Organ Kaçakçılığına Karşı Mücadelenin Özellikleri Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir Çalışma: İnsan Ticareti ile Mücadelede Azerbaycan ve Kuzey Makedonya Mevzuatının Gözden Geçirilmesi

Abstract

İnsan ticareti bileşenlerinden biri olarak organ ticareti sorunu, küreselleşen dünyada, özellikle de gelişmekte olan ülkelerde hala aktüelliğini korumaktadır. Küresel toplumun bir parçası ve aynı zamanda gelişmekte olan Azerbaycan ve Kuzey Makedonya da bu sorun ile yüz yüze kalmaktadırlar. Bu çalışma karşılaştırmalı bir derleme makalesidir. Çalışmanın amacı, organ ticaretine karşı mücadele yollarını açıklamak, Azerbaycan ve Kuzey Makedonya’da suçun aşikâr olunması mekanizmalarının yanı sıra her iki ülkenin mevzuatını ortaya koymaktır. Bu çalışmada literatür tarama yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Veriler, arama motoruna anahtar kelimelerin girilmesiyle elde edilmiştir. Çalışmanın bulgularına göre, Azerbaycan ve Kuzey Makedonya insan ticareti için kaynak, transit ve hedef ülke konumundadırlar. Ancak, yetersiz resmi bilgi nedeniyle bu ülkelerde organ ticaretine dair kanıt eksikliği bulunmaktadır.

Keywords

• organ ticareti
• insan ticareti
• Azerbaycan’da organ ticareti
• Kuzey Makedonya’da organ ticareti
• organ nakli

Comparative Study on The Features of Fighting Against Organ Trafficking: Review of Azerbaijan and North Macedonian Legislation on Combating Human Trafficking

Abstract

The growing problem of organ trafficking as one of the components of human trafficking does not lose its relevance to the globalizing world, especially to the developing countries. Being part of the global community, and at the same time being developing countries Azerbaijan and North Macedonia face the problem of human trafficking. This article is a review study of comparative character. The purpose of this study is to reveal the features of the fight against organ trafficking, to disclosure the facts of this crime in Azerbaijan and North Macedonia, as well as analysis of the legislation of both countries. In this study has been used the literature search method. Data has collected by entering the key words on the search engine. According to the findings of this study Azerbaijan and North Macedonia are the source, transit and distant countries of human trafficking. However due to the poor official information there are lack of evidences on organ trafficking in these countries.

Keywords

• organ trafficking
• human trafficking
• organ trafficking in Azerbaijan
• organ trafficking in North Macedonia
• organ transplantation

References

1. Allahverdiyev, A. And Huseynov, E. (2013). Country Report: Azerbaijan. Costs and Benefits of Labour Mobility Between the EU and the Eastern Partnership Partner Countries Project. Baku
2. Aliyev, A. (2013). Legal Aspects of Struggle Against Human Trafficking in Azerbaijan. CARIM-East Explanatory Note 13/88.
3. Arnovitz, A.A. and Isitman, E. (2013). Trafficking of Human Beings for the Purpose of Organ Removal: Are (International) Legal Instruments Effective Measures to Eradicate the Practice. Groningen Journal of International Law, 1 (2), 73-90.
4. ASTRA (2013). Situation Analyzes of Human Trafficking: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, FYR of Macedonia and Serbia. Balkan Acts Now. ASTRA – Anti Trafficking Action, EMMAUS – International Forum for Solidarity, Open Gate – La Strada Macedonia Partnership for Social Development. Belgrade.
5. Božić, V. (2016). Steps Towards Combating Trafficking in Human Organs in South Eastern Europe, with Particular Reference to the Case of Kosovo. International Scientific Conference, 1, 131-151. University “St.Kliment Ohridski”- Bitola. Faculty of Security. Skopje. Chart of Signatures (2019). Chart of Signatures and Ratifications of Treaty 216. Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking in Human Organs. Status as of 01/10/2019. Retrieved from: https:// www.coe.int /en
6. Chindea, A., Majkowska-Tomkina, M., Mattila, H. and Pastor, I. (2008). Migration in the Republic of Azerbaijan: a Country Profile. Edited by Siar, S.. Geneva: International Organization for Migration. Geneva.
7. Criminal Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1999). Approved by the Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan of 30 December, 1999, No. 787-IQ. With last Amendments and Additions from 16 May 2018. Legislative Collection of the Republic of Azerbaijan, 2000, No. 4, Article 251.
8. Combating trafficking in human beings (2013, February 6). The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of The Republic of Azerbaijan. Retrieved from: http://www.mfa.gov.az/en/content/124

