FORMS OF ETHNIC (GYPSY) LABOR PARTICIPATION IN INFORMAL LABOR MARKETS AND EFFECTIVE FACTORS IN THIS PROCESS : IN CASES OF İSTANBUL (CANKURTARAN) AND EDİRNE (MENZİLAHIR)
Abstract
After 1970s, the theoretical discussions on labor market emphasizes the
restructuring process by which labor markets have been reshaped and its
dynamics have been changed especially together with decreasing formal
employment opportunities and increasing flexibility in labor usage
(BLUESTONE, HARRISON; 1982, aktaran MATTINGLY;1999, s.49). While
flexibility for high skilled labor means increasing skills and responsibilities,
flexibility for others means relocation of permanent labor with temporary ones.
Responding to development in servis sector, besides an increase in high level
specialized, high salaried and high educated jobs, there has been an increase in
unspecialized, low skilled, low educated and low pay jobs. In addition,
elimination of standardized manufacturing jobs leads to a decrease in middle
level jobs that also increases polarization in employment. As a result of
restructuring process, polarization and informal employment have increased in
the labor markets. Especially, the new employment practices affect very risky
groups (ethnic labor, immigrants, women etc.) negatively and have increased
usage of ethnic labor for temporary jobs in informal labor markets.
It has been observed that polarization in jobs has affected labor market
organization and has leaded to two main tendecies in labor markets (SASSEN;
1995, s.11). First one is the weakening role of the firm in structuring the
employment relation due to the fact that more is left to the market. A second
tendency in this restructuring of the labor market is what could be described as
the shift of labor market functions to the household or community. The second
tendecy is most evident in the case of immigrant and ethnic communities.
There is a large body of evidence showing that once or a few immigrant and
ethnic workers are hired in a given workplace, they tend to bring in other
members from their communities as job openings arise (PORTES;1995 aktaran
SASSEN, 1997, S.12). There is also evidence showing great willingness on the
part of immigrant and ethnic workers to help those they bring in with some
training on the job, language instruction, and specialization into the job and
workplace. This amounts to a displacement of traditional labor market functions
such as recruitment, screening and training from the labor market and the firm
to the community or household. The labor market can then be reconceived as an
activity space that contains a space dependency between employers and the
community/household. If the firms are informal, the job search by immigrants
and ethnic labor entails stepping into networks that lead and confine them to
informal labor markets.
This research, parallel to increasing debates on this issue, focuses on
concentration of Gypsy labor in Cankurtaran and Menzilahır for informal jobs.
Working on such a frame aims at showing forms of labor participation to
informal labor market, the effective factors in this process and especially the
role of neighbourhoods on labor market regulation. To reach this aim, both
Gypsy labor in Cankurtaran and Menzilahır and the firms where this labor have
been working are interviewed.
Overlapping of the structural features of Gypsy labor and jobs demanded in
informal labor markets leads to flexible and different employment practices
(flexible hours, team works etc.) in organization and realization of jobs. In
shaping of demand for jobs and to find jobs, socialization processes which are
not realized in schools but in squares of neighbourhoods and cafes have become
determinant. Intensive usage of social networks in segregated housing areas has
increased the segregation in informal jobs. Nearness of the neighbourhoods to
main transportation networks, having low quality and low priced housing areas
and location of the neigbourhoods at a accessable distance to the city centers
have encouraged clustering of ethnic groups in the neigbourhoods. It has also
been observed that ethnic clusters make easier to access job opportunities and
economic resources, and to participate in informal networks for hiring labor.
ETNİK (ÇİNGENE) İŞGÜCÜNÜN ENFORMEL İŞGÜCÜ PİYASASINA KATILIM BİÇİMLERİ VE BU SÜREÇTE ETKİLİ OLAN FAKTÖRLER: İSTANBUL (CANKURTARAN) VE EDİRNE (MENZİLAHIR) ÖRNEKLERİ
Abstract
1970 sonrası işgücü piyasaları üzerindeki tartışmalar, yeniden yapılanma süreciyle birlikte işgücü piyasalarının yeniden şekillendiğini ve işgücü piyasası dinamiklerinin değiştiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu süreçteki uygulamalar, özellikle en riskli grupları (etnik gruplar,göçmenler, kadınlar vb.) olumsuz yönde etkilemekte ve sosyal ağları kullanan etnik işgücünün geçici işlerde enformel olarak kullanımlarını artırmaktadır.Bu çalışma son dönemde artan bu tartışmaların paralelinde, Cankurtaran ve Menzilahır mahallelerinde oturan çingene işgücünün enformel işlerde yoğunlaşması üzerine odaklanmıştır. Enformel işgücü piyasasına katılım biçimleri, bu süreçte etkili olan faktörler ve özellikle de işgücü piyasasının düzenlenmesinde mahallelerin rollerini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaca yönelik olarak her iki mahalledeki çingene işgücü ile onları çalıştıran işyerlerinde anket ve detaylı görüşmeler yapılmıştır.Enformel işgücü piyasalarında talep edilen işlerle çingene işgücünün yapısal özelliklerinin örtüşmesi işin organize edilmesinde (simsarların kullanılması vb.) ve gerçekleştirilmesinde esnek ve farklı iş pratiklerini (esnek çalışma saatleri, takım olarak çalışma vb.) ortaya çıkarmaktadır. İş beklentisinin şekillenmesinde ve iş bulmada okulların değil, meydan ve kahvelerde gerçekleşen sosyalleşme süreçlerinin belirleyici olduğu görülmektedir. Ayrışmış konut alanlarında sosyal ağların yoğun kullanılması, enformel işlerdeki ayrışmayı artırmaktadır. Her iki mahallenin toplu taşımağlarına yakınlığı, niteliksiz düşük maliyetli konut alanlarına sahip olması ve merkeze ulaşılabilir bir mesafede bulunması, etnik grupların bu alanlarda mekansal olarak kümelenmelerini desteklemektedir. Etnik kümelenmelerin, iş olanaklarına ve ekonomik kaynaklara kolay erişimi ve enformel işe eleman alma ağlarına kolay katılımı sağladığı görülmektedir.
Details
| Other ID | JA44BB74TT |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 1, 2009 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2009 Volume: 11 Issue: 1 |