Mechanical vector potential of houseflies (Musca domestica) for mites
Year 2025,
Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 131 - 134, 30.08.2025
Rahmi Yıldız
,
Milad Afşar
,
Fethi Barlık
,
Medeni Aykut
,
Selahattin Aydemir
,
Abdurrahman Ekici
Abstract
Houseflies (Musca domestica), which live in common areas with humans, can be mechanical vectors of many pathogens. Mites are an extremely diverse community of organisms that occupy various microhabitats, and many species are harmful to human health. This study aimed to detect the presence of mites in the washing water of houseflies and assess the potential role of these flies in mite transmission. Houseflies collected from households within the boundaries of the Tatvan district in Bitlis were included in this study. Houseflies were gathered from 80 households, with 43 located in urban areas and 37 in rural regions, within the study’s scope. After washing with PBS, the collected wash water was meticulously scrutinized under a light microscope to detect the presence of mites. Mites were found in 15 (18.7%) of the 80 samples, 8 (21.6%) of the rural samples, and 7 (16.3%) of the urban samples (P=0.544). It was determined that 40% of the identified mites belonged to the order Trombidiformes, 40% to Astigmata, and 20% to Mesostigmata. In conclusion, we believe that house flies act as vectors, play a role in the spread of mite populations, and can carry certain mites into homes that can affect the health of humans.
Ethical Statement
Gerekli değil
Supporting Institution
yok
References
-
Adenusi, A. A., Akinyemi, M. I., Akinsanya, D. (2018). Domiciliary cockroaches as carriers of human intestinal parasites in Lagos Metropolis, Southwest Nigeria: Implications for public health. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases, 12(2), 141.
-
Akdemir, C., Karaman, U., Cebeci Guler, N., Direkel, S., Uzunoglu, E., Ozturk, G., & Keles, I. (2023). Prevalence of house dust mites and presence of Der p 1 and Der f 1 in Ordu, Giresun, Trabzon and Rize provinces. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 47(3), 179-183.
-
Akpinar, S., Canbakan, S., Mungan, D., Baser, Y., & Akpınar, E. E. (2015). Storage mite sensitivity and related factors in asthmatic patients. Tuberküloz ve Toraks, 63(2), 71-78.
-
Akyazi, R., Soysal, M., Klimov, P. B., & Altunç, Y. E. (2019). House dust mite species in Ordu, Turkey. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 25(4), 417-426.
-
Al-Arfaj, A. M., Mullen, G. R., Rashad, R., Abdel-Hameed, A., Oconnor, B. M., Alkhalife, I. S., & Dute, R. R. (2007). A human case of otoacariasis involving a histiostomatid mite (Acari: Histiostomatidae). The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 76(5), 967-971.
-
Ali, R. M. M., Bashir, M. H., Haq, S. U., Ali, B., Akbar, F. A., Fatima, H., ... & Mehmood, K. (2024). The housely (Musca domestica L.): A comprehensive review of biology, genetics, disease vector potential, and methods of control. European Chemical Bulletin, 13, 10-25.
-
Arlian, L. G., & Platts-Mills, T. A. (2001). The biology of dust mites and the remediation of mite allergens in allergic disease. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 107(3 Suppl), S406-S413.
-
Aydemir, S., Kul, Z., Barlik, F., Saygin, M., Ekici, A., Demir, B., & Kaya, O. (2025). Increase in scabies cases and permethrin nonresponse in Türkiye. Indian Journal of Public Health, 69(1), 63-66.
-
Bahrndorff, S., Gill, C., Lowenberger, C., Skovgard, H., & Hald, B. (2014). The effects of temperature and innate immunity on transmission of Campylobacter jejuni (Campylobacterales: Campylobacteraceae) between life stages of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 51(3), 670–677.
-
Barbosa, M. F., Corrêa, A. S., & Moraes, G. J. (2022). Acarus siro L.(Astigmatina: Acaridae): First confirmed record for Brazil based on morphological and molecular characterization. Journal of Stored Products Research, 97, 101958.
