Research Article
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Trade Forecasting: Classical and Artificial Neural Network Methods

Year 2026, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 50 - 61, 12.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.34110/forecasting.1873752
https://izlik.org/JA45LJ47TX

Abstract

With recent technological advancements, production capacities have increased significantly, contributing positively to the economic development of both countries and firms. Foreign trade plays a crucial role in achieving sustainable economic growth, as it enhances employment, competitiveness, foreign exchange inflows, and value-added production. Therefore, the export and import performance of countries is of critical importance. This study aims to generate forecasts for export and import volumes using Türkiye’s monthly foreign trade data and to comparatively evaluate the accuracy of different forecasting methods. In this context, monthly data covering the period from January 2013 to September 2024 for 13 countries with which Türkiye conducts trade were used to produce 27-month forecasts for the period from October 2024 to December 2026. In addition, data for the period from October 2023 to September 2024 were excluded from the analysis and used to generate new 12-month out-of-sample forecasts. Forecasts were compared with actual values, and the performance of the methods was evaluated using the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) metrics. The analysis employed ARIMA, ETS, Auto DeepDENT, and Simple Forecast Combination methods. The results indicate that forecast error values differ across countries for both imports and exports; however, in terms of overall performance, the ARIMA model was found to provide more accurate and reliable forecasts compared to the other methods.

Ethical Statement

Since the study utilizes open-source secondary data obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat), ethical committee approval was not required.

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There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Deep Learning, Neural Networks, Time-Series Analysis, Soft Computing, Applied Statistics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Merve Özdemir 0000-0002-9179-6547

Hatice Doğan 0000-0002-5952-5229

Submission Date January 28, 2026
Acceptance Date February 10, 2026
Publication Date March 12, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.34110/forecasting.1873752
IZ https://izlik.org/JA45LJ47TX
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özdemir, M., & Doğan, H. (2026). Trade Forecasting: Classical and Artificial Neural Network Methods. Turkish Journal of Forecasting, 10(1), 50-61. https://doi.org/10.34110/forecasting.1873752
AMA 1.Özdemir M, Doğan H. Trade Forecasting: Classical and Artificial Neural Network Methods. TJF. 2026;10(1):50-61. doi:10.34110/forecasting.1873752
Chicago Özdemir, Merve, and Hatice Doğan. 2026. “Trade Forecasting: Classical and Artificial Neural Network Methods”. Turkish Journal of Forecasting 10 (1): 50-61. https://doi.org/10.34110/forecasting.1873752.
EndNote Özdemir M, Doğan H (March 1, 2026) Trade Forecasting: Classical and Artificial Neural Network Methods. Turkish Journal of Forecasting 10 1 50–61.
IEEE [1]M. Özdemir and H. Doğan, “Trade Forecasting: Classical and Artificial Neural Network Methods”, TJF, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 50–61, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.34110/forecasting.1873752.
ISNAD Özdemir, Merve - Doğan, Hatice. “Trade Forecasting: Classical and Artificial Neural Network Methods”. Turkish Journal of Forecasting 10/1 (March 1, 2026): 50-61. https://doi.org/10.34110/forecasting.1873752.
JAMA 1.Özdemir M, Doğan H. Trade Forecasting: Classical and Artificial Neural Network Methods. TJF. 2026;10:50–61.
MLA Özdemir, Merve, and Hatice Doğan. “Trade Forecasting: Classical and Artificial Neural Network Methods”. Turkish Journal of Forecasting, vol. 10, no. 1, Mar. 2026, pp. 50-61, doi:10.34110/forecasting.1873752.
Vancouver 1.Merve Özdemir, Hatice Doğan. Trade Forecasting: Classical and Artificial Neural Network Methods. TJF. 2026 Mar. 1;10(1):50-61. doi:10.34110/forecasting.1873752

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