KOBİ'lerde Yazılım Süreç İyileştirme Faaliyetlerinin Analizi: Sistematik Literatür Taraması

Year 2021, Volume: 14 Issue: 4, 411 - 423, 31.10.2021

Suna Durmuş , Özden Özcan Top , Sevgi Özkan Yıldırım

Abstract

Yazılım firmaları güzümüz ekonomisinin çok önemli bir dişlisidir. Bu kuruşların çoğunluğu küçük ve orta ölçekli işletmelerden (KOBİ) oluşmaktadır. Bu firmalar, rekabetçi iş ortamlarında yüksek kaliteli ürün ve hizmet üretebilmek için Yazılım Süreç İyileştirme (YSİ) çalışmalarından faydalanmayı hedeflemektedir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, KOBİ’lerin şirket yapısına uygun olarak YSİ modelleri geliştirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, geliştirilen YSİ modellerinin özelliklerini, KOBİ'lerde YSİ faaliyetlerini gerçekleştirmenin zorluklarını ve YSİ faaliyetleri için kritik başarı faktörlerini analiz etmek için sistematik bir literatür taraması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda, 2007'den 2020'ye kadar yayınlanan 61 makale incelenmiş, bunun sonucunda KOBİ’lerde kullanılan 28 YSİ modeli tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, KOBİ’lerde YSİ uygulamalarını zorlaştıran 10 farklı durum ve çalışmalarının başarısını etkileyen yedi faktör raporlanmıştır.

Keywords

Yazılım Süreç İyileştirme, YSİ, KOBİ, CMMI, ISO/IEC 15504

Analysis of Software Process Improvement Activities in SMEs: A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

This Software industry is a very significant cog in today’s economic landscape. The majority of these organizations mainly comprise small and medium enterprises (SMEs). These enterprises aim to benefit from Software Process Improvement (SPI) activities in producing high-quality products and services in competitive business environments. For this purpose, SPI models have been developed for specific SME characteristics. In this study, we performed a systematic literature review to analyze the characteristics of these SPI models, the challenges of performing SPI activities in SMEs, and the critical success factors for SPI activities. In this context, 61 articles published from 2007 to 2020 were examined, as a result, 28 SPI models used in SMEs were found out. In addition, ten different situations that make SPI implementations challenging in SMEs and seven factors that affect the success of SPI studies in SMEs were reported.