-
Bergmann, K. C. (2022). Biology of house dust mites and storage mites. Allergo Journal International, 31(8), 272-278.
-
Colloff, M., & Spiekma, F. T. M. (1992). Pictorial keys for the identification of domestic mites. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 22(9).
-
Çevik, S., Altas, U., & Özkars, M. Y. (2024). Retrospective evaluation of clinical characteristics of children with cat sensitivity. Pediatric Practice and Research, 12(3), 72-76.
-
D’Arco, S., Maistrello, L., Hubbard, C. B., Murillo, A. C., & Gerry, A. C. (2024). Use of the proboscis extension response assay to evaluate the mechanism of house fly behavioral resistance to imidacloprid. Insects, 15(3), 168.
-
Eke, S., Idris, A., Omalu, I., Otuu, C., Ibeh, E., Akinbo, F., & Hassan, H. (2016). Relative abundance of synanthropic flies with associated parasites and pathogens in Minna Metropolis, Niger State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 37(2), 142-146.
-
Förster, M., Klimpel, S., & Sievert, K. (2009). The house fly (Musca domestica) as a potential vector of metazoan parasites caught in a pig-pen in Germany. Veterinary Parasitology, 160(1-2), 163-167.
-
Gul, S., ur Rehman, F., Taj, M. K., Gul, S., Khan, M. A., Jamil, M., & Ahmad, N. (2024). The house flies Musca domestica as mechanical vector and its management to control in Quetta City, Balochistan. Pak-Euro Journal of Medical and Life Sciences, 7(3), 437-448.
-
Haddow, A. D., Nasar, F., Schellhase, C. W., Moon, R. D., Padilla, S. L., Wollen-Roberts, S. E., Tesh, R. B., & Weaver, S. C. (2017). Low
-
potential for mechanical transmission of Ebola virus via house flies (Musca domestica). Parasites & Vectors, 10(1), 218.
-
Hamoo, R. N., & Alnuri, A. I. (2019). Isolation and identification of parasites from housefly (Musca domestica) in Mosul City, Iraq. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 7(8), 711-714.
-
Huppertz, T., Schmidtmann, I., Becker, S., & Haxel, B. R. (2020). Characterization of a cohort of storage mite sensitized subjects. Allergo Journal International, 29(1), 1-8.
-
Kaya, M. A., Kocacik Uygun, D. F., Celik, E., & Bingol, A. (2025). The role of climate and residency in storage mite sensitivity among children with allergic diseases in the Mediterranean region. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 1-16.
-
Khamesipour, F., Lankarani, K. B., Honarvar, B., & Kwenti, T. E. (2018). A systematic review of human pathogens carried by the housefly (Musca domestica L.). BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1049.
-
Kilinc, A., Uysal, M., & Sahbaz, A. (2024). Harmful Insect and Mite Species and Natural Enemies in Strawberry Fields of Halkapinar (Konya) District. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture & Food Sciences/Selcuk Tarim ve Gida Bilimleri Dergisi, 38(2).
-
Klain, A., Senatore, A. A., Licari, A., Galletta, F., Bettini, I., Marseglia, G. L., & Ciprandi, G. (2024). The prevention of house dust mite allergies in pediatric asthma. Children, 11(4), 469.
-
Lhoak, H. A., & Al-Awadi, A. H. (2024). Role of house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) as a mechanical vector of pathogenic bacteria in Thi Qar Province. Medicra (Journal of Medical Laboratory Science/Technology), 7(1), 13-18.
-
Matos Semedo, F., Martins, C., Tomaz, E., Cardoso, B., Farinha, S., Pires, G., & Pereira, A. M. (2024). Clinical relevance of Lepidoglyphus destructor sensitisation in allergic rhinitis: Nasal provocation test as in vivo assessment. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 185(5), 436-448.
