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FOREIGN TERRORIST FIGHTERS IN BALKANS

Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 101 - 124, 12.05.2020
https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.736100

Abstract

In this study, the concept of "foreign terrorist fighter" which increased its popularity with the start of the Syrian Civil War was examined. Examples of foreign terrorist fighters have been encountered in ethnic or religious conflicts that have taken place in many parts of the world since the 18th century. However, as a natural result of the lack of a common definition of 'terrorism' in the literature, a global definition of the concept of foreign terrorist fighter cannot be made. At this juncture, there are two important decisions taken by the UN, and regarding these decisions, members states largely shape the FTF concept. Considering the geographical distribution of foreign terrorist fighters, the number of people traveling from the Balkan states to Syria and Iraq is less compared to other countries. But the increase in the number of people going to the region as time passed has been alarming Balkan states after a while. Those people going to the region have largely participated in salafist terrorist organizations such as DEASH, Al-Nusra Front. Among the estimated figures, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo were the states with a greater proportion than other Balkan countries. In line with these matters, the article will try to explain the concept of foreign terrorist fighters by referring to the age, gender, educational status, motivation sources and legal changes made by the countries of origin from Balkan countries to Syria or Iraq.

References

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  • Alic, A. (2019). Bosnia: Catching Up with ‘Terrorists’. Center for Security Studies.
  • Azinovic, V. (2018). Understanding Violent Extremism in The Western Balkans. Brıtısh Councıl. Erişim Tarihi: 15 Mart 2019. https://www.britishcouncil.me/sites/default/files/erf_report_western_balkans_2018.pdf
  • Azinovic, V. ve Jusic, M. (2015). "The Lure of The Syrian War: The Foreign Fighters’ Bosnian Contingent", Atlantic Initiative, 1-86.
  • Barrett, R. (2017). Beyond The Caliphate: Foreign Fighters And The Threat Of Returnees. The Soufan Center.
  • Bjelic, A. (2015). Bosna Hersek’te neler oluyor? Erişim Tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2019. https://www.bosnahersek.ba/bosna-hersekte-neler-oluyor-2/.
  • BM Güvenlik Konseyi 2170 Sayılı Kararı. (2014). Erişim Tarihi: 18 Şubat 2019, http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/2170
  • BM Güvenlik Konseyi 2178 Sayılı Kararı. (2014). Erişim Tarihi: 18 Şubat 2019, http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/2178
  • Bogdani, A. (2016). Albania Faces ‘Jihadi Fighters in the Shadows’ Threat. Balkan Investıgatıve Reporting Network. 4-9.
  • Bogdani, A. (2016). Shqipëria përballet me rrezikun e “luftëtarëve xhihadistë në hije” Erişim Tarihi: 20 Mayıs 2019. https://www.reporter.al/shqiperia-perballet-me-rrezikun-e-luftetareve-xhihadiste-ne-hije/.
  • Bosnia Brings Back, Detains Islamic Fighter From Syria. Erişim Tarihi: 20 Nisan 2019. https://www.balkans.com/article/us-bosnia-syria/bosnia-brings-back-detains-islamic-fighter-from-syria-idUSKCN1RW0AP.
  • Bosnia Plans Captured ISIS Fighters Return From Syria. Erişim Tarihi: 22 Şubat 2019. https://balkaninsight.com/2019/02/20/bosnian-plans-captured-isis-fighters-return-from-syria/.
  • Bryan, I. (2010). Sovereignty and the Foreign Fighter Problem. Orbis, 54(1). 115-129.
  • Coalition Removes ISIS Terrorists From Battlefield. (Ağustos,2017). Erişim Tarihi; 1 Nisan 2019. https://dod.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/1266520/coalition-removes-isis-terrorists-from-battlefield/source/GovDelivery/.
  • Corovic, A. (2017). Radicalization İn Serbia: The Youth Of Sandžak Between A Hammer And An Anvil. Atlantic Initiative. 125-136.
  • Demir, H. (2015). Yabancı Savaşçılar ve Homegrown Teröristler, Türkiye Ekonomi Politikaları Araştırma Vakfı, 1-11.
  • Domazeti, R. (2017). Balkanlar’da Daeş Riski: Gençler Üzerine Sosyopolitik Bır Analiz. İnsani ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Merkezi, 1-11.
  • Drymishi, A. (2017). Radicalization and the Governance of Islam in Albania. Atlantic Initiative. 21-31.
  • Dzidic, D. ve Jahic, A. (2016). Bosnia ‘Failing to Share Terror Threat Intelligence’ Balkan Investıgatıve Reporting Network. 10-17.
  • Flores, M. (2016). Foreign Fighters Involvement in National and International Wars: A Historical Survey. Guttry A. Capone, F. Paulussen, C. (Ed.) Foreign Fighters Under International Law and Beyond içinde (27-47 ss.). The Netherlands: Asser Press. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789462650985
