cohen M. Ascorbic acid safety: analysis factors affecting iron absorbtion. Toxicol Lett 1990;51:189-90.
• Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem 1979; 95: 351-358.
• Aebi H. Catalase. In: Bergmeyer HU, editors. Methods of Enzymatic Analysis. Wenheim: Verlag Chemie 2nd 1974. p. 673-678.
• Ellman GI.. Tissue Sulfhydryl Groups. Arch Bioc 1959; 70-77
• Czekaj P, Plasz A, Lebda- Whborny T, Nowaczyk-Dura G, Karczewska W, Florek E, Kaminski M. İnt Arch Occup Environ Health 2002; 75: 27-35.
• Matulionis DH.Chronic cigarette smoke inhalation and aging in mice: 1. morphologic and functional lung abnormalities. Exp Lung Res 1984; 7: 237-56.
• Hubbard GB, Langlinais PC, Shimazu T, Okerberg CV, Mason AD. The morphology of smoke inhalation injury in sheep. Jr, Pruitt BA Jr. J Trauma 1991; 31:1477-86.
• Abdi S, Evans MJ, Cox RA, Lubbesmeyer H, Herndon DN, Traber DL. Inhalation injury to tracheal epithelium in an ovine model of cotton smoke exposure. Early phase (30 minutes). Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: 1436-9.
• Gaafar HA, Al-Mansour AH. The effect of cigarette smoke on the tracheal mucosa of the rabbit. An electron microscopic study. J Laryngol Otol 1982; 96: 943-50.
• Martonen TB. Deposition patterns of cigarette smoke in human airways. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1992; 53: 6-18.
• Whimster WF. Tracheobronchial submucous gland profiles in smokers and non-smokers. Appl Pathol 1988; 6: 241-6.
• Hayashi M, Sornberger GC, Huber GL. Differential response in the male and female tracheal epithelium following exposure to tobacco smoke. Chest 1978; 73: 515-8.
• Rogers DF, Turner NC, Marriott C, Jeffery PK. Cigarette smoke-induced 'chronic bronchitis: a study in situ of laryngotracheal hypersecretion in the rat. Clin Sci 1987; 72: 629-37.
• Lewis DJ, Jakins PR. Effect of tobacco smoke exposure on rat tracheal submucosal glands: an ultrastructural study. Thorax 1981; 36: 622-4.
• Pesti L, Wiseman RF, Bruckner G, Gordon HA. Effects of tobacco smoke inhalation on the tracheo-bronchial microflora of rats. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1984; 7: 75-80.
• Fawcett DW, Jensh RP. Bloom & Fawcett: Concise Histology. 1st edition, Florence: Chapman & Hall 1997: 229-241.
• Raveendran M, Wang J, Senthil D, et al. Endogenous nitric oxide activation protects against cigarette smoking induced apoptosis in endothelial cells. FEBS Lett 2005; 579: 733-40.
• Kim H, Liu X, Kobayashi T, et al. Reversible cigarette smoke extract-induced DNA damage in human lung fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 31: 483-90.
• Liu L, Yuan Y, Li F, Liu H. Relationship between apoptosis and E-cadherin expression in bronchial epithelium of smoking mouse. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci 2003; 23: 2168.
• Vogt Isaksen C. Maternal smoking, intrauterine growth restriction, and placental apoptosis. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2004; 7: 433-42
• Baskaran S, Lakshmi S, Prasad PR. Effect of cigarette smoke on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in albino rat. Indian J Exp Biol 1999; 37: 1196-200.
• Yildiz L, Kayaoglu N, Aksoy H. The changes of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities in erythrocytes of active and passive smokers. Clin Chem Lab Med 2002 Jun;40:612-5
• Forsling ML, Stoughton RP, Zhou Y, Kelestimur H, Demaine C. The role of the pineal in the control of the daily patterns of neurohypophsial hormone secretion. J Pineal Res 1993; 14: 4551.
• Guerrero JM, Reiter RJ. A biref survey of pineal gland-immune system interrelationships. Endocr Res 1992; 18: 91-113.
• Reiter RJ. Oxidative damage in the central nervous system protection by melatonin. Prog Neurobiol 1998; 56: 359-84.
• Reiter RJ, Menendez-Pelaez A, Poeggeler B, Tan DX, Pablos MI, Acuna-Castroviejo D. The role of melatonin in the pathophysiology of oxgyen radical damage. Pathophsiology of Oxygen Radical Damage 1994; 8: 403-12.
• Reiter RJ, Poeggeler B, Tan DX, Chen L, Manchester LC, Guerrero JM. Antioxidant capacity of melatonin: a novel action not requiring a receptor. Neuroendocrinol 1993; 15: 103-16.
• Naidu KA. Vitamin C in human health and disease is still a mystery ? An overview. Nutr J 2003 Aug 21; 2: 7.
• Levin M. New concepts in the biology and biochemistry os ascorbic acid. New Engl Med 1986; 3: 892-02.
• Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Free radicals in biology and medicine. Oxford University Press Oxford 1999.