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Decision Mechanisms At Using Of Armed Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

Year 2018, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 111 - 130, 11.05.2018
https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.422803

Abstract

ABSTRACT



In the last decade Unmanned
Aerial Vehicles have become more visible with technological improvements,
the public recagnition has increased with the mounted arms on vehicles.
However, the technological development of the vehicle has necessitated a
multi-decision mechanism in its use-unlike human-on-board aircraft. For this
reason, in the use of the unmanned aerial vehicle, subjects requiring solution
have emerged; in terms of who will be and what extent be authorized and
responsible from the vehicle itself to the operator, from the responsible
commander to the political decision maker. In this context the aim of study is
to determine the decision mechanisms for the use of vehicles and to make
recommendations on the responsibilities of decision makers.

References

  • Ackerman, S.(2011a). While Libya War Grows, Obama Team Denies It's a War, https://www.wired.com/2011/03/while-libya-war-grows-obama-team-denies-its-a-war/ (24.03.2011) (erişim tarihi:21.11.2017).
  • Ackerman, S.(2011b). Libya: The Real U.S. Drone War, https://www.wired.com/2011/10 /predator-libya/ (20.10.2011) (erişim tarihi:21.11.2017).
  • Ackerman B. (2011). Legal Acrobatics, Illegal War, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/21/ opinion/21Ackerman.html (erişim tarihi: 14.03.2018).
  • Ak, T. & Çobanoğlu N. (2015). “İnsansız Savaş Araçları ve Etik”, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6 (2), 13-25.
  • Ak, T. (2017a). Günümüzün Değişen Çatışma Koşullarında İnsansız Savaş Araçları ve Etik Tartışmalar, Sistem Ofset Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Ak, T. (2017b). “Günümüzde Değişen Savaş Koşulları ile İnsansız Hava Araçlarının Kullanımına İlişikin Hukuki Çerçeve”, 3rd International Congress on Political, Economic and Social Studies Abstracts Boook (ICPESS/ 3. Uluslararası Politik, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Kongresi Bildiri Özetleri Kitabı) 9-11 Kasım 2017, Ankara/ Türkiye.
  • Altmann, J. (2013). “Arms Control for Armed Uninhabited Vehicles: an Ethical Issue”, Ethics and Information Technology, (15), 137–152.
  • Arnold, R. (2015). “The Legal Implications of the Use of Systems with Autonomous Capabilities in Military Operations”, Autonomous System, Issues for Defence Policy Makers, ed. A.P.Williams & P.D. Scharre, NATO, Virginia, USA, 83-97.
  • Bethlehem D. (2012). “Principles Relevant to The Scope of A State’s Right of Self-Defence Against An Actual or Imminent Armed Attack By Non-State Actors”, American Journal of International Law, 106 (4), 1-8.
  • Brooke-Holland, L. (2015). Overview of Military Drones Used by the UK Armed Forces. Briefing Paper, Number 06493, 8 October 2015, House of Common Library.
  • Boyle M. J. (2015). “The Legal and Ethical Implications of Drone Warfare”, The International Journal of Human Rights, 19 (2), 105-126.
  • Cohen Z. (2017). US risks losing artificial intelligence arms race to China and Russia, https://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/29/politics/us-military-artificial-intelligence-russia-china/index.html (erişim tarihi: 14.03.2018).
  • Cummings M. L. (2017). Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Warfare, The Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House, London, UK.
  • Çaycı, S. (1995). Silahlı Kuvvetlerin Kullanılması, Ankara, Genelkurmay Basımevi.
  • Dowd, A. D. (2013). “Drone Wars: Risks and Warnings”, Parameters, 42(4)/ 43(1), 7-16.
  • Ereker, F. A. (2004), “İlkçağlardan Günümüze Haklı Savaş Kavramı”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 1(3), 1-36.
  • Gogarty, B., Hagger, M. (2008). “The Laws of Man over Vehicles Unmanned: The Legal Response to Robotic Revolution on Sea, Land and Air”, Journal of Law, Information and Science, (19), 73-145.
  • Guetlein, M. (2005). Lethal Autonomous weapons-Ethical and Doctrinal Implications, Naval War College, USA.