9. Danovitch, G.M., (...). (2013). Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism: the Role of Global Professional Ethical Standards – The 2008 Declaration of Istanbul. Transplantation, 95 (11), 1306-1312.
10. Delmonico, F.L. (2009). The Implications of Istanbul Declaration on Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism. Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation, 14, 116-119.
11. Department of State (2019). Trafficking in Persons Report: June 2019. United States Department of State Publication. Office of the Under Secretary for Civilian Security, Democracy and Human Rights.
12. Dimovski, Z., Babanovski, K. And Ilievski, I. (2013). Republic of Macedonia as a Transit Country For the Illegal Trafficking in the Balkan Route. Varstvoslovje, Journal of Criminal Justice and Security, 15 (12), 203-217.
13. GRETA (2017a). Reply From Azerbaijan to the Questionnaire for The Evaluation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings by the Parties. Group of Experts on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings (GRETA), Council of Europe, Strasbourg.
14. GRETA (2017b). Report Concerning the Implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings by “the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia”. Second Evaluation Round. Group of Experts on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings (GRETA), Council of Europe, Paris.
15. GRETA (2018). Report Concerning the Implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings by Azerbaijan. Second Evaluation Round. Group of Experts on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings (GRETA), Council of Europe, Strasbourg.
16. Hainzl, I. (2018). Building Comprehensive National Responses to Trafficking in Human Beings: The Experience of Azerbaijan. Report of the National Action Plan to Fight Trafficking in Human Beings of the Republic of Azerbaijan 2014-2018. Analytical Report. Prague Process Secretariat, International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD). Vienna.
17. IOM (2002). Shattered Dreams: Report on Trafficking in Person in Azerbaijan. International Organization for Migration.
18. IOM (2004). Changing Patterns and Trends of Trafficking in Persons in the Balkan Region. International Organization for Migration.
19. Kiprijanovska, D. (2008). The Legal and Comparative Aspects of the Republic of Macedonia’s Experience in the Campaign against Trafficking in Human Beings. Ankara Law Review, 5 (1), 111-127.
20. Limanowska, B. (2005). Trafficking in Human Beings in South Eastern Europe. 2004 Focus on Prevention in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, the UN Administered Province in Kosovo. UNDP.
21. McCarthy, A.L. (2018). Life After Trafficking in Azerbaijan: Reintegration Experiences of Survivors. Anti-Trafficking Review, 10, 105-122.
22. OSCE (2013). Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose of Organ Removal in the OSCE Region: Analysis and Findings. Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Vienna.
23. Paskalev, A., De Jong, J., Ambagtsheer, F., Lundin, S., Ivanovski, N., Codreanu, C., Gunnarson, M., Yankov, J., Frunza, M., Byström, I. Bos, M. And Weimar, W. (2013). Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose of Organ Removal: A Comparative Literature Review. HOTT Project: Combating Trafficking in Persons for the Purpose of Organ Removal. Netherlands.
24. Statistics on Crimes (2019). Statistical Data on the Situation with the Fight against Human Trafficking in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Azərbaycan Respublikasında İnsan Alveri ilə Bağlı Cinayətlərlə Mübarizə Işinin Vəziyyətinə dair Statistik Məlumatlar. Retrieved from: https://www.insanalveri.gov.az
25. UNODC (2015). Trafficking in Persons for the Purpose of Organ Removal. Assessment Toolkit. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes. United Nations. Vienna.
26. Velkoska, V. (2005). Combating Trafficking in Human Beings Through the Practice of the Domestic Courts. Coalition “All for Fair Trials.” Skopje.
27. Vujin, J. (2009). Human Trafficking in the Balkans: An Inside Report. International Human Rights Review. 1, 267-315.