-
Michalska, K., Mrowińska, A., & Studnicki, M. (2023). Ectoparasitism of the flightless Drosophila melanogaster and D. hydei by the mite Blattisocius mali (Acari: Blattisociidae). Insects, 14(2), 146.
-
Nihei, S. S., & de Carvalho, C. J. B. (2007). Phylogeny and classification of Muscini (Diptera: Muscidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 149(4), 493-532.
-
Park, R., Dzialo, M. C., Spaepen, S., Nsabimana, D., Gielens, K., Lievens, B., Van Campenhout, L., & Carleer, R. (2019). Microbial communities of the house fly Musca domestica vary with geographical location and habitat. Microbiome, 7(1), 147.
-
Rychlik, K., Sternicka, J., Nowicki, R. J., Bieniaszewski, L., & Purzycka-Bohdan, D. (2025). Significance of Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis in pathogenesis of dermatological diseases—Current state of knowledge. Medicina, 61(4), 660.
-
Sykes, J. E. (2022). Greene’s infectious diseases of the dog and cat (5th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences.
Spieksma, F. T. M. (1990). Identification of house-dust mites. Aerobiologia, 6(2), 187-192.
-
Wan, M., Sun, Y., Luo, S., Hou, J., & Norbäck, D. (2024). Associations between house dust mite concentrations in bedroom dust in Northern China and childhood asthma, rhinitis and eczema. Building and Environment, 247, 110952.
-
Wong, S. F., Chong, A. L., Mak, J. W., Tan, J., Ling, S. J., Lim, Y. A. L., & Chua, K. H. (2011). Molecular identification of house dust mites and storage mites. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 55(2), 123-133.
-
Ysquierdo, C. A., Olafson, P. U., & Thomas, D. B. (2017). Fungi isolated from house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on penned cattle in South Texas. Journal of Medical Entomology, 54(3), 705-711.
-
Zhou, Y., Li, Q., Pan, R., Wang, Q., Zhu, X., Liu, Y., & Chen, H. (2022). Regulatory roles of three miRNAs on allergen mRNA expression in Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Allergy, 77(2), 469-482.
Mechanical vector potential of houseflies (Musca domestica) for mites
Year 2025,
Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 131 - 134, 30.08.2025
Rahmi Yıldız
,
Milad Afşar
,
Fethi Barlık
,
Medeni Aykut
,
Selahattin Aydemir
,
Abdurrahman Ekici
Abstract
Houseflies (Musca domestica), which live in common areas with humans, can be mechanical vectors of many pathogens. Mites are an extremely diverse community of organisms that occupy various microhabitats, and many species are harmful to human health. This study aimed to detect the presence of mites in the washing water of houseflies and assess the potential role of these flies in mite transmission. Houseflies collected from households within the boundaries of the Tatvan district in Bitlis were included in this study. Houseflies were gathered from 80 households, with 43 located in urban areas and 37 in rural regions, within the study’s scope. After washing with PBS, the collected wash water was meticulously scrutinized under a light microscope to detect the presence of mites. Mites were found in 15 (18.7%) of the 80 samples, 8 (21.6%) of the rural samples, and 7 (16.3%) of the urban samples (P=0.544). It was determined that 40% of the identified mites belonged to the order Trombidiformes, 40% to Astigmata, and 20% to Mesostigmata. In conclusion, we believe that house flies act as vectors, play a role in the spread of mite populations, and can carry certain mites into homes that can affect the health of humans.
References
-
Adenusi, A. A., Akinyemi, M. I., Akinsanya, D. (2018). Domiciliary cockroaches as carriers of human intestinal parasites in Lagos Metropolis, Southwest Nigeria: Implications for public health. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases, 12(2), 141.
-
Akdemir, C., Karaman, U., Cebeci Guler, N., Direkel, S., Uzunoglu, E., Ozturk, G., & Keles, I. (2023). Prevalence of house dust mites and presence of Der p 1 and Der f 1 in Ordu, Giresun, Trabzon and Rize provinces. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 47(3), 179-183.