Keywords

Software Process Improvement, SPI, SMEs, CMMI, ISO/IEC 15504

References

• R. V. Solingen, "Measuring the ROI of software process improvement", IEEE software, 21(3), 32-38, 2004.
• M. Zarour, A. Abran, & J. M. Desharnais, "Software Process Improvement for Small and Very Small Enterprises”, In Software Process Improvement and Management: Approaches and Tools for Practical Development, 183-204, 2012.
• Internet: CMMI® Development Version 2.0, https://cmmiinstitute.com/cmmi, 20.09.2019.
• Internet: ISO/IEC 33001 Information technology - Process assessment - Concepts and terminology, https://www.iso.org/standard/54175.html, 20.09.2019.
• S. Kar, S. Das, A. K. Rath, & S. K. Kar, "Self-assessment model and review technique for SPICE: SMART SPICE", In International Conference on Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 222-232, 2012.
• A. R. C. da Rocha, M. Montoni, K. C. Weber & E. E. R. de Araujo, "A nationwide program for software process improvement in Brazil", 6th International Conference on the Quality of Information and Communications Technology, Lisbon, Portugal, 167-176, 2007.
• M. Habib, S. Ahmed, A. Rehmat, M. J. Khan & S. Shamail, “Blending six sigma and CMMI-an approach to accelerate process improvement in SMEs”, INMIC Multitopic Conference, 386-391, 2008.
• J. Iqbal, R. B. Ahmad, M. H. N. M. Nasir, M. Niazi, S. Shamshirband & M. A. Noor, "Software SMEs’ unofficial readiness for CMMI®-based software process improvement", Software Quality Journal, 24(4), 997-1023, 2016.
• T. J. Bilan and S. A. McCord, A Process Improvement Framework for Information Technology Management in Small to Medium Enterprises (PI4IT), PhD Thesis, Lawrence Technological University, 2010.
• F. J. Pino, F. García & M. Piattini, "Software process improvement in small and medium software enterprises: a systematic review", Software Quality Journal, 16(2), 237-261, 2008.
• D. Mishra & A. Mishra, "A study of software process improvement in small and medium organizations”, Software Process Improvement for Small and Medium Enterprises: Techniques and Case Studies, 140-157, 2008.
• K. Melendez, A. Dávila & M. Pessoa, "Information technology service management models applied to medium and small organizations: A systematic literature review", Computer Standards & Interfaces, 47, 120-127. 2016.
• M. N. Khokhar, K. Zeshan & J. Aamir, "Literature review on the software process improvement factors in the small organizations", 4th International Conference on New Trends in Information Science and Service Science, 592-598, 2010.
• A. A. Khan, J. Keung, M. Niazi & S. Hussain, "Towards a hypothetical framework of humans related success factors for process improvement in global software development: systematic review", In Proceedings of the Symposium on Applied Computing, 180-186, 2017.
• A. A. Khan, J. Keung, S. Hussain, M. Niazi & S. Kieffer, "Systematic literature study for dimensional classification of success factors affecting process improvement in global software development: client–vendor perspective", IET Software, 12(4), 333-344, 2018.
• M. Suganya & K. Alagarsamy, "A review on software process improvement methodologies for small and medium enterprises", IJSTE-International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering, 2, 284-290, 2016.
• T. Tahir, G. Rasool & C. Gencel, "A systematic literature review on software measurement programs", Information and Software Technology, 73, 101-121, 2016.
• M. A. T. Almomani, S. Basri, S. Mahamad & A. O. Bajeh, "Software process improvement initiatives in small and medium firms: a systematic review”, 3rd International Conference on Advanced Computer Science Applications and Technologies, 162-167, 2014.
• M. Sulayman, C. Urquhart, E. Mendes & S. Seidel, “Software process improvement success factors for small and medium Web companies: A qualitative study”, Information and Software Technology, 54(5), 479-500, 2012.
• M. L. Sánchez-Gordón, R. Colomo-Palacios, A. de Amescua Seco & R. V. O’Connor, "The route to software process improvement in small-and medium-sized enterprises", Managing software process evolution, 109-136, 2016.
• K. Zahra, F. Azam, F. Ilyas, H. Faisal, N. Ambreen & N. Gondal, "Success factors of organizational change in software process improvement: A systematic literature review", 5th International Conference on Information and Education Technology, Tokyo, Japan, 155-160, 2017.
• M. Bano & N. Ikram, "Software process improvement: a systematic literature review", 15th International Multitopic Conference (INMIC), Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan, 459-464, 2012.
