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Determination of Antibacterial Efficacies of Plant Extracts on Tomato Bacterial Speck Disease

Year 2015, Volume: 44 Issue: 1-2-3, 1 - 10, 30.01.2016

Abstract

Bacterial
speck caused by Pseudomonas syringae
pv. tomato is an economically important disease of tomato. The aim of this study was to evaluate the
effectiveness of some medicinal and
aromatic plant extracts on tomato seeds (cv. H-2274) and plants against
P. s. pv. tomato
in vitro and in vivo. The extracts obtained from leaves, stems, seeds and
fruits of Juglans regia, Lavandula
officinalis
, Eucalyptus globulus,
Rosmarinus officinalis, Olea
europaea,
Tilia tomentosa,
Jatropha curcas, Humulus lupulus, Nigella sativa, Trigonella
foenum-graecum
, Cuminum cyminum,
Rhus coriaria, Daucus carota, Rosa canina and Moringa oleifera. Amongs the 15 different plants,
three plant extracts
inhibited the growth of the pathogen with inhibition zone diameter ranging from
13 to 22 mm
at 20% (w/v) in absolute methanol. Bacterial population on tomato seeds
after applications of the plant extracts at 5 doses was also determined.

Rhus coriaria
and Eucalyptus
globulus
extracts at 20% concentration completely inhibited the P. s. pv. tomato on tomato seeds. In
spite of the highest antibacterial effects of
sumac and eucalyptus to the pathogen, there was no a negative effect on tomato
seed germination.
The effects of E. globules,
R. coriaria and R. officinalis extracts
against the pathogen were examined in greenhose conditions and, t
he highest efficiency was achieved by E. globulus
(65.86%) on tomato. The peroxidase enzyme and total protein values have
shown an increase in the leaves following application of sumac, rosemary and
eucalyptus extracts before the inoculation with P. s. pv. tomato. This study indicated that some plant extracts
may be used in prevention programs to combat the bacterial speck disease on tomato.

