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Türkiye’de Yaratıcı Sınıfın Coğrafi Durumunu Etkileyen Faktörler Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Year 2017, Issue: 623, 35 - 50, 01.01.2017

Abstract

Birçok ülkede bölgeler arasındaki gelişmişlik farkları, ülkenin kalkınmasına engel teşkil etmektedir. Bölgenin ya da ilin sahip olduğu beşeri sermaye, gelişmişlik farklılığını yaratan kaynaklardan biri olarak görülmektedir. Beşeri sermaye kavramı içinde yerini bulan yaratıcı sınıfın etkisi de günümüzün tartışma konularından biri haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de sözleşmeli çalışanlar arasında yer alan ve mesleğe göre gruplandırılmış yaratıcı sınıfın, ülke genelindeki coğrafi dağılımı incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, iller arasında yaratıcı sınıfın coğrafi dağılımını etkilediği düşünülen birincil öneme sahip faktörlerin etkisi sınanmıştır. Bulgular, yaratıcı sınıfın istihdamdaki payının büyük illerde yüksek iken küçük illerde önemli ölçüde düşük kaldığını göstermektedir. İldeki istihdam fırsatlarının yaratıcı sınıfın coğrafi dağılımını açıklamada diğer faktörlere göre daha büyük bir öneme sahip olduğu sonucuna varılabilir. Bununla birlikte, ilin hoşgörü düzeyini temsil ettiği düşünülen bohemlerin varlığı, kamu sağlığı hizmetlerine ulaşılabilirliğin ve sivil katılımın yüksekliğinin de yaratıcı sınıfın coğrafi dağılımını açıklayan diğer önemli faktörler olduğu söylenebilir.