• D. Budgen & P. Brereton, "Performing systematic literature reviews in software engineering", 28th international conference on Software engineering, Shanghai, China, 1051-1052, 2006.
• B. Kitchenham, “Procedures for performing systematic reviews", Keele, UK, Keele University, 33, 1-26, 2004.
• T. Dyba, T. Dingsoyr & G. K. Hanssen, "Applying systematic reviews to diverse study types: An experience report", First international symposium on empirical software engineering and measurement, Madrid, Spain, 225-234, 2007.
• F. J. Pino, F. García, M. Piattini & H. Oktaba, "A research framework for building SPI proposals in small organizations: the COMPETISOFT experience", Software Quality Journal, 24(3), 489-518.
• D. Tadić, M. Misita, D. D. Milanovic, T. Djukic & G. Senussi, "A novel approach to process improvement in small and medium manufacturing enterprises", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 228(5), 777-789.
• M. Staples, M. Niazi, R. Jeffery, A. Abrahams, P. Byatt & R. Murphy, "An exploratory study of why organizations do not adopt CMMI", Journal of systems and software, 80(6), 883-895.
• M. Niazi & M. A. Babar, "Identifying high perceived value practices of CMMI level 2: an empirical study", Information and software technology, 51(8), 1231-1243.
• A. Tosun, A. Bener & B. Turhan, "Implementation of a software quality improvement project in an SME: a before and after comparison", 35th Euromicro Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications, Patras, Greece, 203-209, 2009.
• D. B. Huang & W. Zhang, "CMMI in medium & small enterprises: Problems and solutions". 2nd IEEE International Conference on Information Management and Engineering (ICIME), Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 171-174, 2010.
• M. A. T. Almomani, S. Basri, A. K. B. Mahmood & A. O. Bajeh, “Software development practices and problems in Malaysian small and medium software enterprises: A pilot study", 5th International Conference on IT Convergence and Security (ICITCS), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1-5, 2015.
• I. Garcia, C. Pacheco & J. Calvo-Manzano, "Using a web-based tool to define and implement software process improvement initiatives in a small industrial setting", IET software, 4(4), 237-251.
• M. Sivashankar, A. M. Kalpana & A. E. Jeyakumar, "A framework approach using CMMI for SPI to Indian SME'S", 2010 International Conference on Innovative Computing Technologies (ICICT), 1-5, 2010.
• J. GarzáS, F. J. Pino, M. Piattini & C. M. FernáNdez, "A maturity model for the Spanish software industry based on ISO standards", Computer Standards & Interfaces, 35(6), 616-628.
• Z. Alshaikh, M. Alsaleh, A. Alarifi & M. Zarour, "Process improvement in governmental agencies: Toward CMMI certification", IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering Workshops (ISSREW), 168-173, 2015.
• L. Zhang & D. Shao, "Software process improvement for small and medium organizations based on CMMI", 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Management Science and Electronic Commerce (AIMSEC), 2402-2405, 2011.
• A. M. Kalpana & A. E. Jeyakumar, "Software process improvization framework using fuzzy logic based approach for Indian small scale software organization", International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, 10(3), 111-118, 2010.
• H. Min, Z. Peien, Y. Zhuguo & P. Dingding, “Application and research of process improvement based on SPP Model of CMMI level 3”, 3rd IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology (ICCSIT), Chengdu, China, 5, 598-601, 2010.
• Z. Mahmoud, A. Solyman & A. A. M. Elhag, "Harmonized Software Quality Improvement Models for Sudanese SME Based on CMMI", In 2019 International Conference on Computer, Control, Electrical, and Electronics Engineering (ICCCEEE), 1-6, 2019.
• I. M. Keshta, M. Niazi & M. Alshayeb, "Towards the implementation of requirements management specific practices (SP 1.1 and SP 1.2) for small-and medium-sized software development organisations", IET Software, 14(3), 308-317, 2020.
• I. Keshta, "A model for defining project lifecycle phases: Implementation of CMMI level 2 specific practice", Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences, 2019.
• D. Chevers, A. M. Mills, E. Duggan, & S. Moore, "An evaluation of software development practices among small firms in developing countries: A test of a simplified software process improvement model", Journal of Global Information Management (JGIM), 24(3), 45-70.
• M. N. Khokhar, A. Mansoor, M.N. Khokhar, S. U. Rehman & A. Rauf, "MECA: Software process improvement for small organizations", 2010 International Conference on Information and Emerging Technologies (ICIET), Karachi, Pakistan 1-6, 2010.