References

  • Abu-Shanab, B., Adwan, G., Abu-Safiya, D., Adwan, K., Abu-Shanab, M., 2005. Antibacterial activity of Rhus coriaria. L extracts growing in palestine. J. Is. University of Gaza, Natural Sciences Series, 13(2): 147-153. Alanis, A.D., Glazada, F., Cervantes, J.A., Tarres, J., Ceballas, G.M., 2005. Antibacterial properties of some plants used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. J. Ethnopharmacol., 100 (1-2): 153-157. Ansari, M.I. and Malik, A., 2008. Genotoxicity of wastewaters used for irrigation of food crops. Environ. Toxicol. 24, 103-115. Balestra, G. M., Antonelli, M., Varvaro, L., 1998. Effectiveness of natural products for in vitro and in vivo control of epiphytic populations of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato on tomato plants. J. Plant Pathol. 80, 251. Balestra, G.M., Antonelli, M., Fabi, A., Varvaro, L., 1999. Effect of organic cropping system on the presence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in the phyllosphere and in the rhizosphere of tomato plants. Abstract on Journal of Plant Pathology 81, 227. Balestra, G.M., Heydari, A., Ceccarelli, D., Ovidi, E., Quattrucci, A., 2009. Antibacterial effect of Allium sativum and Ficus carica extracts on tomato bacterial pathogens. Crop Prot. 28, 807-811. Bashan, Y. and Assouline, I., 1983. Complementary bacterial enrichment techniques for the detection of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in infested tomato and pepper seeds. Phytoparasitica 11: 187-93. Basım, H., Basım, E., Yılmaz, S., Dickstein, E.R., Jones, J.B., 2004. An outbreak of bacterial speck caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato on tomato transplants grown in commercial seedling companies located in the Western Mediterranean region of Turkey. Plant Disease, 88, 1050-1050. Basim, E. and Basim, H., 2013. Antibacterial activity of Turkish endemic sığla (Liquidambar orientalis Mill. var. orientalis) storax against agricultural plant pathogenic bacteria and its use as a seed protectant. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment 11: 2447-2450. Beattie, G.A. and Lindow, S.E., 1999. Bacterial colonization of leaves: a spectrum of strategies. Phytopathology 89, 353-359. Bereswill, S., Bugert, P., Völksch, B., Ullrich, M., Bender, C.L. and Geider, K., 1994. Identification and relatedness of coronatine-producing Pseudomonas syringae pathovars by PCR analysis and sequence determination of the amplification products. Appl Environ Microbiol 60: 2924-2930. Bradford, M. M., 1976, A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding, Analytical Biochemistry, 72: 248-254. Chambers, S.C. and Merriman, P.R., 1975. Perennation and control of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, Victoria. Austuralian Journal of Agricultural Research, 26, 657-663. Cho, J.Y., Choi, G.J., Son, S.W., Jang, K.S., Lim, H.K., Lee, S.O., Sung, N.D., Cho, K.Y., Kim, J.C., 2007a. Isolation and antifungal activity of lignans from Myristica fragrans against various plant pathogenic fungi. Pest Manag. Sci. 63, 935-940. Cho, K.M., Hong, S.Y., Lee, S.M., Kim, Y.H., Kahng, G.G., Lim, Y.P., 2007b. Endophytic bacterial communities in ginseng and their antifungal activity against pathogens. Microb. Ecol. 54, 341-351. Cinar, O., 1977. A bacterial disease on tomatoes in Mediterranean Region. Bitki. 4: 282-288. Saygili, H., 1975. Investigation on new bacterial disease of tomatoes in Ege. J. Turk. Phytopathol. 4, 723-727. De Castro, S.L., 2001. Propolis: biological and pharmacological activities. Therapeutic uses of this bee-product. Annu. Rev. Biol. Sci. 3, 49-83. Dixon, R.A., Harrison, M.J. and Lamb. C.J. 1994. Early events in the activation of plant defense responses. Annu.Rev. Phytopathol. 32. 479-501. FAO, 2011. Agricultural Production Data. http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat, Date accessed: 4/6/ 2014. Gasper, T., Penel. C. and Greppin, H., 1982. Peroxidases: A survey of their biochemical and physiological roles in higher plants, University of Geneva Press, Geneva. Goode, M.J. and Sasser, M., 1980. Prevention - The key to controlling bacterial spot and speck of tomato. Plant Dis. 64: 831-34. Grange, M. and Ahmed, S., 1988. Handbook of Plants with Pest Control Properties. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Heath, R.J., Roland, G.E. and Rock, C.O., 2000. Inhibition of the Staphylococcus aureus NADPH-dependent enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase by trichlosan and hexachlorophene. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275, 4654-4659. Heath, R.J., Yu, Y.T., Shapiro, M.A., Olson, E. and Rock, C.O., 1998. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial biocides target the FabI component of fatty acid synthesis. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273, 30316-30320. Iacobellis, N.S., Lo Cantore, P., Capasso, F., Senatore, F., 2005. Antibacterial activity of Cuminum cyminum L. and Carum carvi L. essential oils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53, 57-61. ISTA, 2005. Method Validation Reports 2, 1-17. Jones J.P. and Jones J.B., 1989. Field control of target spot and bacterial speck of tomato. Proc. Fla. State Hortic. Soc. 101:358-361. Jones, J.B., Woltz, S.S., Jones, J.P. and Portier, K.L., 1991. Population dynamics of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria on tomato leaflets treated with copper bactericides. Phytopathology 81, 714-719. Kanner, J and Kinsella, J.E. 1975, 1983. Lipid deterioration initiated by phagocytic cells in muscle foods: -carotene destruction by a myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-halide system. J.Agric.Food Chem., 31:370-376. 12 nd. edn. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, London, New York.. Lagrimini, L. M., Burkhart, W., Moyer, M., Rothstein, S., 1987, Molecular cloning of complementary DNA encoding the lignin-forming peroxidase from tobacco: molecular analysis and tissue-specific expression, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84, 7542-7546. Lo Cantore, P., Iacobellis, N.S., De Marco, A., Capasso, F., Senatore, F., 2004. Antibacterial activity of Coriandrum sativum L. and Foeniculum vulgare Miller var. vulgare (Miller) essential oils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52, 7862-7866. Loper, J. E., Henkels, M. D., Roberts, R. G., Grove, G. G., Willett, M. J., Smith, T. J., 1991. Evaluation of streptomycin, oxytetracycline, and copper resistance in Erwinia amylovora isolated from pear orchards in Washington State. Plant Dis. 75: 287-290. Mahmood, M.A., Al-Dhaher, Z.A., AL-Mizraqchi, A.S., 2010. Antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts of pomegranate, sumac, sage, anise, hand bull tongue, thyme, cloves, lemon and mint against some food-borne pathogens. Iraqi J. Vet. Med., 34 (2): 85-94. Mangamma, P., and Speeramulu, A., 1991 Garlic extract inhibitory to growth of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. Indian Phytopasthology, 44: 372-372 McCarter, S.M., Jones, J.B., Gitatitis, R.D., and Smitley, D.R., 1983. Survival of P. syringae pv. tomato in Association with tomato seed, soil, host tissue, and epiphytic weed hosts in Georgio. Phytopathology 73 (10): 1393-1398. McManus, P.S., Stockwell, V.O., Sundin, G.W. and Jones, A.L., 2002. Antibiotic use in plant agriculture. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 40, 443-465. Mirik, M. and Aysan, Y., 2005. Effect of some plant extracts as a seed treatments on bacterial spot disease of tomato and pepper. The Journal of Phytopathology 34 (1-3): 9-16. Ojo, O.O., Ajayı, A.O., Anibijuwon, I.I., 2007. Antibacterial potency of methanol extracts of lower plants. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B. 8 (3): 189-191. Pietrarelli, L., Balestra, G.M., Varvaro, L., 2006. Effects of simulated rain on P. syringae pv. tomato populations on tomato plants. J. Plant Pathol. 88, 245-251. Pintore, G., Usai, M.L., Bradesi, P., Juliano, C., Boatto, G., Tomi, F., Chessa, M., Cerri, R. and Casanova, J., 2002. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. oils from Sardinia and Corsica. Flavour Fragr. J., 17: 15-19. Pohronezny, K., Sommerfeld, M. L., Raid, R. N., 1994. Streptomycin resistance and copper tolerance among strains of Pseudomonas cichorii in celery seedbeds. Plant Dis. 78: 150-153. Sahin, F., 2001. Severe outbreak of bacterial speck, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, on field-grown tomatoes in the eastern Anatolia region of Turkey Plant Pathology 50, 799. Schnabel, E. L. and A. L. Jones, 1999. Distribution of tetracycline resistance genes and transposons among phylloplane bacteria in Michigan apple orchards. App. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 4898-4907. Spotts, R. A., Cervantes, L. A., 1995. Copper, oxytetracycline and streptomycin resistance of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strains form pear orchards in Oregon and Washington. Plant Dis. 79: 1132-1135. Takahashi, T., Kokubo, R. and Sakaino, M., 2004. Antimicrobial activities of eucalyptus leaf extracts and flavonoids from Eucalyptus maculate. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 39, 60-64. Varvaro, L., Antonelli, M., Balestra, G.M., Fabi, A., Scermino, D., 2001. Control of phytopathogenic bacteria in organic agriculture: cases of study. J. Plant Pathol. 83, 244. Varvaro, L., Antonelli, M., Balestra, G.M., Fabi, A., Scermino, D., Vuono, G., 2002. Investigations on the bactericidal activity of some natural products. In: Proc. Int. Cong. Biol. Products: Which Guarantees for the Consumers?, October 2002, Milan, Italy.
Year 2015, Volume: 44 Issue: 1-2-3, 1 - 10, 30.01.2016

