Research Article

HOW ACCURATELY DO ARTİFİCİAL INTELLİGENCE CHATBOTS EXPLAİN INTERNATİONAL PROTECTİON? A COMPARATİVE EVALUATİON

Volume: 12 Number: 1 (Göç ve Yapay Zekâ) August 6, 2026
TR EN

HOW ACCURATELY DO ARTİFİCİAL INTELLİGENCE CHATBOTS EXPLAİN INTERNATİONAL PROTECTİON? A COMPARATİVE EVALUATİON

Abstract

Background: This study aims to comparatively evaluate the performance of artificial intelligence chatbots in explaining fundamental concepts and processes related to international protection status. Within the scope of the research, a set of 10 questions related to international protection status was posed to the OpenAI ChatGPT-5, Google Gemini 2.5 Flash, and Microsoft Copilot Think Deeper models in October 2025. Objective: The initial responses generated by the models were scored by five academics specialising in migration using a blind evaluation method. The evaluation process was based on the Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status and Guidelines on International Protection developed by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Method: The responses were evaluated on a five-point scale according to their accuracy and comprehensiveness. Kendall's W coefficient was used to determine inter-rater agreement in the analysis of the data obtained, while the Friedman test was used to test the differences between the artificial intelligence models. Results: The findings show that all models are generally accurate but often provide limited and superficial explanations. It was found that ChatGPT's average scores were higher than those of other models, but there were significant differences between models, particularly in concepts open to legal interpretation, such as “complementary protection”. Conclusion: Consequently, it was concluded that artificial intelligence chatbots could serve as auxiliary tools providing rapid access to fundamental information in the field of international protection, but could not replace expert assessment in rights-based and legally consequential individual application processes.

Keywords

References

  1. Alkaissi, H., & McFarlane, S. I. (2023). Artificial hallucinations in ChatGPT: Implications in scientific writing. Cureus, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.35179
  2. Amoroso, M. P. (2024). Intelligent borders: Exploring the suitability of artificial intelligence systems in refugee status determination under international law. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 43(4), 410–426. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdae021
  3. Chen, L., Chen, P., & Lin, Z. (2020). Artificial intelligence in education: A review. IEEE Access, 8, 75264–75278.
  4. Cohen, N. D., Ho, M., McIntire, D., Smith, K., & Kho, K. A. (2025). A comparative analysis of generative artificial intelligence responses from leading chatbots to questions about endometriosis. AJOG Global Reports, 5(1), 100405.
  5. European Parliament and Council of the European Union. (2024). Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act). Official Journal of the European Union.
  6. Global Migration Data Portal. (2024). API Documentation Migration Data Portal. Migration Data Portal. https://www.migrationdataportal.org/handbooks/global-migration-data-portal-api-documentation
  7. Google Trends. Available at: https://trends.google.com/trends/ (Accessed: 08 December 2025).
  8. International Organization for Migration (IOM). (2024). Migration and migrants: A global overview. In M. McAuliffe & L. A. Oucho (Eds.), World Migration Report 2024. IOM, Geneva.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Migration

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

August 6, 2026

Submission Date

February 12, 2026

Acceptance Date

August 4, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 12 Number: 1 (Göç ve Yapay Zekâ)

APA
Aydemir, H., Esen, İ., & Hasgül, E. (2026). HOW ACCURATELY DO ARTİFİCİAL INTELLİGENCE CHATBOTS EXPLAİN INTERNATİONAL PROTECTİON? A COMPARATİVE EVALUATİON. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(1 (Göç ve Yapay Zekâ), 135-149. https://doi.org/10.70972/gad.1887796
AMA
1.Aydemir H, Esen İ, Hasgül E. HOW ACCURATELY DO ARTİFİCİAL INTELLİGENCE CHATBOTS EXPLAİN INTERNATİONAL PROTECTİON? A COMPARATİVE EVALUATİON. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2026;12(1 (Göç ve Yapay Zekâ):135-149. doi:10.70972/gad.1887796
Chicago
Aydemir, Hamza, İhsan Esen, and Ergün Hasgül. 2026. “HOW ACCURATELY DO ARTİFİCİAL INTELLİGENCE CHATBOTS EXPLAİN INTERNATİONAL PROTECTİON? A COMPARATİVE EVALUATİON”. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi 12 (1 (Göç ve Yapay Zekâ): 135-49. https://doi.org/10.70972/gad.1887796.
EndNote
Aydemir H, Esen İ, Hasgül E (August 1, 2026) HOW ACCURATELY DO ARTİFİCİAL INTELLİGENCE CHATBOTS EXPLAİN INTERNATİONAL PROTECTİON? A COMPARATİVE EVALUATİON. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi 12 1 (Göç ve Yapay Zekâ) 135–149.
IEEE
[1]H. Aydemir, İ. Esen, and E. Hasgül, “HOW ACCURATELY DO ARTİFİCİAL INTELLİGENCE CHATBOTS EXPLAİN INTERNATİONAL PROTECTİON? A COMPARATİVE EVALUATİON”, Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 1 (Göç ve Yapay Zekâ), pp. 135–149, Aug. 2026, doi: 10.70972/gad.1887796.
ISNAD
Aydemir, Hamza - Esen, İhsan - Hasgül, Ergün. “HOW ACCURATELY DO ARTİFİCİAL INTELLİGENCE CHATBOTS EXPLAİN INTERNATİONAL PROTECTİON? A COMPARATİVE EVALUATİON”. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi 12/1 (Göç ve Yapay Zekâ) (August 1, 2026): 135-149. https://doi.org/10.70972/gad.1887796.
JAMA
1.Aydemir H, Esen İ, Hasgül E. HOW ACCURATELY DO ARTİFİCİAL INTELLİGENCE CHATBOTS EXPLAİN INTERNATİONAL PROTECTİON? A COMPARATİVE EVALUATİON. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2026;12:135–149.
MLA
Aydemir, Hamza, et al. “HOW ACCURATELY DO ARTİFİCİAL INTELLİGENCE CHATBOTS EXPLAİN INTERNATİONAL PROTECTİON? A COMPARATİVE EVALUATİON”. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 1 (Göç ve Yapay Zekâ), Aug. 2026, pp. 135-49, doi:10.70972/gad.1887796.
Vancouver
1.Hamza Aydemir, İhsan Esen, Ergün Hasgül. HOW ACCURATELY DO ARTİFİCİAL INTELLİGENCE CHATBOTS EXPLAİN INTERNATİONAL PROTECTİON? A COMPARATİVE EVALUATİON. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2026 Aug. 1;12(1 (Göç ve Yapay Zekâ):135-49. doi:10.70972/gad.1887796