• A. Raninen, J. J. Ahonen, H. M. Sihvonen, P. Savolainen & S. Beecham, "LAPPI: A light‐weight technique to practical process modeling and improvement target identification", Journal of Software: Evolution and Process, 25(9), 915-93
• M. L. Sanchez-Gordon, A. de Amescua, R. V. O’Connor & X. Larrucea, "A standard-based framework to integrate software work in small settings", Computer Standards & Interfaces, 54, 162-175.
• E. Kabaal & G. M. Kituyi, "A theoretical framework for requirements engineering and process improvement in small and medium software companies", Business Process Management Journal, 21(1), 80-99.
• R. Z. R. M. Ali & S. Ibrahim, "An application tool to support the implementation of integrated software process improvement for Malaysia's SME", 2011 5th Malaysian Conference in Software Engineering (MySEC), Johor Bahru, Malaysia, 177-182, 2011.
• G. V. Boas, A. R. C. da Rocha & M. P. do Amaral, “An approach to implement software process improvement in small and mid-sized organizations”, International Conference on the Quality of Information and Communications Technology, 447-452, 2010.
• H. Rahmani, A. Sami & A. Khalili, “CIP-UQIM: A unified model for quality improvement in software SME's based on CMMI level 2 and 3”, Information and Software Technology, 71, 27-57.
• T. McGovern, A. Small & C. Hicks, "Diffusion of process improvement methods in European SMEs", International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 37(5), 607-629, 2017.
• M. Jezreel, M. Mirna, N. Pablo, O. Edgar, G. Alejandro & M. Sandra, “Identifying findings for software process improvement in SMEs: an experience”, 2012 IEEE Ninth Electronics, Robotics and Automotive Mechanics Conference (CERMA), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico, 141-146, 2012.
• G. Santos, M. Montoni, J. Vasconcellos, S. Figueiredo, R. Cabral, C. Cerdeiral & A. R. Rocha, "Implementing software process improvement initiatives in small and medium-size enterprises in Brazil", 6th International Conference on Quality of Information and Communications Technology (QUATIC), Lisbon, Portugal, 187-198, 2007.
• S. Bibi, V. C. Gerogiannis, G. Kakarontzas & I. Stamelos, "Ontology based bayesian software process improvenent", 9th International Conference on Software Engineering and Applications (ICSOFT-EA), Vienna, Austria, 568-575, 2014.
• S. Nousala, P. Ifandoudas, M. Terziovski & R. Chapman, "Process improvement and ICTs in Australian SMEs: a selection and implementation framework", Production Planning and Control, 19(8), 735-753, 2008.
• A. M. Solyman, O. A. Ibrahim & A. A. M. Elhag, "Project management and software quality control method for small and medium enterprise", International Conference on Computing, Control, Networking, Electronics and Embedded Systems Engineering (ICCNEEE), 123-128, 2015.
• J. Mejia, E. Muñoz & M. Muñoz, "Reinforcing the applicability of multi-model environments for software process improvement using knowledge management", Science of Computer Programming, 121, 3-15, 2016.
• M. Kalinowski, K. Weber, N. Franco, E. Barroso, V. Duarte, D. Zanetti & G. Santos, "Results of 10 years of software process improvement in Brazil based on the MPS-SW Model", 9th International Conference on the Quality of Information and Communications Technology (QUATIC), Guimaraes, Portugal, 28-37, 2014.
• A. Majchrowski, C. Ponsard, S. Saadaoui, J. Flamand & J. C. Deprez, "Software development practices in small entities: an ISO29110‐based survey", Journal of Software: Evolution and Process, 28(11), 990-999, 2016.
• F. J. Pino, O. Pedreira, F. García, M. R. Luaces & M. Piattini, "Using Scrum to guide the execution of software process improvement in small organizations", Journal of systems and software, 83(10), 1662-1677, 2010.
• H. Oktaba & A. Vázquez, "A software process model for small enterprises", Software Process Improvement for Small and Medium Enterprises: techniques and case studies, 170-176, 2008.
• V. F. del Maschi, L. S. Souza, M. de Mesquita Spínola, W. Vendramel, I. Costa, J. Pirola, J & A. de Lima Esteves, "Practical experience in customization for a software development process for small companies based on RUP process and MSF", Software Process Improvement for Small and Medium Enterprises: Techniques and Case Studies, 71-93, 2008.
• B. Shen & T. Ruan, "A case study of software process improvement in a chinese small company", 2008 International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering, Wuhan, China, 2, 609-612, 2008.
• R. Villarroel, Y. Gómez, R. Gajardo & O. Rodríguez, "Implementation of an improvement cycle using the COMPETISOFT methodological framework and the tutelkan platform", 2009 International Conference of the Chilean Computer Science Society, Santiago, Chile, 97-104, 2009.