Abstract

References

  • Abu-Shanab, B., Adwan, G., Abu-Safiya, D., Adwan, K., Abu-Shanab, M., 2005. Antibacterial activity of Rhus coriaria. L extracts growing in palestine. J. Is. University of Gaza, Natural Sciences Series, 13(2): 147-153. Alanis, A.D., Glazada, F., Cervantes, J.A., Tarres, J., Ceballas, G.M., 2005. Antibacterial properties of some plants used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. J. Ethnopharmacol., 100 (1-2): 153-157. Ansari, M.I. and Malik, A., 2008. Genotoxicity of wastewaters used for irrigation of food crops. Environ. Toxicol. 24, 103-115. Balestra, G. M., Antonelli, M., Varvaro, L., 1998. Effectiveness of natural products for in vitro and in vivo control of epiphytic populations of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato on tomato plants. J. Plant Pathol. 80, 251. Balestra, G.M., Antonelli, M., Fabi, A., Varvaro, L., 1999. Effect of organic cropping system on the presence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in the phyllosphere and in the rhizosphere of tomato plants. Abstract on Journal of Plant Pathology 81, 227. Balestra, G.M., Heydari, A., Ceccarelli, D., Ovidi, E., Quattrucci, A., 2009. Antibacterial effect of Allium sativum and Ficus carica extracts on tomato bacterial pathogens. Crop Prot. 28, 807-811. Bashan, Y. and Assouline, I., 1983. Complementary bacterial enrichment techniques for the detection of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in infested tomato and pepper seeds. Phytoparasitica 11: 187-93. Basım, H., Basım, E., Yılmaz, S., Dickstein, E.R., Jones, J.B., 2004. An outbreak of bacterial speck caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato on tomato transplants grown in commercial seedling companies located in the Western Mediterranean region of Turkey. Plant Disease, 88, 1050-1050. Basim, E. and Basim, H., 2013. Antibacterial activity of Turkish endemic sığla (Liquidambar orientalis Mill. var. orientalis) storax against agricultural plant pathogenic bacteria and its use as a seed protectant. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment 11: 2447-2450. Beattie, G.A. and Lindow, S.E., 1999. Bacterial colonization of leaves: a spectrum of strategies. Phytopathology 89, 353-359. Bereswill, S., Bugert, P., Völksch, B., Ullrich, M., Bender, C.L. and Geider, K., 1994. Identification and relatedness of coronatine-producing Pseudomonas syringae pathovars by PCR analysis and sequence determination of the amplification products. Appl Environ Microbiol 60: 2924-2930. Bradford, M. M., 1976, A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding, Analytical Biochemistry, 72: 248-254. Chambers, S.C. and Merriman, P.R., 1975. Perennation and control of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, Victoria. Austuralian Journal of Agricultural Research, 26, 657-663. Cho, J.Y., Choi, G.J., Son, S.W., Jang, K.S., Lim, H.K., Lee, S.O., Sung, N.D., Cho, K.Y., Kim, J.C., 2007a. Isolation and antifungal activity of lignans from Myristica fragrans against various plant pathogenic fungi. Pest Manag. Sci. 63, 935-940. Cho, K.M., Hong, S.Y., Lee, S.M., Kim, Y.H., Kahng, G.G., Lim, Y.P., 2007b. Endophytic bacterial communities in ginseng and their antifungal activity against pathogens. Microb. Ecol. 54, 341-351. Cinar, O., 1977. A bacterial disease on tomatoes in Mediterranean Region. Bitki. 4: 282-288. Saygili, H., 1975. Investigation on new bacterial disease of tomatoes in Ege. J. Turk. Phytopathol. 4, 723-727. De Castro, S.L., 2001. Propolis: biological and pharmacological activities. Therapeutic uses of this bee-product. Annu. Rev. Biol. Sci. 3, 49-83. Dixon, R.A., Harrison, M.J. and Lamb. C.J. 1994. Early events in the activation of plant defense responses. Annu.Rev. Phytopathol. 32. 479-501. FAO, 2011. Agricultural Production Data. http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat, Date accessed: 4/6/ 2014. Gasper, T., Penel. C. and Greppin, H., 1982. Peroxidases: A survey of their biochemical and physiological roles in higher plants, University of Geneva Press, Geneva. Goode, M.J. and Sasser, M., 1980. Prevention - The key to controlling bacterial spot and speck of tomato. Plant Dis. 64: 831-34. Grange, M. and Ahmed, S., 1988. Handbook of Plants with Pest Control Properties. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Heath, R.J., Roland, G.E. and Rock, C.O., 2000. Inhibition of the Staphylococcus aureus NADPH-dependent enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase by trichlosan and hexachlorophene. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275, 4654-4659. Heath, R.J., Yu, Y.T., Shapiro, M.A., Olson, E. and Rock, C.O., 1998. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial biocides target the FabI component of fatty acid synthesis. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273, 30316-30320. Iacobellis, N.S., Lo Cantore, P., Capasso, F., Senatore, F., 2005. Antibacterial activity of Cuminum cyminum L. and Carum carvi L. essential oils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53, 57-61. ISTA, 2005. Method Validation Reports 2, 1-17. Jones J.P. and Jones J.B., 1989. Field control of target spot and bacterial speck of tomato. Proc. Fla. State Hortic. Soc. 101:358-361. Jones, J.B., Woltz, S.S., Jones, J.P. and Portier, K.L., 1991. Population dynamics of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria on tomato leaflets treated with copper bactericides. Phytopathology 81, 714-719. Kanner, J and Kinsella, J.E. 1975, 1983. Lipid deterioration initiated by phagocytic cells in muscle foods: -carotene destruction by a myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-halide system. J.Agric.Food Chem., 31:370-376. 12 nd. edn. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, London, New York.. Lagrimini, L. M., Burkhart, W., Moyer, M., Rothstein, S., 1987, Molecular cloning of complementary DNA encoding the lignin-forming peroxidase from tobacco: molecular analysis and tissue-specific expression, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84, 7542-7546. Lo Cantore, P., Iacobellis, N.S., De Marco, A., Capasso, F., Senatore, F., 2004. Antibacterial activity of Coriandrum sativum L. and Foeniculum vulgare Miller var. vulgare (Miller) essential oils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52, 7862-7866. Loper, J. E., Henkels, M. D., Roberts, R. G., Grove, G. G., Willett, M. J., Smith, T. J., 1991. Evaluation of streptomycin, oxytetracycline, and copper resistance in Erwinia amylovora isolated from pear orchards in Washington State. Plant Dis. 75: 287-290. Mahmood, M.A., Al-Dhaher, Z.A., AL-Mizraqchi, A.S., 2010. Antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts of pomegranate, sumac, sage, anise, hand bull tongue, thyme, cloves, lemon and mint against some food-borne pathogens. Iraqi J. Vet. Med., 34 (2): 85-94. Mangamma, P., and Speeramulu, A., 1991 Garlic extract inhibitory to growth of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. Indian Phytopasthology, 44: 372-372 McCarter, S.M., Jones, J.B., Gitatitis, R.D., and Smitley, D.R., 1983. Survival of P. syringae pv. tomato in Association with tomato seed, soil, host tissue, and epiphytic weed hosts in Georgio. Phytopathology 73 (10): 1393-1398. McManus, P.S., Stockwell, V.O., Sundin, G.W. and Jones, A.L., 2002. Antibiotic use in plant agriculture. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 40, 443-465. Mirik, M. and Aysan, Y., 2005. Effect of some plant extracts as a seed treatments on bacterial spot disease of tomato and pepper. The Journal of Phytopathology 34 (1-3): 9-16. Ojo, O.O., Ajayı, A.O., Anibijuwon, I.I., 2007. Antibacterial potency of methanol extracts of lower plants. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B. 8 (3): 189-191. Pietrarelli, L., Balestra, G.M., Varvaro, L., 2006. Effects of simulated rain on P. syringae pv. tomato populations on tomato plants. J. Plant Pathol. 88, 245-251. Pintore, G., Usai, M.L., Bradesi, P., Juliano, C., Boatto, G., Tomi, F., Chessa, M., Cerri, R. and Casanova, J., 2002. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. oils from Sardinia and Corsica. Flavour Fragr. J., 17: 15-19. Pohronezny, K., Sommerfeld, M. L., Raid, R. N., 1994. Streptomycin resistance and copper tolerance among strains of Pseudomonas cichorii in celery seedbeds. Plant Dis. 78: 150-153. Sahin, F., 2001. Severe outbreak of bacterial speck, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, on field-grown tomatoes in the eastern Anatolia region of Turkey Plant Pathology 50, 799. Schnabel, E. L. and A. L. Jones, 1999. Distribution of tetracycline resistance genes and transposons among phylloplane bacteria in Michigan apple orchards. App. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 4898-4907. Spotts, R. A., Cervantes, L. A., 1995. Copper, oxytetracycline and streptomycin resistance of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strains form pear orchards in Oregon and Washington. Plant Dis. 79: 1132-1135. Takahashi, T., Kokubo, R. and Sakaino, M., 2004. Antimicrobial activities of eucalyptus leaf extracts and flavonoids from Eucalyptus maculate. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 39, 60-64. Varvaro, L., Antonelli, M., Balestra, G.M., Fabi, A., Scermino, D., 2001. Control of phytopathogenic bacteria in organic agriculture: cases of study. J. Plant Pathol. 83, 244. Varvaro, L., Antonelli, M., Balestra, G.M., Fabi, A., Scermino, D., Vuono, G., 2002. Investigations on the bactericidal activity of some natural products. In: Proc. Int. Cong. Biol. Products: Which Guarantees for the Consumers?, October 2002, Milan, Italy.
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Kubilay Kurtuluş Baştaş

