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İklim Mültecileri

Year 2016, Issue: 4, 10 - 58, 01.07.2016

Abstract

Çevre felaketlerinden ve iklim değişikliklerinden etkilenen insanlar, ülkelerini terk ederek başka ülkelerden uluslararası koruma talep etmektedirler. Çevresel felaketler ve iklim değişiklikleri, bu değişikliklerden etkilenen ve “iklim mültecileri” veya “çevre mültecileri” olarak anılan insanların ortaya çıkmasına sebep olmuştur. Ancak her ne kadar “iklim mültecileri” veya “çevre mültecileri” olarak anılsalar da söz konusu kişiler 1951 Cenevre Konvansiyonu kapsamında mülteci değillerdir. “İklim mültecileri” veya “çevre mültecileri” olarak anılan insanlara bazı devletlerin yasalarında “tamamlayıcı koruma” veya “geçici koruma” sağlanabilmektedir. Bazı devletlerin yasal düzenlemelerinde ise iklim mültecilerine yönelik herhangi bir koruma öngörülmemiştir. Yaşama hakkı başta olmak üzere insan haklarına ilişkin uluslararası düzenlemelerde yer alan bazı hükümler çerçevesinde iklim mültecilerine insani koruma sağlanabilir. Ancak insani korumanın çerçevesi de henüz tam olarak çizilmemiştir. Çalışmamızda iklim mültecilerine sağlanacak bir uluslararası korumanın olup olmadığı hususu incelenecektir. Bu bağlamda öncelikle iklim mültecileri kavramı açıklanacak ve bu durumun ortaya çıkmasına etki eden faktörler incelenecektir. Daha sonra iklim mültecilerinin, 1951 Cenevre Konvansiyonu kapsamına giren mülteciler olarak kabul edilmemesinin sebepleri mahkeme kararlarıyla açıklanacaktır. İklim mültecilerini korumak için hazırlanan milletlerarası antlaşma taslaklarına değinildikten sonra Türk hukukunda iklim mültecilerinin durumu irdelenecektir

References

  • ATAPATTU Sumudu, Climate Change, Human Rights, and Forced Migra- tion: Implications for International Law, 27(2009-2010)3 Wis. Int’l L.J.
  • BIERMANN Frank/BOAS Ingrid, Environment, Protecting Climate Refu- gees The Case for a Global Protocol, November/December 2008.
  • BIERMANN Frank/BOAS Ingrid, Preparing for a Warmer World: Towar- ds a Global Governance System to Protect Climate Refugees’, (2010)10 GEP.
  • BOED Roman, State of Necessity as a Justification for Internationally Wron- gful Conduct (2000)3 Yale Hum. Rts. & Dev. L.J.
  • BURLESON Elizabeth, Climate Change Displacement to Refuge, 25(2010)19 J. Envtl. L. & Litig.
  • COOPER Jessica, Environmental Refugees: Meeting the Requirements of the Refugee Convention, 6(1998)2 N.Y.U. Envtl. L.J.
  • DOCHERTY B./GIANNINI T., Confronting a Rising Tide: A Proposal for a Convention on Climate Change Refugees, (2009)33 HELR.
  • EDWARDS Alice, Temporary Protection, Derogation and the 1951 Refu- gee Convention, 13(2012) Melb. J Int’l. L.
  • EKŞİ Nuray, Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma Hukuku, 3. bası, İstanbul 2015.
  • EKŞİ Nuray, Yeni Zelanda Mülteci Statüsü Belirleme İtiraz Mercii’nin Eko- nomik ve çevresel Faktörler Sebebiyle Mülteci Statüsünün Kazanılama- yacağına İlişkin Kararı, X(2011)1 İKÜHFD.
  • EKŞİ Nuray, 1951 Yılından Bugüne Mülteci Kavramı, (2016)813 Türkiye Belediyeler Birliği İller ve Belediyeler Dergisi.
  • EKŞİ Nuray, Geçici Koruma Yönet meliği Uyarınca Geçici Korumanın Şart- ları, Geçici Koruma Usulü, Sağlanan Haklar ve Geçici Korumanın Sona Ermesi, 88(2014)6 İBD.
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  • LACZKO Frank/AGHAZARM, Christine, Introduction and Overview: Enhancing the Knowledge Base, Environment and Climate Change: As- sessing the Evidence, Edited by Frank Laczko/Christine Aghazarm, In- ternational Organization for Migration-IOM, Geneva 2009.
  • LAUTERPACHT Elihu/BETHLEHEM Daniel, Part 2: The scope and con- tent of the principle of non-refoulement: Refugee Protection in Internatio- nal Law, Edt. Erika Feller/Volker Türk/Frances Nicholson, UNHCR 2003.
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  • McADAM Jane, Complementary Protection in International Refugee Law, Oxford 2007.
  • McADAM Jane, Swimming against the Tide: Why a Climate Change Displacement Treaty is Not the Answer, 23(2011)1 IJRL.
  • McADAM Jane, From Humanitarian Discretion to Complementary Pro- tection–Reflections on the Emergence of Human Rights-based Refugee Protection in Australia, 18(2011) Austl. Int’l L.J.
  • McLEMAN Robert, Climate Change, Migration and Critical International Security Considerations, IOM Migration Research Series No. 42, Gene- va 2011.
  • MOBERG Kara K., Extending Refugee Definitions to Cover Environmental- ly Displaced Persons Displaces Necessary Protection, 94(200) Iowa L. Rev.
  • MOLU Esra, Avustralya Mülteci Temyiz Mahkemesi’nin İklim Değişiklik- lerinin Kiribati Vatandaşına Mülteci Statüsü Kazandırmayacağına İlişkin 10 Aralık 2009 Tarihli Kararı, X(2011)1 İKÜHFD.
  • NAIK Asmita, Migration and Natural Disasters, Environment and Climate Change: Assessing the Evidence, Edited by Frank Laczko/Christine Ag- hazarm, International Organization for Migration-IOM, Geneva 2009.
  • ODMAN M. Tevfik, Mülteci Hukuku (Refugees Law), Ankara 1995.
  • POBJOY Jason, Treating Like Alike: the Principle of Nondiscrimination as a Tool to Mandate the Equal Treatment of Refugees and Beneficiaries of Complementary Protection, 34(2010) Melb. Univ. Law Rev.
  • RAJAMANI Lavanya, The Cancun Climate Agreements: Reading the Text, Subtext and Tea Leaves, 60(2011) ICLQ.
  • STEINER L. Henry/ALSTON Philip/GOODMAN Ryan, International Human Rights in Context Law Politics and Morals, 3rd edition, Oxford University Press 2008.
  • —The Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly, Committee on Migrati- on, Refugees and Popu lation, ‘Environmentally Induced Migration and Displacement: A 21st Century Challenge’ Doc. 11785, 23 Dec. 2008.
  • WASEM Ruth Ellen/ESTER Karma, Temporary Protected Status: Current Immigration Policy and Issues, September 9, 2010, Congressional Rese- arch Service, CRS Report for Congress, 7-5700 RS20844.
  • WILLIAMS Angela, Turning the Tide: Recognizing Climate Change Refu- gees in International Law, 30(2008)4 Law&Policy.
  • ZETTER Roger, The Role of Legal and Normative Frameworks fort he Pro- tection of Environmentally Displaced People, Migration, Environment and Climate Change: Assessing the Evidence, Edited by Frank Laczko/ Christine Aghazarm, International Organization for Migration-IOM, Geneva 2009.