  • Gupta, Suraj G., Ghonge, Mangesh M., Jawandhiya, P. M. (2013). “Review of Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS)”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET), (2/4), 1646-1658.
  • Hobbs, A. (2010). “Unmanned Aircraft Systems”, Human Factors in Aviation, ed. E.Salas& D.Maurino, San Diego: Academic Press, 505-531.
  • Hucklesby, S., Lee, P., Morrison, P., Reed, E. & Schulte, P. (2013). Drones: Ethical Dilemmas in the Application of Military Force. Joint Public İssues Team, s.1. www.jointpublicissues.org.uk/drones-ethical-dilemmas-in-the-application-of-military-force/ (erişim tarihi: 09.03.2014).
  • ICRC (2004). Uluslararsı İnsalcıl Hukuk Sorularınıza Cevaplar, Türk Kızılayı, Ankara.
  • JAPCC/ Joint Air Power Competence Center (2010). Strategic Concept of Employment for Unmanned Aircraft Systems in NATO, Kalkar/Germany.
  • Kennedy, G. (2013). “Drones: Legitimacy and Anti-Americanism”, Parameters, 42(4) /43(1), 25-28.
  • Kreps, S., Kaag, J. (2012). “The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Contemporary Conflict: A Legal and Ethical Analysis”, Polity, 44 (2), 260-285.
  • Lin, P., Abneyb, K. & Bekey, G. (2011). “Robot Ethics: Mapping the Issues for a Mechanized World”, Artificial Intelligence, (175), 942–949.
  • Marcus, J. (2013). Robot Savaşları Mümkün mü? http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkce/haberler/ 2013/03/ 130304_robot_savaşlari.shtml (erişim tarihi: 09.03.2014).
  • Mayer, C. (2015). “Developing Autonomuous Systemsin an Ethical Manner”, Autonomous System, Issues for Defence Policy Makers, ed. A.P.Williams & P.D. Scharre, NATO, Virginia, USA, 65-82.
  • Mcdaniel, E. A. (2008). Robot Wars: Legal and Ethical Dilemmas of Using Unmanned Robotic Systems in 21st Century Warfare And Beyond, Missouri State University, Springfield, Missouri, A thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College in partial fulfillment of the equirements for the degree, Master of Military Art And Science General Studies.
  • Nolin, P. C. (2012). Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Opportunities and Challenges for the Alliance. Special Report, 157 Science and Technology Committee, 12 E rev. 1, NATO Parliamentary Assembly.
  • Noonan, M. P., Hilen J. (2002). “The Promise of Dicisive Action: The New Protracted Conflict”, Orbis, 46 (2), 229-246.
  • Roorda, M. (2015). NATO’s Targeting Process: Ensuring Human Control Over (and Lawful Use of) ‘Autonomous’ Weapons, Autonomous System, Issues for Defence Policy Makers, ed. A.P.Williams & P.D. Scharre, NATO, Virginia, USA, 152-168.
  • Schwappach, A., Smith, A.(2011). The Ethics of Unmanned Vehicle Warfare.www.spacewar.com/reports/The_ethics_of_unmanned_vehicle_warfare_999.html (08 Dec 2011) (erişim tarihi:08.03.2014).
  • Stansbury, R.S. (2014). Ethical Concerns of Unmanned and Autonomous Systems in Engineering Programs, 121st ASEE Annual Conferance, 15-18 June 2014, Indianapolis, USA.
  • Straub, J. (2013). “Unmanned Aerial Systems: Consideration of the Use of Force for Law Enforcement Applications”, Technology in Society, xxx, 1-10.
  • Quintana, E. (2008). The Ethics and Legal Implications of Military Unmanned Vehicles, The British Computer Society, Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies, Occasional Paper.
  • UK Ministry of Defence. (2008). British Defence Doctrine, Joint Doctrine Publication 0-01 (JDP 0-01), UK.
  • UK Ministry of Defence (2017). Unmanned Aircraft System, Wiltshire, UK.
  • United Nations (2013), Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms While Countering Terrorism, A/68/389, 18 September 2013, https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/2DAADAFC 4682762585257C0B00609364
  • US International and Operational Law Department (2012). Law of Armed Conflict Deskbook, The United States Army Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School Charlottesville, VA.
  • US Joint Doctrine and Concepts Centre (2004). The Joınt Servıce Manual Of The Law Of Armed Conflıct, Joint Service Publication 383.
  • Yamaner M.B., Öktem, E., Kurtdarcan, B., Uzun, M.C. (2008). 12 Ağustos 1949 Tarihli Cenevre Sözleşmeleri ve Protokolleri, Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakiültesi Yayınları Nu:42, İstanbul.