-
Akpinar, S., Canbakan, S., Mungan, D., Baser, Y., & Akpınar, E. E. (2015). Storage mite sensitivity and related factors in asthmatic patients. Tuberküloz ve Toraks, 63(2), 71-78.
-
Akyazi, R., Soysal, M., Klimov, P. B., & Altunç, Y. E. (2019). House dust mite species in Ordu, Turkey. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 25(4), 417-426.
-
Al-Arfaj, A. M., Mullen, G. R., Rashad, R., Abdel-Hameed, A., Oconnor, B. M., Alkhalife, I. S., & Dute, R. R. (2007). A human case of otoacariasis involving a histiostomatid mite (Acari: Histiostomatidae). The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 76(5), 967-971.
-
Ali, R. M. M., Bashir, M. H., Haq, S. U., Ali, B., Akbar, F. A., Fatima, H., ... & Mehmood, K. (2024). The housely (Musca domestica L.): A comprehensive review of biology, genetics, disease vector potential, and methods of control. European Chemical Bulletin, 13, 10-25.
-
Arlian, L. G., & Platts-Mills, T. A. (2001). The biology of dust mites and the remediation of mite allergens in allergic disease. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 107(3 Suppl), S406-S413.
-
Aydemir, S., Kul, Z., Barlik, F., Saygin, M., Ekici, A., Demir, B., & Kaya, O. (2025). Increase in scabies cases and permethrin nonresponse in Türkiye. Indian Journal of Public Health, 69(1), 63-66.
-
Bahrndorff, S., Gill, C., Lowenberger, C., Skovgard, H., & Hald, B. (2014). The effects of temperature and innate immunity on transmission of Campylobacter jejuni (Campylobacterales: Campylobacteraceae) between life stages of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 51(3), 670–677.
-
Barbosa, M. F., Corrêa, A. S., & Moraes, G. J. (2022). Acarus siro L.(Astigmatina: Acaridae): First confirmed record for Brazil based on morphological and molecular characterization. Journal of Stored Products Research, 97, 101958.
-
Bergmann, K. C. (2022). Biology of house dust mites and storage mites. Allergo Journal International, 31(8), 272-278.
-
Colloff, M., & Spiekma, F. T. M. (1992). Pictorial keys for the identification of domestic mites. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 22(9).
-
Çevik, S., Altas, U., & Özkars, M. Y. (2024). Retrospective evaluation of clinical characteristics of children with cat sensitivity. Pediatric Practice and Research, 12(3), 72-76.
-
D’Arco, S., Maistrello, L., Hubbard, C. B., Murillo, A. C., & Gerry, A. C. (2024). Use of the proboscis extension response assay to evaluate the mechanism of house fly behavioral resistance to imidacloprid. Insects, 15(3), 168.
-
Eke, S., Idris, A., Omalu, I., Otuu, C., Ibeh, E., Akinbo, F., & Hassan, H. (2016). Relative abundance of synanthropic flies with associated parasites and pathogens in Minna Metropolis, Niger State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 37(2), 142-146.
-
Förster, M., Klimpel, S., & Sievert, K. (2009). The house fly (Musca domestica) as a potential vector of metazoan parasites caught in a pig-pen in Germany. Veterinary Parasitology, 160(1-2), 163-167.
-
Gul, S., ur Rehman, F., Taj, M. K., Gul, S., Khan, M. A., Jamil, M., & Ahmad, N. (2024). The house flies Musca domestica as mechanical vector and its management to control in Quetta City, Balochistan. Pak-Euro Journal of Medical and Life Sciences, 7(3), 437-448.
-
Haddow, A. D., Nasar, F., Schellhase, C. W., Moon, R. D., Padilla, S. L., Wollen-Roberts, S. E., Tesh, R. B., & Weaver, S. C. (2017). Low
-
potential for mechanical transmission of Ebola virus via house flies (Musca domestica). Parasites & Vectors, 10(1), 218.