• P. Lohier & P. R. Dapena, "Yes, very small organizations in the IT sector can benefit from being recognised internationally", 11th International Conference on the Quality of Information and Communications Technology (QUATIC), Coimbra, Portugal, 8-14, 2018.
• F. Pettersson, M. Ivarsson, T. Gorschek & P. Öhman, "A practitioner’s guide to light weight software process assessment and improvement planning", Journal of Systems and Software, 81(6), 972-995.
• I. Garcia, C. Pacheco & D. Cruz, "Adopting an RIA-Based Tool for Supporting Assessment, Implementation and Learning in Software Process Improvement under the NMX-I-059/02-NYCE-2005 Standard in Small Software Enterprises", 2010 Eighth ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering Research, Management and Applications (SERA), Montreal, Canada, 29-35, 2010.
• F. McCaffery, M. Pikkarainen & I. Richardson, "AHAA-Agile, hybrid assessment method for automotive, safety critical SMEs", 30th international conference on Software engineering, 551-560, 2008.
• F. J. Pino, C. Pardo, F. García & M. Piattini, "Assessment methodology for software process improvement in small organizations", Information and Software Technology, 52(10), 1044-1061.
• N. Habra, S. Alexandre, J. M. Desharnais, C.Y. Laporte, & A. Renault, “Initiating software process improvement in very small enterprises: Experience with a light assessment tool”, Information and software technology, 50(7-8), 763-771, 2008.
• D. Homchuenchom, C. Piyabunditkul, H. Lichter & T. Anwar, “SPIALS: A light-weight software process improvement self-assessment tool", 5th Malaysian Conference in Software Engineering (MySEC), Johor Bahru, Malaysia, 195-199, 2011.
• S. Ibrahim & R. Z. R. M. Ali, "Study on acceptance of customized Software Process Improvement (SPI) model for Malaysia's SME", 5th Malaysian Conference in Software Engineering (MySEC), Johor Bahru, Malaysia, 25-30, 2011.
• S. Kohan, M. S. de Paula Pessôa & M. de Mesquita Spinola, "QuickLocus: A Software Development Process Evaluation Method for Small-Sized Organizations", Software Process Improvement for Small and Medium Enterprises: Techniques and Case Studies, 109-139, 2008.
• T. Varkoi, "Process assessment in very small entities-An ISO/IEC 29110 based method", 7th International Conference on the Quality of Information and Communications Technology (QUATIC), Porto, Portugal, 436-440, 2010.
• N. L. Hiregoudar & B. Soragaon, "Overall worker effectiveness (OWE) towards Six Sigma level output in Small and Medium-sized Manufacturing Enterprises: A micro analysis of factors affecting", PICMET 2010 Technology Management for Global Economic Growth, Phuket, Thailand, 1-7, 2010.
• L. P. Singh, A. Bhardwaj & A. Sachdeva, "The Impact of ISO Implementation on Output Parameters in SME's in India", PICMET'07-2007 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering & Technology, Portland, Oregon, USA, 2031-2037, 2007.
• P. Clarke & R. V. O’Connor, "The influence of SPI on business success in software SMEs: An empirical study", Journal of Systems and Software, 85(10), 2356-2367, 2012.
• C. F. Oduoza & P. G. Smith, "Web based tool to sustain continuous improvement and productivity in manufacturing small and medium size enterprises (SMEs)", 4th International Conference on Adaptive Science & Technology (ICAST), Kumasi, Ghana, 143-148, 2012.
• M. A. Almomani, S. Basri & A. R.Gilal, "Empirical study of software process improvement in Malaysian small and medium enterprises: The human aspects", Journal of Software: Evolution and Process, 30(10), e1953, 2018.
• P. Sharma & A. L. Sangal, "Framework for empirical examination and modeling structural dependencies among inhibitors that impact SPI implementation initiatives in software SMEs", Journal of Software: Evolution and Process, 30(12), e1993, 2018.
• P. Lückmann & C. Feldmann, “Success factors for business process improvement projects in small and medium sized enterprises–empirical evidence", Procedia computer science, 121, 439-445, 2017.
• P. Sharma & A. L. Sangal, "Building a hierarchical structure model of enablers that affect the software process improvement in software SMEs - A mixed method approach", Computer Standards & Interfaces, 66, 103350, 2019.
• A. Singh & S. S. Gill, "Measuring the maturity of Indian small and medium enterprises for unofficial readiness for capability maturity model integration‐based software process improvement", Journal of Software: Evolution and Process, e2261, 2020.
• S. Etkeser & L. Apilioğulları, “Designating Industry 4.0 Maturity Items and Weights for Small and Medium Enterprises”. Bilişim Teknolojileri Dergisi, 14(1), 79-86, 2021.