References

  • AKSOY, Asu ve ENLİL, Zeynep; (2011), Kültür ekonomisi envanteri. İstanbul 2010, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • ALBAYRAK, Ali S.; (2005), Çoklu Doğrusal Bağlantı Halinde Enküçük Kareler Tekniğinin Alternatifi Yanlı Tahmin Teknikleri ve Bir Uygulama. ZKÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 1(1), 105-126.
  • ANDERSEN, Kristina V. and LORENZEN, Mark; (2005), The Geography of the Danish Creative Class: A Mapping and Analysis. Copenhagen Business School. http://www.kreativeklasse. dk/ index.php?id=75. 01.08.2016.
  • ANDERSSON, Ake E.; (1985a), “Creativity and regional development”, Papers of the Regional Science Association, 56, pp. 5-20.
  • ANDERSSON, Ake E.; (1985a), Creativity-The Future of Metropolitan Regions, Prisma, Stockholm.
  • ARORA, Ashish, FLORIDA, Richard, GATES, Gary J. and KAMLET, Mark; (2000), Human Capital, Quality of Place, and Location. Carnegie Mellon University, H.J. Heinz III School of Public Policy, Pittsburg, http://www.heinz.cmu.edu/~florida/. ASHEIM, Bjorn and HANSEN, Hogni K.; (2009), “Knowledge Bases, Talents, and Contexts: on the Usefulness of the Creative Class Approach in Sweden”, Economic Geography, 85(4), pp. 425-442.
  • BECKER, Gary; (1962), “Investment in Human Capital: A Theoretical Analysis”, Journal of Political Economy Part 2: Investment in Human Beings, 70(5), pp. 9-49.
  • BECKER, Gary; (1964), Human Capital. Columbia University Press for the National Bureau of Economic Research, New York.
  • BECKER, Gary; (1993), A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education. The University Press of Chicago, Chicago.
  • BERRY, Christopher R and GLAESER, Edward L.; (2005), The divergence of human capital levels across cities, NBER Working Paper No. 11617.
  • BIERI, David S.; (2010), “Booming Bohemia? Evidence from the US Hightechnology Industry”, Industry and Innovation, 17, pp. 23-48.
  • BİNARK, Mutlu and BAYRAKTUTAN, Günseli; (2012), “A Critical Interpretation of a New “Creative Industry” in Turkey: Game Studios and the Production of a Value Chain”, J. Fromme and A. Unger (Ed.), Computer Games and New Media Cultures, Netherlands: Springer, pp. 371-391.
  • BOSCHMA, Ron A. and FRITSCH, Michael; (2009), “Creative Class and Regional Growth: Empirical Evidence from Seven European Countries”, Economic Geography, 85(4), pp. 391- 423.
  • BOWMAN Mary J. and MYERS Robert G.; (1967), “Schooling, Experience, and Gains and Losses in Human Capital Through Migration”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 62(319), pp. 875-898.
  • ÇETİNDAMAR, Dilek and GÜNSEL, Ayşe; (2012), “Measuring the Creativity of a City: A Proposal and an Application”, European Planning Studies, 20(8), pp. 1301-1318.
  • DENISON, Edward F.; (1962), “Education, Economic Growth, and Gaps in Information”, The Journal of Political Economy, LXX(5), pp. 124-128.
  • DESROCHERS, Pierre; (2001), “Local Diversity, Human Creativity and Technological Innovation”, A Journal of Urban and Regional Policy, 32(3), pp. 326-354.
  • FELDMAN, Maryann; (2000), “Location and Innovation: The New Economic Geography of Innovation, Spillovers, and Agglomeration”, G. Clark, M. Feldman and M. Gertler (Ed), The Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 373-394.
  • FLORIDA, Richard; (2002a), The Rise of the Creative Class, Basic Books, New York.
  • FLORIDA, Richard; (2002b), “The Economic Geography of Talent”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 92(4), pp. 743-755.
  • FLORIDA, Richard; (2002c), “Bohemia and Economic Geography”, Journal of Economic Geography, 2(1), pp. 55-71.
  • FLORIDA, Richard; (2003), “Entrepreneurship, Creativity, and Regional Economic Growth”, David M Hart (Ed), The Emergence of Entrepreneurship Policy: Governance, Starts-ups
  • and Growth in the US Knowledge Economy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, pp. 39-58.
  • FLORIDA, Richard L; (2004), The Rise of the Creative Class (Revised Paperback Edition), Basic Books, New York.
  • FLORIDA, Richard; (2005a), The Flight of the Creative Class, Harper Collins, New York.
  • FLORIDA, Richard; (2005b), Cities and the Creative Class, Routledge, New York.
  • FLORIDA, Richard; (2006), “Where the Brains are”, Atlantic Monthly, 298(3), pp. 34-36. http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/10/where-the-brains-are, 21.07.2015.
  • FLORIDA, Richard; (2012), The Rise of the Creative Class (Revised Paperback Edition), Basic Books, New York.
  • FLORIDA, Richard and GATES, Gary; (2001), Technology and Tolerance: The Importance of Diversity on High Technology Growth, Brookings Institution, Washington D.C.
  • FLORIDA, Richard, MELLANDER, Charlotta and STOLARICK, Kevin; (2008), “Inside the Black Box of Regional Development”, Journal of Economic Geography, 8(5), pp. 615-649.
  • FRITSCH, Michael; (2013), “New Business Formation and Regional Development-A Survey and Assessment of the Evidence”, Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 9(3), pp. 249-364.
  • FRITSCH, Michael and STUETZER, Michael; (2009), “The Geography of Creative People in Germany”, International Journal of Foresight and Innovation Policy, 5(1), pp. 7-23.
  • FRITSCH, Michael and STUETZER, Michael; (2012), “The Geography of Creative People in Germany Revisited”, Jena Economic Research Papers, 2012(065), pp. 7-23, http:hdl. handle. net/10419/70193, 01.08.2016.
  • FRITSCH, Michael and RUSAKOVA, Alina; (2012), “Entrepreneurship and Cultural Creativity”, Rolf STERNBERG and Gerhard KRAUSS (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurship and Creativity, Elgar (forthcoming), Cheltenham, pp. 145.
  • GLAESER, Edward. L.; (1998), “Are Cities Dying?”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(2), pp. 139-160.
  • GLAESER, Edward. L.; (1999), “Learning in Cities”, Journal of Urban Economics, 46(2), pp. 254-277.
  • GLAESER, Edward. L.; (2000), “The New Economics of Urban and Regional Growth”, Gordon, C., Meric, G., Feldman
  • M. (Ed.), Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography, , Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 83-98.
  • GLAESER, Edward. L.; (2005), “Review of Richard Florida’s The Rise of the Creative Class”, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 35(5), pp. 593- 596.
  • GLAESER, Edward L., SCHEINKMAN, Jose A., and SHLEIFER, Andrei; (1995), “Economic Growth in a Cross-Section of Cities”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 36(1), pp. 117-43.
  • GLAESER, Edward L., KOLKO, Jed and SAIZ, Albert; (2001), “Consumer City”, Journal of Economic Geography, 1(1), pp. 27-50.
  • GLAESER, Edward L and SAIZ, Albert; (2003), The rise of the skilled city, NBER Working Papers No:10191, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., Cambridge.
  • GÜRAN, Mehmet ve SEÇİLMİŞ, Erdem İ.; (2013). Ankara Kültür Ekonomisi: Sektörel Büyüklüklerin Değerlendirilmesi, http:// www.envanter.gov.tr/files/kultur-ekonomisi, 21.07.2015.
  • HARBISON, Frederick H.; (1962), “Human Resources Development Planning in Modernising Economies”, International Labour Review, 85(5), pp. 435-458.
  • HARTLEY, John and CUNNINGHAM, Stuart; (2002), “Creative Industries: from Blue Poles to Fat Pipes”, Malcolm GILLIES, Mark CARROLL and John Dash (Ed.), The National Humanities and Social Sciences Summit: Position Papers, DEST, Canberra, pp. 16-26.
  • HENNESSEY, Beth A. and AMABILE, Teresa M.; (2009), “Creativity”, Annual Review of Psychology, 61, pp. 569-598.

