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Auto-Tuning PID Control of a DC-DC Buck Converter for High-Precision Applications

Year 2026, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 135 - 149, 28.02.2026
https://doi.org/10.62520/fujece.1619005
https://izlik.org/JA58EL82XE

Abstract

DC-DC converters are essential components in a wide range of applications, including motor drive systems, renewable energy sources, and computer power supplies. These converters regulate an unregulated input voltage to provide a stable DC output under varying load conditions. Depending on the desired voltage level, several converter topologies have been developed. Among them, the buck converter stands out as one of the most widely adopted solutions due to its ability to step down the input voltage efficiently. To ensure that the output voltage remains close to a predefined reference value, various closed-loop control strategies are commonly employed.
This study presents the implementation of a model-based, auto-tuning Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) control algorithm for precise output voltage regulation in a DC-DC buck converter. Unlike classical PID controllers, which operate with fixed gain parameters and exhibit limited adaptability to parameter variations and external disturbances, the proposed controller dynamically adjusts its parameters in real time. This adaptive capability enhances the system's robustness under varying operating conditions. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, demonstrating fast transient response, minimal overshoot, and high steady-state stability. These findings suggest that the approach offers a practical and efficient control solution, especially for embedded systems requiring adaptive and high-precision regulation.

Ethical Statement

The author confirms that there are no conflicts of interest or personal relationships that could have influenced the results presented in this paper. Additionally, no external funding was received for this research. The data supporting the conclusions of this study can be provided upon request from the corresponding author. However, due to privacy and ethical considerations, the data cannot be made publicly available.

References

  • A. Boutaghlaline, E. K. Khadiri, and A. Tahiri, “An op-amp-based PID control of DC-DC buck converter for automotive applications,” WSEAS Trans. Syst. Control, vol. 18, 2023.
  • K. Gaouzi, H. El Fadil, A. Rachid, F. Z. Belhaj, and F. Giri, “Constrained model predictive control for DC-DC buck power converters,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Electr. Inf. Technol. (ICEIT), 2017, pp. 1–5.
  • K. Bendaoud, S. Krit, J. Laassiri, and L. E. Maimouni, “Modelling and simulation of DC-DC power converter buck for mobile applications using MATLAB/Simulink,” Int. J. Intell. Enterprise, vol. 4, no. 1/2, pp. 76–87, 2017.
  • M. Gupta and S. P. Phulambrikar, “Design and analysis of buck converter,” Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 2346–2350, 2014.
  • K. Sharma and D. K. Palwalia, “Design of digital PID controller for voltage mode control of DC-DC converters,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Microelectron. Devices Circuits Syst. (ICMDCS), 2017, pp. 1–6.
  • N. B. M. Posdzi and R. B. A. Ran, “Design buck converter with variable switching frequency by using MATLAB Simulink simulation,” Int. J. Technol. Innov. Humanities, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2020.
  • A. A. A. Ismail and A. Elnady, “Advanced drive system for DC motor using multilevel DC/DC buck converter circuit,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 54167–54178, 2019.
  • S. Kamat and S. Jadhav, “Design and simulation of low-power charging station for electric vehicles,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Adv. Comput. Commun. Control (ICAC3), 2019, pp. 1–4.
  • A. A. Patil, D. S. Chavan, and S. V. Yadav, “Output voltage control scheme for standalone wind energy system,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Comput. Power Energy Inf. Commun. (ICCPEIC), 2016, pp. 534–541.
  • K. Pal and M. Pattnaik, “Performance of a synchronous buck converter for a standalone PV system: An experimental study,” in Proc. IEEE 1st Int. Conf. Energy Syst. Inf. Process. (ICESIP), 2019, pp. 1–6.
  • H. El Fadil, F. Giri, F.-Z. Chaoui, and O. El Magueri, “Accounting for input limitation in the control of buck power converters,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 1260–1271, 2009.
  • S. C. Tan, Y. M. Lai, M. K. H. Cheung, and C. K. Tse, “A pulse-width-modulation based sliding mode controller for buck converters,” in Proc. IEEE 35th Annu. Power Electron. Spec. Conf., vol. 5, 2004, pp. 3647–3653.
  • C. Vlad, P. Rodriguez-Ayerbe, E. Godoy, and P. Lefranc, “Explicit model predictive control of buck converter,” in Proc. 15th Int. Power Electron. Motion Control Conf. (EPE/PEMC), 2012.
  • S. Yan, A. R. Beig, and I. Boiko, “Auto-tuning of DC-DC buck converters through the modified relay feedback test,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 62505–62518, 2021.
  • O. Saleem, K. R. Ahmad, and J. Iqbal, “Fuzzy-augmented model reference adaptive PID control law design for robust voltage regulation in DC–DC buck converters,” Mathematics, vol. 12, p. 1893, 2024.
  • L. Fong, M. Islam, and M. Ahmad, “Optimized PID controller of DC-DC buck converter based on Archimedes optimization algorithm,” Int. J. Robot. Control Syst., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 658–672, 2023.
  • H. A. Syahidah, A. J. Pangestu, M. S. Al Farisi, R. Ferdiansyah, R. N. Warnata, M. Zulfikar, and M. A. Rizqulloh, “Design and implementation of a digital PID controller for DC–DC buck converter with MATLAB,” J. Mechatronics Artif. Intell., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 1–20, 2025.
  • S. Iplikci, “A comparative study on a novel model-based PID tuning and control mechanism for nonlinear systems,” Int. J. Robust Nonlinear Control, vol. 20, no. 13, pp. 1483–1501, 2010.
  • M. Cetin and S. Iplikci, “A novel auto-tuning PID control mechanism for nonlinear systems,” ISA Trans., vol. 58, pp. 292–308, 2015.
  • M. H. Rashid, Power Electron. Handbook, 4th ed. Oxford, U.K.: Academic Press, 2017.
  • J. Pathan, “Model predictive control of DC-DC buck converter and its comparison with PID controller,” Int. J. Adv. Res. Eng. Technol., vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 362–367, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3713708
  • R. Sampath, “Digital peak current mode control of buck converter using MC56F8257 DSC,” Appl. Note AN4716, Rev. 1, Freescale Semiconductor, 2013.
  • S. Satpathy, S. Ghosh, S. Das, S. Debbarma, and B. K. Bhattacharyya, “Study of dynamic response of DC-DC buck converter based on PID controller,” Int. J. Comput. Intell. IoT, vol. 2, no. 4, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3361548
  • R. K. Sharma, “PI controller design for DC buck converter connected to a PV cell,” Master’s thesis, Lovely Professional University, 2015.