SİLAHLI İNSANSIZ HAVA ARAÇLARININ KULLANIMINDA KARAR MEKANİZMALARI

Year 2018, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 111 - 130, 11.05.2018
https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.422803

Abstract

ÖZ



 



      İnsansız Hava Araçları son on yılda
teknolojik gelişmelerle birlikte daha çok görünür olmuş, araçlara silah monte
edilmesi ile birlikte kamuoyu tarafından bilinirliği artmıştır. Ancak aracın
teknolojik gelişmişliği, -insanlı uçaklardan farklı olarak- kullanımında çoklu
karar mekanizmasını da gerekli kılmıştır. Bu nedenle silahlı insansız hava
aracı kullanımında aracın kendisinden operatörüne, sorumlu komutanından politik
karar alıcısına kadar kimlerin ne ölçüde yetkili ve sorumlu olacağı hususu
çözüm gerektiren konular olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın amacı,
araçların kullanımına ilişkin karar mekanizmalarını belirlemek ve karar
vericilerin sorumluluklarına yönelik öneriler getirmektedir..

References

  • Ackerman, S.(2011a). While Libya War Grows, Obama Team Denies It's a War, https://www.wired.com/2011/03/while-libya-war-grows-obama-team-denies-its-a-war/ (24.03.2011) (erişim tarihi:21.11.2017).
  • Ackerman, S.(2011b). Libya: The Real U.S. Drone War, https://www.wired.com/2011/10 /predator-libya/ (20.10.2011) (erişim tarihi:21.11.2017).
  • Ackerman B. (2011). Legal Acrobatics, Illegal War, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/21/ opinion/21Ackerman.html (erişim tarihi: 14.03.2018).
  • Ak, T. & Çobanoğlu N. (2015). “İnsansız Savaş Araçları ve Etik”, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6 (2), 13-25.
  • Ak, T. (2017a). Günümüzün Değişen Çatışma Koşullarında İnsansız Savaş Araçları ve Etik Tartışmalar, Sistem Ofset Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Ak, T. (2017b). “Günümüzde Değişen Savaş Koşulları ile İnsansız Hava Araçlarının Kullanımına İlişikin Hukuki Çerçeve”, 3rd International Congress on Political, Economic and Social Studies Abstracts Boook (ICPESS/ 3. Uluslararası Politik, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Kongresi Bildiri Özetleri Kitabı) 9-11 Kasım 2017, Ankara/ Türkiye.
  • Altmann, J. (2013). “Arms Control for Armed Uninhabited Vehicles: an Ethical Issue”, Ethics and Information Technology, (15), 137–152.
  • Arnold, R. (2015). “The Legal Implications of the Use of Systems with Autonomous Capabilities in Military Operations”, Autonomous System, Issues for Defence Policy Makers, ed. A.P.Williams & P.D. Scharre, NATO, Virginia, USA, 83-97.
  • Bethlehem D. (2012). “Principles Relevant to The Scope of A State’s Right of Self-Defence Against An Actual or Imminent Armed Attack By Non-State Actors”, American Journal of International Law, 106 (4), 1-8.
  • Brooke-Holland, L. (2015). Overview of Military Drones Used by the UK Armed Forces. Briefing Paper, Number 06493, 8 October 2015, House of Common Library.
  • Boyle M. J. (2015). “The Legal and Ethical Implications of Drone Warfare”, The International Journal of Human Rights, 19 (2), 105-126.
  • Cohen Z. (2017). US risks losing artificial intelligence arms race to China and Russia, https://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/29/politics/us-military-artificial-intelligence-russia-china/index.html (erişim tarihi: 14.03.2018).
  • Cummings M. L. (2017). Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Warfare, The Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House, London, UK.
  • Çaycı, S. (1995). Silahlı Kuvvetlerin Kullanılması, Ankara, Genelkurmay Basımevi.
  • Dowd, A. D. (2013). “Drone Wars: Risks and Warnings”, Parameters, 42(4)/ 43(1), 7-16.
  • Ereker, F. A. (2004), “İlkçağlardan Günümüze Haklı Savaş Kavramı”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 1(3), 1-36.
  • Gogarty, B., Hagger, M. (2008). “The Laws of Man over Vehicles Unmanned: The Legal Response to Robotic Revolution on Sea, Land and Air”, Journal of Law, Information and Science, (19), 73-145.
  • Guetlein, M. (2005). Lethal Autonomous weapons-Ethical and Doctrinal Implications, Naval War College, USA.
  • Gupta, Suraj G., Ghonge, Mangesh M., Jawandhiya, P. M. (2013). “Review of Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS)”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET), (2/4), 1646-1658.
  • Hobbs, A. (2010). “Unmanned Aircraft Systems”, Human Factors in Aviation, ed. E.Salas& D.Maurino, San Diego: Academic Press, 505-531.