A Study on the Factors Affecting the Geographical Situation of the Creative Class in Turkey

Year 2017, Issue: 623, 35 - 50, 01.01.2017

Abstract

Regional disparities in many countries constitute barriers to the development of the countries. The region’s human capital is seen as one of the sources that creates regional disparities. Today, the impact of the creative class which is considered within the concept of human capital has become one of the topics of discussion. In this study, the geographical distribution of people in creative occupations in Turkey are investigated. In addition, the effects of primary factors which are thought to affect the geographic distribution of creative class are tested. The findings show that the employment share of creative class as well as employed bohemians is considerably high in larger cities, but low in smaller places and underdeveloped regions. We have reached the conclusion that regional employment opportunities seem to play an important role in geographical distribution of creative people. However, it can be argued that high presence of employed bohemians (which is a representative of the tolerance level of the city) and high availability of health as well as civil engagement are other important factors explaining the distribution of creative class.

References

  • AKSOY, Asu ve ENLİL, Zeynep; (2011), Kültür ekonomisi envanteri. İstanbul 2010, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • ALBAYRAK, Ali S.; (2005), Çoklu Doğrusal Bağlantı Halinde Enküçük Kareler Tekniğinin Alternatifi Yanlı Tahmin Teknikleri ve Bir Uygulama. ZKÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 1(1), 105-126.
  • ANDERSEN, Kristina V. and LORENZEN, Mark; (2005), The Geography of the Danish Creative Class: A Mapping and Analysis. Copenhagen Business School. http://www.kreativeklasse. dk/ index.php?id=75. 01.08.2016.
  • ANDERSSON, Ake E.; (1985a), “Creativity and regional development”, Papers of the Regional Science Association, 56, pp. 5-20.
  • ANDERSSON, Ake E.; (1985a), Creativity-The Future of Metropolitan Regions, Prisma, Stockholm.
  • ARORA, Ashish, FLORIDA, Richard, GATES, Gary J. and KAMLET, Mark; (2000), Human Capital, Quality of Place, and Location. Carnegie Mellon University, H.J. Heinz III School of Public Policy, Pittsburg, http://www.heinz.cmu.edu/~florida/. ASHEIM, Bjorn and HANSEN, Hogni K.; (2009), “Knowledge Bases, Talents, and Contexts: on the Usefulness of the Creative Class Approach in Sweden”, Economic Geography, 85(4), pp. 425-442.
  • BECKER, Gary; (1962), “Investment in Human Capital: A Theoretical Analysis”, Journal of Political Economy Part 2: Investment in Human Beings, 70(5), pp. 9-49.
  • BECKER, Gary; (1964), Human Capital. Columbia University Press for the National Bureau of Economic Research, New York.
  • BECKER, Gary; (1993), A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education. The University Press of Chicago, Chicago.
  • BERRY, Christopher R and GLAESER, Edward L.; (2005), The divergence of human capital levels across cities, NBER Working Paper No. 11617.
  • BIERI, David S.; (2010), “Booming Bohemia? Evidence from the US Hightechnology Industry”, Industry and Innovation, 17, pp. 23-48.
  • BİNARK, Mutlu and BAYRAKTUTAN, Günseli; (2012), “A Critical Interpretation of a New “Creative Industry” in Turkey: Game Studios and the Production of a Value Chain”, J. Fromme and A. Unger (Ed.), Computer Games and New Media Cultures, Netherlands: Springer, pp. 371-391.
  • BOSCHMA, Ron A. and FRITSCH, Michael; (2009), “Creative Class and Regional Growth: Empirical Evidence from Seven European Countries”, Economic Geography, 85(4), pp. 391- 423.
  • BOWMAN Mary J. and MYERS Robert G.; (1967), “Schooling, Experience, and Gains and Losses in Human Capital Through Migration”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 62(319), pp. 875-898.
  • ÇETİNDAMAR, Dilek and GÜNSEL, Ayşe; (2012), “Measuring the Creativity of a City: A Proposal and an Application”, European Planning Studies, 20(8), pp. 1301-1318.
  • DENISON, Edward F.; (1962), “Education, Economic Growth, and Gaps in Information”, The Journal of Political Economy, LXX(5), pp. 124-128.
  • DESROCHERS, Pierre; (2001), “Local Diversity, Human Creativity and Technological Innovation”, A Journal of Urban and Regional Policy, 32(3), pp. 326-354.