Climate Refugees

Year 2016, Issue: 4, 10 - 58, 01.07.2016

Abstract

People affected by environmental disasters and climate change abandon their countries and seek international protection from other states. Environmental disasters and climate change have caused migration and the emergence of the so-called “climate refugees” or “environmental refugees”. Although they are often called “climate refugees” or “environmental refugees”, these people do not fall within the definition of refugee under the 1951 Geneva Convention on the Legal Status of Refugees. The laws of certain countries provide “complementary protection” or “temporary protection” to climate refugees or environmental refugees. On the other hand, no protection is envisaged in the laws of some countries regarding climate refugees. Humanitarian protection can be provided to climate refugees under the legal provisions guaranteeing certain basic rights, such as the right to life, in international human rights treaties. However, the boundaries of the notion of “humanitarian protection” have not been clearly drawn yet. In this study, we evaluate whether any international protection may be available to climate refugees. To this end, we first describe the term “climate refugees” and analyze the factors that led to its emergence. We then examine the reasons why climate refugees are not treated as refugees within the scope of the 1951 Geneva Convention, taking into account the relevant court decisions. Following a discussion of the draft international treaties prepared to protect climate refugees, we examine the situation of climate refugees under Turkish law

References

  • ATAPATTU Sumudu, Climate Change, Human Rights, and Forced Migra- tion: Implications for International Law, 27(2009-2010)3 Wis. Int’l L.J.
  • BIERMANN Frank/BOAS Ingrid, Environment, Protecting Climate Refu- gees The Case for a Global Protocol, November/December 2008.
  • BIERMANN Frank/BOAS Ingrid, Preparing for a Warmer World: Towar- ds a Global Governance System to Protect Climate Refugees’, (2010)10 GEP.
  • BOED Roman, State of Necessity as a Justification for Internationally Wron- gful Conduct (2000)3 Yale Hum. Rts. & Dev. L.J.
  • BURLESON Elizabeth, Climate Change Displacement to Refuge, 25(2010)19 J. Envtl. L. & Litig.
  • COOPER Jessica, Environmental Refugees: Meeting the Requirements of the Refugee Convention, 6(1998)2 N.Y.U. Envtl. L.J.
  • DOCHERTY B./GIANNINI T., Confronting a Rising Tide: A Proposal for a Convention on Climate Change Refugees, (2009)33 HELR.
  • EDWARDS Alice, Temporary Protection, Derogation and the 1951 Refu- gee Convention, 13(2012) Melb. J Int’l. L.
  • EKŞİ Nuray, Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma Hukuku, 3. bası, İstanbul 2015.
  • EKŞİ Nuray, Yeni Zelanda Mülteci Statüsü Belirleme İtiraz Mercii’nin Eko- nomik ve çevresel Faktörler Sebebiyle Mülteci Statüsünün Kazanılama- yacağına İlişkin Kararı, X(2011)1 İKÜHFD.
  • EKŞİ Nuray, 1951 Yılından Bugüne Mülteci Kavramı, (2016)813 Türkiye Belediyeler Birliği İller ve Belediyeler Dergisi.
  • EKŞİ Nuray, Geçici Koruma Yönet meliği Uyarınca Geçici Korumanın Şart- ları, Geçici Koruma Usulü, Sağlanan Haklar ve Geçici Korumanın Sona Ermesi, 88(2014)6 İBD.
  • ERRERA Roger, The CJEU and Subsidiary Protection: Reflections on Elga- faji and After, 23(2010)1 IJRL.
  • —Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status un- der the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Re- fugees, HCR/IP/4/Eng/REV.1 Reedited, Geneva, January 1992, UNHCR 1979: http://www.unhcr.org/publ/PUBL/3d58e13b4.pdf (30.7.2017).
