Uluslararası Toplum Yaklaşımı Açısından Uluslararası Göç

Abstract

Uluslararası toplum tarihsel bir süreçtir ve bugünkü görünümüne tarihsel süreç içerisinde dönüşümler geçirerek ulaşmıştır. Bu tarihsel süreç içerisinde devlet egemenliği ve insan hakları kimi zaman birbirlerini destekleyen kimi zaman da birbirleri ile çatışma içerisinde olan iki kavramdır. Soğuk Savaş'ın sona ermesi ve küreselleşmenin de etkisiyle uluslararası anlamda insan hareketliliğinde de bir artış yaşanmıştır. İç savaşlar ve çatışmalara uluslararası toplumun vaktinde ve etkili bir şekilde müdahale edememesi, ulusal sınırlar içinde ve uluslararası anlamda insan hareketliliğini zorunlu bir hale getirmiştir. Genel anlamda bir devletin kendi egemenlik sınırları içindeki vatandaşlarına yönelik sorumlulukları konusunda tartışmalı da olsa bir uzlaşmanın varlığından bahsetmek mümkündür. Fakat bir devletin kendi sınırları dışında yaşayan ve vatandaşlık bağı bulunmayan yabancılara yönelik sorumluluğu konusunda uluslararası aktörlerin üzerinde anlaşabilecekleri norm ve ilkeler henüz mevcut değildir. Yabancıların bir ülkenin egemenlik alanlarında sahip oldukları hak ve yükümlülükler bağlamında, devlet egemenliğini sınırlandırıcı birtakım normların varlığı mevcuttur. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada uluslararası topluma bir meydan okuma olarak beliren uluslararası göç olgusu bütüncül bir yaklaşımla ele alınmaya çalışılmış ve bu alanda uluslararası toplumun sorumluluğu sorgulanmıştır.

Keywords

• Uluslararası toplum
• uluslararası göç
• devlet egemenliği
• insan

International Migration In Terms Of the International Society Approach

Abstract

International society is a historical process and has reached its present form by undergoing transformations. In this historical process, state sovereignty and human rights are two concepts that both support and conflict with each other. With the end of the Cold War and the effect of globalization, there has been an increase in human mobility on the international scene. The inability of the international society to intervene in civil wars and conflicts in a timely and effective manner has also caused mandatory human mobility. In general, it is possible to talk about the existence of a consensus, even if there are some objections, about the responsibilities of a state towards its citizens within its borders. However, the responsibility of a state towards foreigners who live outside its borders and do not have citizenship connections is disputed. In the context of the rights and obligations that foreigners have in the sovereignty of a country, some norms limit state sovereignty. Therefore in this study, the phenomenon of international migration, as a challenge to international society, has been tried to be handled with a holistic approach and the responsibility of the international society has been questioned.

Keywords

• International Society
• International Migration
• Sovereignty of States
• Human Rights

References

1. African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201520/volume-1520-I-26363-English.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2021.
2. African Union, OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/36400-treaty-oau_convention_1963.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 05.08.2021.
3. American Convention on Human Rights, https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%201144/volume-1144-i-17955-english.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2021.
4. Aradou, C., (2010). Derrida: aporias of otherness, International Relations Theory and Philosophy Interpretive Dialogues, C. Moore & C. Farrands (Ed.), Oxon: Routledge, 107 – 118.
5. Bakrusin S., A. Efimov, I. Mintz, & E. Kosminsky, (2009). Uluslararası İlişkiler Tarihi - Diplomasi Tarihi -, Çev: A. Tokatlı, Cilt 1, İstanbul: Doğa Basın Yayın.
6. Bigo, D., (2005). From Foreigners to Abnormal Alliance, International Migration and Security Opportunities and Challenges, E. Guild & J. V. Selm (Ed.), Oxon: Routledge, 64 – 81.
7. Bilgin, P., (2010). Identity/Security, The Routledge Handbook of New Security Studies, J. P. Burgess (Ed.), Oxon: Routledge, 81 – 89.
8. Boswell, C., (2007). Migration Control in Europe After 9/11: Explaining the Absence of Securitization, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 45, Is. 3, 589-610, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2007.00722.x, Erişim Tarihi: 17.12.2020.