  • FELDMAN, Maryann; (2000), “Location and Innovation: The New Economic Geography of Innovation, Spillovers, and Agglomeration”, G. Clark, M. Feldman and M. Gertler (Ed), The Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 373-394.
  • FLORIDA, Richard; (2002a), The Rise of the Creative Class, Basic Books, New York.
  • FLORIDA, Richard; (2002b), “The Economic Geography of Talent”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 92(4), pp. 743-755.
  • FLORIDA, Richard; (2002c), “Bohemia and Economic Geography”, Journal of Economic Geography, 2(1), pp. 55-71.
  • FLORIDA, Richard; (2003), “Entrepreneurship, Creativity, and Regional Economic Growth”, David M Hart (Ed), The Emergence of Entrepreneurship Policy: Governance, Starts-ups
  • and Growth in the US Knowledge Economy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, pp. 39-58.
  • FLORIDA, Richard L; (2004), The Rise of the Creative Class (Revised Paperback Edition), Basic Books, New York.
  • FLORIDA, Richard; (2005a), The Flight of the Creative Class, Harper Collins, New York.
  • FLORIDA, Richard; (2005b), Cities and the Creative Class, Routledge, New York.
  • FLORIDA, Richard; (2006), “Where the Brains are”, Atlantic Monthly, 298(3), pp. 34-36. http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/10/where-the-brains-are, 21.07.2015.
  • FLORIDA, Richard; (2012), The Rise of the Creative Class (Revised Paperback Edition), Basic Books, New York.
  • FLORIDA, Richard and GATES, Gary; (2001), Technology and Tolerance: The Importance of Diversity on High Technology Growth, Brookings Institution, Washington D.C.
  • FLORIDA, Richard, MELLANDER, Charlotta and STOLARICK, Kevin; (2008), “Inside the Black Box of Regional Development”, Journal of Economic Geography, 8(5), pp. 615-649.
  • FRITSCH, Michael; (2013), “New Business Formation and Regional Development-A Survey and Assessment of the Evidence”, Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 9(3), pp. 249-364.
  • FRITSCH, Michael and STUETZER, Michael; (2009), “The Geography of Creative People in Germany”, International Journal of Foresight and Innovation Policy, 5(1), pp. 7-23.
  • FRITSCH, Michael and STUETZER, Michael; (2012), “The Geography of Creative People in Germany Revisited”, Jena Economic Research Papers, 2012(065), pp. 7-23, http:hdl. handle. net/10419/70193, 01.08.2016.
  • FRITSCH, Michael and RUSAKOVA, Alina; (2012), “Entrepreneurship and Cultural Creativity”, Rolf STERNBERG and Gerhard KRAUSS (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurship and Creativity, Elgar (forthcoming), Cheltenham, pp. 145.
  • GLAESER, Edward. L.; (1998), “Are Cities Dying?”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(2), pp. 139-160.
  • GLAESER, Edward. L.; (1999), “Learning in Cities”, Journal of Urban Economics, 46(2), pp. 254-277.
  • GLAESER, Edward. L.; (2000), “The New Economics of Urban and Regional Growth”, Gordon, C., Meric, G., Feldman
  • M. (Ed.), Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography, , Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 83-98.
  • GLAESER, Edward. L.; (2005), “Review of Richard Florida’s The Rise of the Creative Class”, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 35(5), pp. 593- 596.
  • GLAESER, Edward L., SCHEINKMAN, Jose A., and SHLEIFER, Andrei; (1995), “Economic Growth in a Cross-Section of Cities”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 36(1), pp. 117-43.
  • GLAESER, Edward L., KOLKO, Jed and SAIZ, Albert; (2001), “Consumer City”, Journal of Economic Geography, 1(1), pp. 27-50.
  • GLAESER, Edward L and SAIZ, Albert; (2003), The rise of the skilled city, NBER Working Papers No:10191, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc., Cambridge.
  • GÜRAN, Mehmet ve SEÇİLMİŞ, Erdem İ.; (2013). Ankara Kültür Ekonomisi: Sektörel Büyüklüklerin Değerlendirilmesi, http:// www.envanter.gov.tr/files/kultur-ekonomisi, 21.07.2015.
  • HARBISON, Frederick H.; (1962), “Human Resources Development Planning in Modernising Economies”, International Labour Review, 85(5), pp. 435-458.
  • HARTLEY, John and CUNNINGHAM, Stuart; (2002), “Creative Industries: from Blue Poles to Fat Pipes”, Malcolm GILLIES, Mark CARROLL and John Dash (Ed.), The National Humanities and Social Sciences Summit: Position Papers, DEST, Canberra, pp. 16-26.
  • HENNESSEY, Beth A. and AMABILE, Teresa M.; (2009), “Creativity”, Annual Review of Psychology, 61, pp. 569-598.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Habibe Günsel Doğrul This is me

