Mahkemelerde İnsan Ticareti: Mağdur Haklarının Önemi ve Korunması

Year 2020, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 194 - 214, 29.12.2020

Alline Pedra

Abstract

"4P" paradigması – Temel olarak Uluslararası Çerçevede önleme, koruma, kovuşturma ve ortaklık - insan kaçakçılığı ve modern köleliğe karşı mücadelede görevlerini görmektedir. Kuruluşlar her zaman ortaklık içinde faaliyet göstermezler ki bu insan ticareti ile mücadele stratejilerinde çok büyük bir boşluktur, koruma ve kovuşturma birbirine bağlı direklerdir. Biri diğeri için başarılı olma olasılığını artırır. Bu nedenle mağdurun korunması, insan kaçakçılığı davalarının kovuşturulmasının, kanıt toplama açısından yakından ilgilidir. Mağdurolojik araştırmalara dayanan bu makale, İnsan Ticareti mağdurlarına destek ile birlikte Uluslararası koruma alanlarındaki ,bölgesel ve, hukuki okuyucuların dikkatine sunmaktadır. Mağdurların hakları ve Koruma programlarının kökenlerini de gözden geçirmektedir. Mağdurların korunması ve haklarının güvence altına alınması koşulu ile mağdurların kimlik tespiti ve ceza adaleti sistemiyle işbirliği - raporlama, kanıt sağlama ve davaları takip etme - arasındaki bağlantıyı ayrıntılı olarak açıklamaktadır. Son olarak, insan ticareti mağdurlarına daha fazla koruma sağlandığını, davaların cezai kovuşturulmasında işbirliği yaptıklarını, davaların çözümlerini arttırdığını, insan tacirlerini açığa çıkarıldığını, insan kaçakçılığı ağlarını ortadan kaldırdığını ve mahkûmiyet olasılığını arttırdığını göstermektedir. Mağdur işbirliklerinin, insan ticaretini kovuşturmak, mücadele edilmesinden en önemli yapı taşlarından birisini oluşturmaktadır. İşbirliğinin yalnızca; yeterli destek ve koruma sağlanmasıyla daha da geliştirilebilineceği makalemizin ana temasıdır.

Keywords

koruma, mağdurun desteği, kovuşturma, mahkeme kararları, kanıt, mağdurun mahkemeye katılımı

Human Trafficking in The Courts: The Importance of Victim’s Rights And Protection

Abstract

The "4P" paradigm – prevention, protection, prosecution and partnership – serves as the fundamental international framework to counter human trafficking and modern slavery. While organizations not always operate in partnership, which is a tremendous gap in counter-trafficking strategies, protection and prosecution are interdependent pillars. One enhances the likelihood of the other to be successful. Therefore, victim’s protection is of outmost relevance to evidence collection and effectiveness of prosecution of human trafficking cases. Based on victimological research, this paper briefly reviews the origins of victims’ rights and protection programs while bringing to the reader’s attention, relevant international, regional and national (Turkish) documents and law in the fields of victim’s support and protection to victims of human trafficking. It further elaborates on the connection between victim’s identification and cooperation with the criminal justice system – reporting, providing evidence and following court cases – provided that victims are protected and have their rights guaranteed. Finally, it demonstrates that the further protection is granted to human trafficking victims, the more they collaborate with criminal prosecution of cases, enhancing likelihood of convictions and solution of cases, revealing traffickers and dismantling human trafficking networks. It is at the core of this paper to demonstrate that victims’ collaboration is key for prosecuting and countering human trafficking, highlighting that collaboration might only be enhanced through provision of adequate support and protection.

Keywords

protection, victim's support, prosecution, court cases, evidence, victim’s participation in court