Yüksek Hassasiyetli Uygulamalar için DC-DC Buck Dönüştürücünün Otomatik Ayarlamalı PID Kontrolü

Year 2026, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 135 - 149, 28.02.2026
https://doi.org/10.62520/fujece.1619005
https://izlik.org/JA58EL82XE

Abstract

DC-DC dönüştürücüler, motor sürücü sistemleri, yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları ve bilgisayar güç kaynakları gibi çok çeşitli uygulamalarda temel bileşenlerdir. Bu dönüştürücüler, değişken yük koşulları altında, regüle edilmemiş bir giriş geriliminden kararlı bir doğru akım (DC) çıkışı elde etmek amacıyla kullanılır. İstenen çıkış gerilimi seviyesine bağlı olarak çeşitli dönüştürücü topolojileri geliştirilmiştir. Bunlar arasında buck (alçaltıcı) dönüştürücü, giriş gerilimini verimli bir şekilde düşürebilme özelliği sayesinde en yaygın şekilde benimsenen çözümlerden biridir. Çıkış geriliminin belirlenmiş bir referans değere yakın tutulabilmesi için genellikle kapalı çevrimli çeşitli kontrol stratejileri uygulanmaktadır.
Bu çalışma, DC-DC buck dönüştürücüsünün çıkış gerilimini hassas bir şekilde regüle etmek amacıyla, modele dayalı otomatik ayarlamalı bir Oransal–İntegral–Türevsel (PID) kontrol algoritmasının uygulanmasını sunmaktadır. Sabit kazanç parametreleriyle çalışan klasik PID denetleyiciler, sistem parametrelerindeki değişimlere ve dış bozuculara karşı sınırlı bir uyum kabiliyeti sergilerken; önerilen kontrolör, parametrelerini gerçek zamanlı olarak dinamik şekilde ayarlayarak değişen çalışma koşullarına daha iyi uyum sağlamaktadır. Bu uyarlanabilir yapı, sistemin değişken işletim koşulları altında dayanıklılığını artırmaktadır. Simülasyon sonuçları, önerilen yöntemin etkinliğini doğrulamakta; hızlı geçici tepki, minimum aşım ve yüksek kararlı durum kararlılığı sağladığını ortaya koymaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular, özellikle uyarlamalı ve yüksek hassasiyetli regülasyon gerektiren gömülü sistem uygulamaları için önerilen yaklaşımın pratik ve etkili bir kontrol çözümü sunduğunu göstermektedir.