-
Hamoo, R. N., & Alnuri, A. I. (2019). Isolation and identification of parasites from housefly (Musca domestica) in Mosul City, Iraq. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 7(8), 711-714.
-
Huppertz, T., Schmidtmann, I., Becker, S., & Haxel, B. R. (2020). Characterization of a cohort of storage mite sensitized subjects. Allergo Journal International, 29(1), 1-8.
-
Kaya, M. A., Kocacik Uygun, D. F., Celik, E., & Bingol, A. (2025). The role of climate and residency in storage mite sensitivity among children with allergic diseases in the Mediterranean region. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 1-16.
-
Khamesipour, F., Lankarani, K. B., Honarvar, B., & Kwenti, T. E. (2018). A systematic review of human pathogens carried by the housefly (Musca domestica L.). BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1049.
-
Kilinc, A., Uysal, M., & Sahbaz, A. (2024). Harmful Insect and Mite Species and Natural Enemies in Strawberry Fields of Halkapinar (Konya) District. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture & Food Sciences/Selcuk Tarim ve Gida Bilimleri Dergisi, 38(2).
-
Klain, A., Senatore, A. A., Licari, A., Galletta, F., Bettini, I., Marseglia, G. L., & Ciprandi, G. (2024). The prevention of house dust mite allergies in pediatric asthma. Children, 11(4), 469.
-
Lhoak, H. A., & Al-Awadi, A. H. (2024). Role of house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) as a mechanical vector of pathogenic bacteria in Thi Qar Province. Medicra (Journal of Medical Laboratory Science/Technology), 7(1), 13-18.
-
Matos Semedo, F., Martins, C., Tomaz, E., Cardoso, B., Farinha, S., Pires, G., & Pereira, A. M. (2024). Clinical relevance of Lepidoglyphus destructor sensitisation in allergic rhinitis: Nasal provocation test as in vivo assessment. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 185(5), 436-448.
-
Michalska, K., Mrowińska, A., & Studnicki, M. (2023). Ectoparasitism of the flightless Drosophila melanogaster and D. hydei by the mite Blattisocius mali (Acari: Blattisociidae). Insects, 14(2), 146.
-
Nihei, S. S., & de Carvalho, C. J. B. (2007). Phylogeny and classification of Muscini (Diptera: Muscidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 149(4), 493-532.
-
Park, R., Dzialo, M. C., Spaepen, S., Nsabimana, D., Gielens, K., Lievens, B., Van Campenhout, L., & Carleer, R. (2019). Microbial communities of the house fly Musca domestica vary with geographical location and habitat. Microbiome, 7(1), 147.
-
Rychlik, K., Sternicka, J., Nowicki, R. J., Bieniaszewski, L., & Purzycka-Bohdan, D. (2025). Significance of Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis in pathogenesis of dermatological diseases—Current state of knowledge. Medicina, 61(4), 660.
-
Sykes, J. E. (2022). Greene’s infectious diseases of the dog and cat (5th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences.
Spieksma, F. T. M. (1990). Identification of house-dust mites. Aerobiologia, 6(2), 187-192.
-
Wan, M., Sun, Y., Luo, S., Hou, J., & Norbäck, D. (2024). Associations between house dust mite concentrations in bedroom dust in Northern China and childhood asthma, rhinitis and eczema. Building and Environment, 247, 110952.
-
Wong, S. F., Chong, A. L., Mak, J. W., Tan, J., Ling, S. J., Lim, Y. A. L., & Chua, K. H. (2011). Molecular identification of house dust mites and storage mites. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 55(2), 123-133.
-
Ysquierdo, C. A., Olafson, P. U., & Thomas, D. B. (2017). Fungi isolated from house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on penned cattle in South Texas. Journal of Medical Entomology, 54(3), 705-711.
-
Zhou, Y., Li, Q., Pan, R., Wang, Q., Zhu, X., Liu, Y., & Chen, H. (2022). Regulatory roles of three miRNAs on allergen mRNA expression in Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Allergy, 77(2), 469-482.