  • HATHAWAY C. James, The Rights of Refugees under International Law, Cambridge University Press 2005.
  • HODGKINSON David/BURTON Tess/ANDERSON Heather/YOUNG Lucy, ‘The Hour When the Ship Comes in’: A Convention For Persons Displaced by Climate Change’, 38(2010)1 Monash U. L. Rev.
  • LACZKO Frank/AGHAZARM, Christine, Introduction and Overview: Enhancing the Knowledge Base, Environment and Climate Change: As- sessing the Evidence, Edited by Frank Laczko/Christine Aghazarm, In- ternational Organization for Migration-IOM, Geneva 2009.
  • LAUTERPACHT Elihu/BETHLEHEM Daniel, Part 2: The scope and con- tent of the principle of non-refoulement: Refugee Protection in Internatio- nal Law, Edt. Erika Feller/Volker Türk/Frances Nicholson, UNHCR 2003.
  • LIMON Marc, Human Rights Obligations and Accountability in the Face of Climate Change, 38(201) Ga. J. Int’l & Comp. L.
  • McADAM Jane, Complementary Protection in International Refugee Law, Oxford 2007.
  • McADAM Jane, Swimming against the Tide: Why a Climate Change Displacement Treaty is Not the Answer, 23(2011)1 IJRL.
  • McADAM Jane, From Humanitarian Discretion to Complementary Pro- tection–Reflections on the Emergence of Human Rights-based Refugee Protection in Australia, 18(2011) Austl. Int’l L.J.
  • McLEMAN Robert, Climate Change, Migration and Critical International Security Considerations, IOM Migration Research Series No. 42, Gene- va 2011.
  • MOBERG Kara K., Extending Refugee Definitions to Cover Environmental- ly Displaced Persons Displaces Necessary Protection, 94(200) Iowa L. Rev.
  • MOLU Esra, Avustralya Mülteci Temyiz Mahkemesi’nin İklim Değişiklik- lerinin Kiribati Vatandaşına Mülteci Statüsü Kazandırmayacağına İlişkin 10 Aralık 2009 Tarihli Kararı, X(2011)1 İKÜHFD.
  • NAIK Asmita, Migration and Natural Disasters, Environment and Climate Change: Assessing the Evidence, Edited by Frank Laczko/Christine Ag- hazarm, International Organization for Migration-IOM, Geneva 2009.
  • ODMAN M. Tevfik, Mülteci Hukuku (Refugees Law), Ankara 1995.
  • POBJOY Jason, Treating Like Alike: the Principle of Nondiscrimination as a Tool to Mandate the Equal Treatment of Refugees and Beneficiaries of Complementary Protection, 34(2010) Melb. Univ. Law Rev.
  • RAJAMANI Lavanya, The Cancun Climate Agreements: Reading the Text, Subtext and Tea Leaves, 60(2011) ICLQ.
  • STEINER L. Henry/ALSTON Philip/GOODMAN Ryan, International Human Rights in Context Law Politics and Morals, 3rd edition, Oxford University Press 2008.
  • —The Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly, Committee on Migrati- on, Refugees and Popu lation, ‘Environmentally Induced Migration and Displacement: A 21st Century Challenge’ Doc. 11785, 23 Dec. 2008.
  • WASEM Ruth Ellen/ESTER Karma, Temporary Protected Status: Current Immigration Policy and Issues, September 9, 2010, Congressional Rese- arch Service, CRS Report for Congress, 7-5700 RS20844.
  • WILLIAMS Angela, Turning the Tide: Recognizing Climate Change Refu- gees in International Law, 30(2008)4 Law&Policy.
  • ZETTER Roger, The Role of Legal and Normative Frameworks fort he Pro- tection of Environmentally Displaced People, Migration, Environment and Climate Change: Assessing the Evidence, Edited by Frank Laczko/ Christine Aghazarm, International Organization for Migration-IOM, Geneva 2009.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA24CG74HH
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Nuray Ekşi This is me

Publication Date July 1, 2016
Submission Date July 1, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Ekşi, N. (2016). İklim Mültecileri. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi(4), 10-58.