Ethical Statement

Yazar, bu makalede sunulan sonuçları etkileyebilecek herhangi bir çıkar çatışması veya kişisel ilişki bulunmadığını teyit eder. Ayrıca, bu araştırma için herhangi bir dış finansman alınmamıştır. Bu çalışmanın sonuçlarını destekleyen veriler, ilgili yazardan talep üzerine sağlanabilir. Bununla birlikte, gizlilik ve etik nedenlerden dolayı veriler kamuya açık hale getirilemez.

References

  • A. Boutaghlaline, E. K. Khadiri, and A. Tahiri, “An op-amp-based PID control of DC-DC buck converter for automotive applications,” WSEAS Trans. Syst. Control, vol. 18, 2023.
  • K. Gaouzi, H. El Fadil, A. Rachid, F. Z. Belhaj, and F. Giri, “Constrained model predictive control for DC-DC buck power converters,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Electr. Inf. Technol. (ICEIT), 2017, pp. 1–5.
  • K. Bendaoud, S. Krit, J. Laassiri, and L. E. Maimouni, “Modelling and simulation of DC-DC power converter buck for mobile applications using MATLAB/Simulink,” Int. J. Intell. Enterprise, vol. 4, no. 1/2, pp. 76–87, 2017.
  • M. Gupta and S. P. Phulambrikar, “Design and analysis of buck converter,” Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 2346–2350, 2014.
  • K. Sharma and D. K. Palwalia, “Design of digital PID controller for voltage mode control of DC-DC converters,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Microelectron. Devices Circuits Syst. (ICMDCS), 2017, pp. 1–6.
  • N. B. M. Posdzi and R. B. A. Ran, “Design buck converter with variable switching frequency by using MATLAB Simulink simulation,” Int. J. Technol. Innov. Humanities, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2020.
  • A. A. A. Ismail and A. Elnady, “Advanced drive system for DC motor using multilevel DC/DC buck converter circuit,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 54167–54178, 2019.
  • S. Kamat and S. Jadhav, “Design and simulation of low-power charging station for electric vehicles,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Adv. Comput. Commun. Control (ICAC3), 2019, pp. 1–4.
  • A. A. Patil, D. S. Chavan, and S. V. Yadav, “Output voltage control scheme for standalone wind energy system,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Comput. Power Energy Inf. Commun. (ICCPEIC), 2016, pp. 534–541.
  • K. Pal and M. Pattnaik, “Performance of a synchronous buck converter for a standalone PV system: An experimental study,” in Proc. IEEE 1st Int. Conf. Energy Syst. Inf. Process. (ICESIP), 2019, pp. 1–6.
  • H. El Fadil, F. Giri, F.-Z. Chaoui, and O. El Magueri, “Accounting for input limitation in the control of buck power converters,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 1260–1271, 2009.
  • S. C. Tan, Y. M. Lai, M. K. H. Cheung, and C. K. Tse, “A pulse-width-modulation based sliding mode controller for buck converters,” in Proc. IEEE 35th Annu. Power Electron. Spec. Conf., vol. 5, 2004, pp. 3647–3653.
  • C. Vlad, P. Rodriguez-Ayerbe, E. Godoy, and P. Lefranc, “Explicit model predictive control of buck converter,” in Proc. 15th Int. Power Electron. Motion Control Conf. (EPE/PEMC), 2012.
  • S. Yan, A. R. Beig, and I. Boiko, “Auto-tuning of DC-DC buck converters through the modified relay feedback test,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 62505–62518, 2021.
  • O. Saleem, K. R. Ahmad, and J. Iqbal, “Fuzzy-augmented model reference adaptive PID control law design for robust voltage regulation in DC–DC buck converters,” Mathematics, vol. 12, p. 1893, 2024.
  • L. Fong, M. Islam, and M. Ahmad, “Optimized PID controller of DC-DC buck converter based on Archimedes optimization algorithm,” Int. J. Robot. Control Syst., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 658–672, 2023.
  • H. A. Syahidah, A. J. Pangestu, M. S. Al Farisi, R. Ferdiansyah, R. N. Warnata, M. Zulfikar, and M. A. Rizqulloh, “Design and implementation of a digital PID controller for DC–DC buck converter with MATLAB,” J. Mechatronics Artif. Intell., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 1–20, 2025.
  • S. Iplikci, “A comparative study on a novel model-based PID tuning and control mechanism for nonlinear systems,” Int. J. Robust Nonlinear Control, vol. 20, no. 13, pp. 1483–1501, 2010.
  • M. Cetin and S. Iplikci, “A novel auto-tuning PID control mechanism for nonlinear systems,” ISA Trans., vol. 58, pp. 292–308, 2015.
  • M. H. Rashid, Power Electron. Handbook, 4th ed. Oxford, U.K.: Academic Press, 2017.
  • J. Pathan, “Model predictive control of DC-DC buck converter and its comparison with PID controller,” Int. J. Adv. Res. Eng. Technol., vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 362–367, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3713708
  • R. Sampath, “Digital peak current mode control of buck converter using MC56F8257 DSC,” Appl. Note AN4716, Rev. 1, Freescale Semiconductor, 2013.
  • S. Satpathy, S. Ghosh, S. Das, S. Debbarma, and B. K. Bhattacharyya, “Study of dynamic response of DC-DC buck converter based on PID controller,” Int. J. Comput. Intell. IoT, vol. 2, no. 4, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3361548
  • R. K. Sharma, “PI controller design for DC buck converter connected to a PV cell,” Master’s thesis, Lovely Professional University, 2015.
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Electrical Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Adile Akpunar Bozkurt 0000-0003-4109-5360