Mediha Mine Çelikkol This is me

Publication Date January 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Issue: 623

Cite

APA Doğrul, H. G., & Çelikkol, M. M. (2017). Türkiye’de Yaratıcı Sınıfın Coğrafi Durumunu Etkileyen Faktörler Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Finans Politik Ve Ekonomik Yorumlar(623), 35-50.
AMA Doğrul HG, Çelikkol MM. Türkiye’de Yaratıcı Sınıfın Coğrafi Durumunu Etkileyen Faktörler Üzerine Bir İnceleme. FPEYD. January 2017;(623):35-50.
Chicago Doğrul, Habibe Günsel, and Mediha Mine Çelikkol. “Türkiye’de Yaratıcı Sınıfın Coğrafi Durumunu Etkileyen Faktörler Üzerine Bir İnceleme”. Finans Politik Ve Ekonomik Yorumlar, no. 623 (January 2017): 35-50.
EndNote Doğrul HG, Çelikkol MM (January 1, 2017) Türkiye’de Yaratıcı Sınıfın Coğrafi Durumunu Etkileyen Faktörler Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Finans Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar 623 35–50.
IEEE H. G. Doğrul and M. M. Çelikkol, “Türkiye’de Yaratıcı Sınıfın Coğrafi Durumunu Etkileyen Faktörler Üzerine Bir İnceleme”, FPEYD, no. 623, pp. 35–50, January 2017.
ISNAD Doğrul, Habibe Günsel - Çelikkol, Mediha Mine. “Türkiye’de Yaratıcı Sınıfın Coğrafi Durumunu Etkileyen Faktörler Üzerine Bir İnceleme”. Finans Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar 623 (January 2017), 35-50.
JAMA Doğrul HG, Çelikkol MM. Türkiye’de Yaratıcı Sınıfın Coğrafi Durumunu Etkileyen Faktörler Üzerine Bir İnceleme. FPEYD. 2017;:35–50.
MLA Doğrul, Habibe Günsel and Mediha Mine Çelikkol. “Türkiye’de Yaratıcı Sınıfın Coğrafi Durumunu Etkileyen Faktörler Üzerine Bir İnceleme”. Finans Politik Ve Ekonomik Yorumlar, no. 623, 2017, pp. 35-50.
Vancouver Doğrul HG, Çelikkol MM. Türkiye’de Yaratıcı Sınıfın Coğrafi Durumunu Etkileyen Faktörler Üzerine Bir İnceleme. FPEYD. 2017(623):35-50.