Publication Date January 30, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 44 Issue: 1-2-3

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APA Baştaş, K. K. (2016). Determination of Antibacterial Efficacies of Plant Extracts on Tomato Bacterial Speck Disease. The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, 44(1-2-3), 1-10.
AMA Baştaş KK. Determination of Antibacterial Efficacies of Plant Extracts on Tomato Bacterial Speck Disease. The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology. January 2016;44(1-2-3):1-10.
Chicago Baştaş, Kubilay Kurtuluş. “Determination of Antibacterial Efficacies of Plant Extracts on Tomato Bacterial Speck Disease”. The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology 44, no. 1-2-3 (January 2016): 1-10.
EndNote Baştaş KK (January 1, 2016) Determination of Antibacterial Efficacies of Plant Extracts on Tomato Bacterial Speck Disease. The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology 44 1-2-3 1–10.
IEEE K. K. Baştaş, “Determination of Antibacterial Efficacies of Plant Extracts on Tomato Bacterial Speck Disease”, The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, vol. 44, no. 1-2, pp. 1–10, 2016.
ISNAD Baştaş, Kubilay Kurtuluş. “Determination of Antibacterial Efficacies of Plant Extracts on Tomato Bacterial Speck Disease”. The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology 44/1-2 (January 2016), 1-10.
JAMA Baştaş KK. Determination of Antibacterial Efficacies of Plant Extracts on Tomato Bacterial Speck Disease. The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology. 2016;44:1–10.
MLA Baştaş, Kubilay Kurtuluş. “Determination of Antibacterial Efficacies of Plant Extracts on Tomato Bacterial Speck Disease”. The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, vol. 44, no. 1-2-3, 2016, pp. 1-10.
Vancouver Baştaş KK. Determination of Antibacterial Efficacies of Plant Extracts on Tomato Bacterial Speck Disease. The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology. 2016;44(1-2-3):1-10.