  • Hucklesby, S., Lee, P., Morrison, P., Reed, E. & Schulte, P. (2013). Drones: Ethical Dilemmas in the Application of Military Force. Joint Public İssues Team, s.1. www.jointpublicissues.org.uk/drones-ethical-dilemmas-in-the-application-of-military-force/ (erişim tarihi: 09.03.2014).
  • ICRC (2004). Uluslararsı İnsalcıl Hukuk Sorularınıza Cevaplar, Türk Kızılayı, Ankara.
  • JAPCC/ Joint Air Power Competence Center (2010). Strategic Concept of Employment for Unmanned Aircraft Systems in NATO, Kalkar/Germany.
  • Kennedy, G. (2013). “Drones: Legitimacy and Anti-Americanism”, Parameters, 42(4) /43(1), 25-28.
  • Kreps, S., Kaag, J. (2012). “The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Contemporary Conflict: A Legal and Ethical Analysis”, Polity, 44 (2), 260-285.
  • Lin, P., Abneyb, K. & Bekey, G. (2011). “Robot Ethics: Mapping the Issues for a Mechanized World”, Artificial Intelligence, (175), 942–949.
  • Marcus, J. (2013). Robot Savaşları Mümkün mü? http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkce/haberler/ 2013/03/ 130304_robot_savaşlari.shtml (erişim tarihi: 09.03.2014).
  • Mayer, C. (2015). “Developing Autonomuous Systemsin an Ethical Manner”, Autonomous System, Issues for Defence Policy Makers, ed. A.P.Williams & P.D. Scharre, NATO, Virginia, USA, 65-82.
  • Mcdaniel, E. A. (2008). Robot Wars: Legal and Ethical Dilemmas of Using Unmanned Robotic Systems in 21st Century Warfare And Beyond, Missouri State University, Springfield, Missouri, A thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College in partial fulfillment of the equirements for the degree, Master of Military Art And Science General Studies.
  • Nolin, P. C. (2012). Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Opportunities and Challenges for the Alliance. Special Report, 157 Science and Technology Committee, 12 E rev. 1, NATO Parliamentary Assembly.
  • Noonan, M. P., Hilen J. (2002). “The Promise of Dicisive Action: The New Protracted Conflict”, Orbis, 46 (2), 229-246.
  • Roorda, M. (2015). NATO’s Targeting Process: Ensuring Human Control Over (and Lawful Use of) ‘Autonomous’ Weapons, Autonomous System, Issues for Defence Policy Makers, ed. A.P.Williams & P.D. Scharre, NATO, Virginia, USA, 152-168.
  • Schwappach, A., Smith, A.(2011). The Ethics of Unmanned Vehicle Warfare.www.spacewar.com/reports/The_ethics_of_unmanned_vehicle_warfare_999.html (08 Dec 2011) (erişim tarihi:08.03.2014).
  • Stansbury, R.S. (2014). Ethical Concerns of Unmanned and Autonomous Systems in Engineering Programs, 121st ASEE Annual Conferance, 15-18 June 2014, Indianapolis, USA.
  • Straub, J. (2013). “Unmanned Aerial Systems: Consideration of the Use of Force for Law Enforcement Applications”, Technology in Society, xxx, 1-10.
  • Quintana, E. (2008). The Ethics and Legal Implications of Military Unmanned Vehicles, The British Computer Society, Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies, Occasional Paper.
  • UK Ministry of Defence. (2008). British Defence Doctrine, Joint Doctrine Publication 0-01 (JDP 0-01), UK.
  • UK Ministry of Defence (2017). Unmanned Aircraft System, Wiltshire, UK.
  • United Nations (2013), Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms While Countering Terrorism, A/68/389, 18 September 2013, https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/2DAADAFC 4682762585257C0B00609364
  • US International and Operational Law Department (2012). Law of Armed Conflict Deskbook, The United States Army Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School Charlottesville, VA.
  • US Joint Doctrine and Concepts Centre (2004). The Joınt Servıce Manual Of The Law Of Armed Conflıct, Joint Service Publication 383.
  • Yamaner M.B., Öktem, E., Kurtdarcan, B., Uzun, M.C. (2008). 12 Ağustos 1949 Tarihli Cenevre Sözleşmeleri ve Protokolleri, Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakiültesi Yayınları Nu:42, İstanbul.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Tarık Ak

Publication Date May 11, 2018
Submission Date February 2, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ak, T. (2018). SİLAHLI İNSANSIZ HAVA ARAÇLARININ KULLANIMINDA KARAR MEKANİZMALARI. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 111-130. https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.422803

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