9. Boucher, F. – Gördemann, J., (2021). The European Union and the Global Compacts on Refugees and Migration: A Philosophical Critique, Interventions, V.23:2, 227 – 249.
10. Bull, H., (2012). The Anarchical Society A Study of Order in World Politics, 4. Edition, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
11. Buzan, B., (2004). From International to World Society, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
12. Chimni, B., (2018). Global Compact on Refugees: One Step Forward, Two Step Back, International Journal of Refugee Law, V.30:4, 630 – 634.
13. Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, https://www.unhcr.org/en-my/3b66c2aa10, Erişim Tarihi: 18.12.2020.
14. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/text/econvention.htm, Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2021.
15. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.1_Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Genocide.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2021.
16. Council of Europe, European Convention on The Legal Status of Migrant Workers, https://www.coe.int/t/dg3/migration/archives/Documentation/Default_conv_en.asp, Erişim Tarihi: 05.08.2021.
17. Council of Europe, Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings, https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/sites/default/files/cets_197.docx.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 05.08.2021.
18. Curry, A., (2017). Carved human skulls found in ancient stone temple, Science, https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/06/carved-human-skulls-found-ancient-stone-temple, Erişim Tarihi: 06.12.2020.
19. Czaika, M., & De Haas, H., (2014). The Globalization of Migration: Has the World Become More Migratory?, International Migration Review, V.48:2, 283 – 323.
20. Davies, S. E., (2008). Migration and Refugees, An Introduction to International Relations Australian Perspectives, R. Devetak, A. Burke & J. George (Ed.), New York: Cambridge University Press, 350 – 361.
21. Duncombre, C., & Dunne, T. (2018). After Liberal World Order, International Affairs, V.94:1, 25 – 42.
22. Duncan, H., (2020), Immigration Policy as Foreign Policy, Uluslararası İlişkiler, V.17:68, 5 – 20.
23. European Commission Migration and Home Affairs, European Union Temporary Protection Directive, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2001:212:0012:0023:EN:PDF, Erişim Tarihi: 05.08.2021.
24. European Convention on Human Rights, https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/convention_eng.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2021.
25. Fitzpatrick, J., (2000). Temporary Protection of Refugees: Elements of a Formalized Regime, The American Journal of International Law, V.94:2, 279 – 306.
26. Fraser, N., (2019). The Old is Dying and the New Cannot Be Born: From Progressive Neoliberalism to Trump and Beyond, London: Verso.
27. Fukuyama, F., (1992). The End of History and the Last Man, New York: The Free Press.
28. Gammeltoft-Hansen, (2018). The Normative Impact of the Global Compact on Refugees, International Journal of Refuugee Law, V.30:4, 605 – 610.
29. Garlick, M., (2021), Externalization of International Protection: UNHCR’s Perspective, November 2021, https://media.proquest.com/media/hms/PFT/1/Ngr9M?_s=cBlwyqjhQQJmrUCyjuzHsxOvqJ8%3D, Erişim tarihi: 03.06.2022.
30. Garlick, M. & Michal, I., Human mobility, rights and international protection: responding to the climate crisis, March 2022, https://media.proquest.com/media/hms/PFT/1/BhuSM?_s=FyPGTOFVSH1BogxlNhp4jfmKL%2Bg%3D, Erişim tarihi: 03.06.2022.
31. Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, United Nations General Assembly, 11.01.2019, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N18/451/99/PDF/N1845199.pdf?OpenElement, Erişim Tarihi: 30.05.2022.
32. Global Compact on Refugee, (2018). United Nations, New York, https://www.unhcr.org/5c658aed4, Erişim Tarihi: 30.05.2022.
33. Greenhill, K. M., (March/April 2022). When Migrants Become Weapons The Long History and Worrying Future of a Coercive Tactic, Foreign Affairs, V.101/2, 155 – 164.
34. Guzzini, S., (2013). Power, Realism and Constructivism, Oxon: Routledge.
35. Handman, J. & Reynolds, J., (2020). Beyond The Global Compacts, Canada’s Journal on Refugees, V.36:1, 66 – 74.
36. Hollifield, J. F. & Wong, T. K., (2017). The Politics of International Migration: How Can We Bring The State Back In?, Migration Theory Talking Across Disciplines, C. B. Brettel & J. F. Hollifield (Ed.), New York: Routledge, 227 – 288.
37. Huntington, S. P., (2008). Medeniyetler Çatışması ve Dünya Düzeninin Yeniden Kurulması, Çev: M. Turhan & C. Soydemir, İstanbul: Okuyanus.
38. Hurrell, A., (2007). On Global Order Power, Values, and the Constitution of International Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
39. Hurrell, A., (2014). Order and Justice, Guide to the English School in International Studies, C. Navari&D. M. Green (Ed.), Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
40. IMF, (2022). GDP current prices Billions of U.S. dollars, World Economic Outlook (October 2021) - GDP, current prices (imf.org), Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2022.
41. İneli Ciğer, M., Why Do States Share The Burden During Refugee Emergencies?, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 5:2, 65 – 110.
42. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, https://www.iilj.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Maloney-v.-The-Queen-Convention-on-the-Elimination-of-All-Forms-of-Racial-Discrimination-Arts-1-8.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2021.
43. Kissinger, H., (2014). Dünya Düzeni, Çev: S. S. Gül, İstanbul: Boyner Yayınları.
44. Kjaerim, M., (2005). Human Rights for Immigrants and Immigrants for Human Rights, International Migration and Security Opportunities and Challenges, E. Guild & J. V. Selm (Ed.), Oxon: Routledge, 51 – 63.
45. Lahov, G. & Lavanex, S., (2013). International Migration, Handbook Of International Relations, W. Carlnaes, T. Risse & B. A. Simmons, London: Sage, 746 – 774.
46. Lebow, R. N., (2008). A Cultural Theory of International Relations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
47. Linklater, A., (2007). Critical Theory and World Politics Citizenship Sovereignty And Humanity, Oxon: Routledge.
48. Linklater, A., (2013). The English School, International Relations Theory, S. Burchill & A. Linklater (Ed.), London: Palgrave Macmillan, 88 - 112.
49. Little, R., (1989). Deconstructing the Balance of Power: Two Traditions of Thought, Review of International Studies, V.15:2, pp. 87 – 100.
50. Montevideo Convention On Rights And Duties Of States, https://www.lichtland.org/docs/Konvention_von_Montevideo_1933.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2021.
51. Nabers, D., (2015). A Poststructuralist Discourse Theory of Global Politics, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
52. New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants, United Nations General Assembly 03.10.2016, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N16/291/97/PDF/N1629197.pdf?OpenElement, Erişim Tarihi: 30.05.2022.
53. Oelgemöller, C. & Allinson, K., (2020). The Responsible Migrant Reading The Global Compact on Migration, Law and Critique, V.31, 183 – 207.
54. Palabıyık, M. S.,(2017). İngiliz Okulu, Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorileri, R. Gözen (Ed.), İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
55. Perruchoud, R. & Redpath, J., Glossary on Migration, (2011). International Organisation For Migration (IOM), 2nd Edition, https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml25_1.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 04.01.2021.
56. Pontzer, H., (2012). Overview of Hominin Evolution”, The Nature Education Knowledge Project, https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/overview-of-hominin-evolution-89010983/?error=cookies_not_supported&code=c132b93d-13bc-418c-a66b-1c924251164b, Erişim Tarihi: 06.12.2020.
57. Shaw, M. N., (2018). Uluslararası Hukuk, Çev: İ. Kaya (Ed.), Ankara: Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi. Suistola, J. & Volkan, V. D., (2017). Tarihi ve Psikolojik Boyutlarıyla Uluslararası Terörizm, , Ankara: Pusula Yayınevi.
58. Teitt, S., (2017). Sovereignty as Responsibility, The Globalization of International Society, T. Dunne & C. R. Smit (Ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 325 – 344.
59. The World Bank, All Countries and Economies, GDP (current US$) | Data (worldbank.org), Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2022.
60. Transnational Organized Crime, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/ProtocolTraffickingInPersons.aspx, Erişim Tarihi: 05.08.2021.
61. Türk, V., (2018). The Promise and Potential of the Global Compact on Refugees”, International Journal of Refugee Law, V.30:4, 575 – 583.
62. Türk, V. & Garlick, M. (2019). Addressing Displacement in the Context of Disasters and the Adverse Effects of Climate Change: Elements and Opportunities in the Global Compact on Refugees, International Journal of Refugee Law, V.31:2/3, 389 – 399.
63. Türk, V., (2019). Preventing Displacement Adressing Root Causes and The Global Compact on Refugees, October 2019, turk.pdf (fmreview.org), Erişim Tarihi: 03.06.2022.
64. United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CAT.aspx, Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2021.
65. United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CMW.aspx, Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2021.
66. United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against UNHCR, (2020). Global Trends Forced Displacement in 2020, UNHCR - Global Trends in Forced Displacement – 2020, Erişim Tarihi: 04.03.2022.
67. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/udhr.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2021.
68. Vincent, R. J,. (1978), Western Conceptions of a Universal Moral Order, British Journal of International Studies, V. 4:1, pp. 20 - 46.
69. Volkan, V. D., (2017). Immigrants And Refugees Trauma, Perennial Mourning, Prejudice, and Border Psychology, London: Karnac Books.
70. Watson, A., (1982). Diplomacy The Dialogue Between States. London: Eyre Methuen.
71. Watson, A., (1992). The Evolution of International Society, London: Routledge.
72. Wight, M., (1960). Why Is There No International Theory, International Relations, V.2:1, pp. 35 - 48.
73. Wight, M., (1987). An Anatomy of International Thought, Review of International Studies, V.13:3, pp. 221 – 227.