Submission Date January 13, 2025
Acceptance Date November 2, 2025
Publication Date February 28, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.62520/fujece.1619005
IZ https://izlik.org/JA58EL82XE
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Akpunar Bozkurt, A. (2026). Auto-Tuning PID Control of a DC-DC Buck Converter for High-Precision Applications. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering, 5(1), 135-149. https://doi.org/10.62520/fujece.1619005
AMA 1.Akpunar Bozkurt A. Auto-Tuning PID Control of a DC-DC Buck Converter for High-Precision Applications. FUJECE. 2026;5(1):135-149. doi:10.62520/fujece.1619005
Chicago Akpunar Bozkurt, Adile. 2026. “Auto-Tuning PID Control of a DC-DC Buck Converter for High-Precision Applications”. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering 5 (1): 135-49. https://doi.org/10.62520/fujece.1619005.
EndNote Akpunar Bozkurt A (February 1, 2026) Auto-Tuning PID Control of a DC-DC Buck Converter for High-Precision Applications. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering 5 1 135–149.
IEEE [1]A. Akpunar Bozkurt, “Auto-Tuning PID Control of a DC-DC Buck Converter for High-Precision Applications”, FUJECE, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 135–149, Feb. 2026, doi: 10.62520/fujece.1619005.
ISNAD Akpunar Bozkurt, Adile. “Auto-Tuning PID Control of a DC-DC Buck Converter for High-Precision Applications”. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering 5/1 (February 1, 2026): 135-149. https://doi.org/10.62520/fujece.1619005.
JAMA 1.Akpunar Bozkurt A. Auto-Tuning PID Control of a DC-DC Buck Converter for High-Precision Applications. FUJECE. 2026;5:135–149.
MLA Akpunar Bozkurt, Adile. “Auto-Tuning PID Control of a DC-DC Buck Converter for High-Precision Applications”. Firat University Journal of Experimental and Computational Engineering, vol. 5, no. 1, Feb. 2026, pp. 135-49, doi:10.62520/fujece.1619005.
Vancouver 1.Adile Akpunar Bozkurt. Auto-Tuning PID Control of a DC-DC Buck Converter for High-Precision Applications. FUJECE. 2026 Feb. 1;5(1):135-49. doi:10.62520/fujece.1619005