References

• Aebi, Marcelo (2006). Comment mesurer la délinquance? Paris: Armand Colin.
• Anti-Slavery International (2002). Human Traffic, Human Rights: Redefining Victim Protection. Research Report. Available online at: http://www.antislavery.org/homepage/resources/humantraffic/Hum%20Traff%20Hum%20Rights,%20redef%20vic%20protec%20final%20full.pdf.
• The Bali Process (2015). Policy Guide on Protecting Victims of Trafficking: An introductory guide for policy makers and practitioners. Bangkok: The Bali Process. Available at: https://www.baliprocess.net/UserFiles/baliprocess/File/Policy%20Guide%20on%20Protecting%20VIctims%20of%20Trafficking.pdf
• Christie, Nils (1977). Conflict as property. The British Journal of Criminology (17, 1), Oxford University Press.
• Davy, Deanna (2017). Justice for victims of human trafficking in Australia? Issues associated with Australia's criminal justice response to trafficking in persons. Contemporary Justice Review (20), pp. 115-131.
• Dijck, Maarten van (2005). Trafficking in Human Beings: a Literature Survey. Report to the 6th Framework Programme of the European Commission.
• Goodey, Jo (2003). Migration, crime and victimhood: responses to sex trafficking in the EU. Punishment & Society (5, 4). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, pp. 415-431.
• Herz, Annette Louise (2006). Trafficking in Human Beings. An Empirical Study in Criminal Prosecution in Germany. Research in Brief. Freiburg: Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law.
• Hulsman, Louk & Jacqueline Bernat Célis (1997). Penas perdidas: o sistema penal em questão, 2. ed. (Translated by Maria Lúcia Karam), Luam, Rio de Janeiro.
• ICMPD (2013). Current Anti-trafficking Response in Turkey and the Way Forward. Research Report. Vienna: ICMPD.
• IOM (2007). The IOM Handbook on Direct Assistance for Victims of Trafficking.
• Killias, Martin (2001). Précis de Criminologie. 2ème édition. Bern: Stæmpfli Editions SA.
• Klopcic, Alja (2004). Trafficking in Human Beings in Transition and Post-Conflict Countries, in: Human Security Perspectives Journal (Volume 1, Issue 1) European Training and Research Centre for Human Rights and Democracy, Graz.
• League of Nations (1926). Slavery Convention. Signed at Geneva on 25 September 1926.
• Lehnen, R. G. & Skogan, W. G. (1981). The national crime surveys: working papers. Volume 1: current and historical perspectives. Washington DC: GPO.
• Maguire, Mike (1991). The Needs and Rights of Victims of Crime. Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research, 14, 363-433.
• Mayhew P. & Van Dijk J. (2014). International Crime Victimization Survey. Bruinsma G., Weisburd D. (eds) Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Springer, New York, NY.
• Mc Sherry, Bernadette & Cullen, Miriam (2007). The Criminal Justice Response to Trafficking in Persons: Practical Problems with Enforcement in the Asia-Pacific Region. Global Change, Peace & Security (19), pp. 205-220.
• Mendelsohn, B. (1956). Une nouvelle branche de la science bio-psycho-sociale: victimologie. Revue Internationale de Criminologie et de Police Technique (X, 2). Geneva.
• Pedra J. B., Alline (2008). Empowering Victims of Human Trafficking: the Role of Support, Assistance and Protection Policies. HUMSEC Journal (2). Available at: https://www.academia.edu/15361964/Empowering_Victims_of_Human_Trafficking
• Pedra J.B., Alline (2010). Criminal Justice, Victim Support Centers and the Emotional Well-Being of Crime Victims. Tese (Doutorado) Universidade de Lausanne, Instituto de Criminologia e Direito Penal.
• Shapland, Joanna; Duff, Peter & Willmore, Jon (1985). Victims in the criminal justice system. Cambridge studies in criminology. Gower: England.
• Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children (2018). Report of the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children. Human Rights Council. Thirty-eighth session. A/HRC/38/45.
• UN Economic and Social Council (1956). Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery. Adopted by a Conference of Plenipotentiaries convened by Economic and Social Council resolution 608(XXI) of 30 April 1956 and done at Geneva on 7 September 1956 Entry into force: 30 April 1957, in accordance with article 13
• UN General Assembly (1985). United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power. Adopted by General Assembly resolution 40/34 of 29 November 1985.
• UN General Assembly (2000). United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. General Assembly resolution 55/25 of 15 November 2000.
• UNODC (2008). Toolkit to Combat Trafficking in Persons. New York: UNODC.
• UNODC (2017). Evidential Issues in Trafficking in Persons Cases. Case Digest. Vienna: UNODC.
• UNODC (2018). Global Report on Trafficking in Persons. Vienna: UNODC.
• US Department of State (2019). Trafficking in Persons Report.
• Van Dijk, Jan (1988). Ideological trends within the victims’ movement: an international perspective. In Mike Maguire & John Pointing (Eds.). Victims of crime: a new deal? (pp. 115-126). Philadelphia: Open University Press.
• Van Dijk, Jan; van Kesteren, John & Smit, Paul (2007). Criminal Victimisation in International Perspective. The Hague, Boom: Juridische uitgevers.
• Von Henting, Hans (1948). The criminal and his victim. New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Waller, Irvin (1990). The police: first in aid? In Arthur J. Lurigio, Wesley S. Skogan & Robert C. Davis (Eds.). Victims of Crime. Problems, Policies, and Programs (pp. 139-155). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
• Wemmers, Jo-Anne (1996). Victims in The Criminal Justice System. WODC - Ministry of Justice. Amsterdam: Kugler Publications.