SEMPATİZAN, FAİL?: DÖRT DALGADA KADIN TERÖRİSTLER

Year 2020, , 555 - 576, 23.11.2020

Zeynep Ekiz

https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.830099

Abstract

Öz
Terörizm tarihi incelendiğinde kadınların bu tarihin ayrılmaz bir parçasını oluşturduğu görülür. Tarih boyunca kadınlar dünyanın dört bir yanındaki terör örgütlerine katılmış ve şiddet içerikli faaliyetlerde bulunmuşlardır. Bu kadınlar terör örgütlerinin hemen her kademesinde faaliyet göstermiş ve örgüt içerisinde birçok farklı rol üstlenmişlerdir. Bu roller kimi zaman pasif bir sempatizanlık şeklinde olabileceği gibi, örgüt için hayati önem taşıyan destekleyici roller de olabilir. Çatışmaların devamlılığı için gerekli olan gelecek nesilleri doğurma ve doktrinasyonunu sağlama, propaganda faaliyetleri, eleman temini, finansman sağlama ve istihbarat toplama bunlardan yalnızca birkaçıdır. Ancak zaman içerisinde bu destekleyici roller daha ölümcül seviyelere ulaşan operasyonel rollere dönüşmeye ve kadınlar şiddet içerikli faaliyetlere doğrudan katılmaya başlamışlardır. Son zamanlarda karşımıza intihar bombacıları olarak çıkan kadın teröristler, örgüt içindeki erkeklere kıyasla daha başarılı ve ölümcül saldırılar gerçekleştirir hale gelmişlerdir. Bu makale terörizmin uzun tarihi içerisinde kadınların terör örgütlerine katılımını ve zamanla bu örgütler içerisindeki rollerinin değişimini David Rapoport’un Terörizmin Dört Dalgası tasnifi üzerinden incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Kadınlar her ne kadar modern terörizmin ortaya çıkışından bugüne kadar terör örgütlerinde önemli roller oynamış olsalar da faaliyetleri çoğunlukla destekleyici rollerle sınırlı kalmıştır. Kadın teröristler nadiren örgütlerin liderlik kadrolarında yer almış ve karar alma mekanizmalarında etkili olamamıştır.

Keywords

Terörizm, Kadın Teröristler, Rapoport, Terörizmin Dört Dalgası

SYMPATHIZER, PERPETRATOR?: WOMEN TERRORISTS IN THE FOUR WAVES

Abstract

When the history of terrorism is examined, it is seen that women form an integral part of it. Throughout history, women have participated in terrorist organizations and engaged in violent activities all around the world. These women have been active in almost all levels and have played multiple roles within such organizations. These roles can sometimes be in the form of a passive sympathy, or they may also be in the form of supportive roles that are vital for the organization. Giving birth to the future generations and doctrinization of these generations which are vital for the continuation of conflicts, propaganda activities, recruitment, fundraising and intelligence gathering are just a few of them. However, over time, these supporting roles have begun to turn into operational roles which are more deadly and women have began directly to involve in violent activities. In recent times, women terrorists emerging as suicide bombers and have carried out more successful and deadly attacks compare to their malecounterparts. This article aims to examine the participation of women in terrorist organizations and the change of their roles in these organizations in the long history of terrorism through the classification of David Rapoport's Four Waves of Terrorism. Although women have played an important role in terrorist organizations since the emergence of modern terrorism, their activities were mostly limited to supportive roles. Women terrorists rarely took part in the leadership positions and were not effective in decision making mechanisms in terrorist organizations.

Keywords

Terrorism, Women Terrorists, Rapoport, FourWwaves of Terrorism

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