Research Article

THE MODIFIED BLANK FIREARMS AND FIREARMS PRODUCED WITH ADDITIVE PRODUCTION TECHNIQUE AS A SECURITY THREAT: GHOST WEAPONS

Volume: 15 Number: 1 May 22, 2026
TR EN

THE MODIFIED BLANK FIREARMS AND FIREARMS PRODUCED WITH ADDITIVE PRODUCTION TECHNIQUE AS A SECURITY THREAT: GHOST WEAPONS

Abstract

The illicit production, trade, and circulation of firearms and their components constitute significant public security challenges at national and international levels. Firearms, with an estimated operational lifespan exceeding 50 years, exacerbate global conflicts, terrorism, and organized crime. This study examines the emergence and proliferation of "ghost guns," firearms lacking serial numbers or identifying marks, which are increasingly manufactured using advanced technologies such as high-strength polymer injection moulding, additive manufacturing (3D printing), and compact CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machining. These methods facilitate the production of untraceable firearms at low cost and with minimal expertise, amplifying risks to public safety. Ghost guns circumvent international and national regulations, enabling terrorist organizations, non-state armed groups, and criminal networks to acquire weaponry without oversight. This research highlights how deactivated or blank firearms are modified to fire live ammunition and how advancements in additive manufacturing enable the production of complex weapon components, such as rifled barrels, from durable materials like stainless steel and aluminium. Similarly, compact CNC machines have democratized access to professional-grade firearms production, challenging conventional law enforcement measures. Despite existing international protocols, including the UN Protocol against Illicit Manufacturing and Trafficking of Firearms, inconsistent definitions and enforcement undermine global efforts to combat this issue. The lack of harmonized definitions, particularly regarding automatic and semi-automatic firearms, complicates legal adjudication and the classification of offences, as seen in the European Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism. The study underscores the urgent need for unified global definitions of firearms and their components, comprehensive regulations targeting firearm production technologies, and more vigorous enforcement mechanisms. It advocates for international collaboration to address vulnerabilities in tracking and controlling firearm proliferation, particularly ghost guns. Additionally, the study recommends updating laws to counter the conversion of blank firearms and establishing monitoring systems for emerging firearm manufacturing technologies. By exploring the interplay between technology, policy, and security, this study provides critical insights into the challenges of ghost guns and offers actionable recommendations to mitigate their impact. The findings emphasize the necessity for global cooperation and proactive legislative measures to counter the escalating threat posed by unregistered and untraceable firearms.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Forensic Medicine

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

May 22, 2026

Submission Date

December 10, 2024

Acceptance Date

May 20, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 15 Number: 1

APA
Öğünç, G. İ. (2026). THE MODIFIED BLANK FIREARMS AND FIREARMS PRODUCED WITH ADDITIVE PRODUCTION TECHNIQUE AS A SECURITY THREAT: GHOST WEAPONS. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.1599422
AMA
1.Öğünç Gİ. THE MODIFIED BLANK FIREARMS AND FIREARMS PRODUCED WITH ADDITIVE PRODUCTION TECHNIQUE AS A SECURITY THREAT: GHOST WEAPONS. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;15(1):1-17. doi:10.28956/gbd.1599422
Chicago
Öğünç, Gökhan İbrahim. 2026. “THE MODIFIED BLANK FIREARMS AND FIREARMS PRODUCED WITH ADDITIVE PRODUCTION TECHNIQUE AS A SECURITY THREAT: GHOST WEAPONS”. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi 15 (1): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.1599422.
EndNote
Öğünç Gİ (May 1, 2026) THE MODIFIED BLANK FIREARMS AND FIREARMS PRODUCED WITH ADDITIVE PRODUCTION TECHNIQUE AS A SECURITY THREAT: GHOST WEAPONS. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi 15 1 1–17.
IEEE
[1]G. İ. Öğünç, “THE MODIFIED BLANK FIREARMS AND FIREARMS PRODUCED WITH ADDITIVE PRODUCTION TECHNIQUE AS A SECURITY THREAT: GHOST WEAPONS”, Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1–17, May 2026, doi: 10.28956/gbd.1599422.
ISNAD
Öğünç, Gökhan İbrahim. “THE MODIFIED BLANK FIREARMS AND FIREARMS PRODUCED WITH ADDITIVE PRODUCTION TECHNIQUE AS A SECURITY THREAT: GHOST WEAPONS”. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi 15/1 (May 1, 2026): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.1599422.
JAMA
1.Öğünç Gİ. THE MODIFIED BLANK FIREARMS AND FIREARMS PRODUCED WITH ADDITIVE PRODUCTION TECHNIQUE AS A SECURITY THREAT: GHOST WEAPONS. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;15:1–17.
MLA
Öğünç, Gökhan İbrahim. “THE MODIFIED BLANK FIREARMS AND FIREARMS PRODUCED WITH ADDITIVE PRODUCTION TECHNIQUE AS A SECURITY THREAT: GHOST WEAPONS”. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 15, no. 1, May 2026, pp. 1-17, doi:10.28956/gbd.1599422.
Vancouver
1.Gökhan İbrahim Öğünç. THE MODIFIED BLANK FIREARMS AND FIREARMS PRODUCED WITH ADDITIVE PRODUCTION TECHNIQUE AS A SECURITY THREAT: GHOST WEAPONS. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026 May 1;15(1):1-17. doi:10.28956/gbd.1599422

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