  • Foreign Fighters Under Internatıonal Law. (2014, Ekim). Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights. Erişim Tarihi: 10 Mayıs 2019. https://www.geneva-academy.ch/joomlatools-files/docman-files/ Publications/Academy%20Briefings/Foreign%20Fighters_2015_WEB.pdf
  • Gadzo, M. (2016). Ibrahim Delic: Bosnian accused of aiding ISIL in Syria. Erişim Tarihi: 3 Mart 2019. https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/07 /ibrahim-delic-bosnian-accused-aiding-isil-syria-160714103407678.html
  • Guttry, A. Capone, F. ve Paulussen. C. (2016), Foreign Fighters Under International Law and Beyond, The Netherlands: Asser Press.
  • Güven, İ.F. (2017). Sosyal İnşacılık Bağlamında Bosna-Hersek’te Yabancı Savaşçılar ve Güvenlik Tartışmaları. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Yalova Üniversitesi.
  • Haberler. (2016). DAEŞ’e Katılan Arnavut Vatandaşı Öldürüldü. Erişim Tarihi: 12 Nisan 2019. https://www.haberler.com/daes-e-katilan-arnavut-vatandasi-olduruldu-8322585-haberi/.
  • Hegghammer, T. (2010). The Rise of Muslim Foreign Fighters: Islam and the Globalization of Jihad. International Security, 35(3), 53-91.
  • Holman, T. (2014). Foreign Fighters from the Western Balkans in Syria. Combating Terrorism Center (CTS) SENTINEL, 7(6), 8-13.
  • Hürriyet. (2007). Bosna'da, terör suçlaması ile biri Türk 4 kişi mahkûm oldu. Erişim Tarihi: 20 Mayıs 2019. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/bosnada-teror-suclamasi-ile-biri-turk-4-kisi-mahkum-oldu-5754751.
  • Ignjatıjevic, M. (2018). Vıolent Extremism and Foreign Fighters ın Serbia. Returning from violence: How to tackle the foreign fighters’ problem in the Western Balkans? Erişim Tarihi; 20 Mayıs 2019. https://kki.hu/hu/projektek/returning-from-violence-how-to-tackle-the-foreign-fighters-problem-in-the-western-balkans/returning-from-violence-how-to-tackle-the-foreign-fighters-problem-in-the-western-balkans/11?accessibility=0
  • ISIS Female Returnees Worry The Balkans And Europe / Global Rısk Insigt Erişim Tarihi: 19 Mayıs 2019. https://globalriskinsights.com/2018/07/isis-female-returnees-worry-balkans-europe/. Keskin Nişancı Alarmı! Sırbistan’da Harekete Geçti. Erişim Tarihi: 15 Mayıs 2019. https://www.haberturk.com/gundem/haber/1189211-cizrede-yakalanan-sirp-keskin-nisanci-sonrasi-alarm.
  • Koleka, B. (2016). Albanian court jails nine for recruiting fighters for Syria. Erişim Tarihi; 11 Mart 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-albania/albanian-court-jails-nine-for-recruiting-fighters-for-syria-idUSKCN0XU 2AB.
  • Kursani, S. (2015). Report inquiring into the causes and consequences of Kosovo citizens’ involvement as foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq. Kosovar Center for Security Studies. http://www.qkss.org/repository/docs/Report_inquiring_into_ the_causes_and_consequences_of_Kosovo_citizens'_involvement_as_foreign_fighters_in_Syria_and_Iraq_307708.pdf
  • Maksimoviç, Z. Ristic, M. Dragojlo, S. (2016). Jihadists ‘Target Young, Marginalised Serbian Muslims’ Balkan Investıgatıve Reporting Network. 38-44.
  • Maksimovic, Z. Ristic, M. ve Dragojlo, S. (2016). Jihadists ‘Target Young, Marginalised Serbian Muslims’ Balkan Investıgatıve Reporting Network. 38-45.
  • Malet, D. (2013). Foreign Fighters: Transnational Identity in Civil Conflicts. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Marusic, S. (2016). Ethnic Tensions Complicate CounterExtremism in Macedonia. Balkan Investıgatıve Reporting Network. 25-31.
  • Milton, D. ve Price, B. ve Ubaydi, M. (2014). The Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant: More than Just a June Surprise, CTC Sentınel, 7(6).
  • Nabolli, E. ve Haxhiaj, S. (2018). Parents Of Albanian ISIS Martyrs Abandoned To Grief. Erişim Tarihi: 18 Mayıs 2019. https://balkaninsight.com/2018/01/15/parents-of-albanian-isis-martyrs-abandoned-to-grief-01-12-2018/
  • Neumann, P. R. (2015). Foreign Fighter Total in Syria/Iraq Now Exceeds 20.000; surpasses Afghanistan Conflict in The 1980s. Erişim Tarihi; 3 Mart 2019. https://icsr.info/2015/01/26/foreign-fighter-total-syriairaq-now-exceeds-20000-surpasses-afghanistan-conflict-1980s/.
  • Pajaziti, N. (2016). Skopje Court Sentences A Group For Recruitment And Partipication İn The War İn Syria. Erişim Tarihi: 20 Mart 2019. https://balkaneu.com/skopje-court-sentences-group-recruitment-participation-war-syria/
  • Parents Of Albanian ISIS ‘Martyrs’ Abandoned To Grıef. (2018). Erişim Tarihi: 5 Mart 2019. https://balkaninsight.com/2018/01/15/parents-of-albanian-isis-martyrs-abandoned-to-grief-01-12-2018/.
  • Qafmolla, E. (2016). Offer Kosovar Fighters “Jihadi Rehab” to Combat Extremism. Balkan Investıgatıve Reporting Network. 18-24.
  • Ragab, E. (2018). Returning Foreign Terrorists: What Type of Security Challenges Are They Posing? Mediterranean Yearbook. 87-93.
  • Saymaz, İ. (2017). Türkiye’de IŞİD. İstanbul: İletişim Yayıncılık.
  • Shtuni, A. (2015). Ethnic Albanian Foreign Fighters in Iraq and Syria. CTC Sentınel. 8(4).
  • Sondakika.com, (2007). ABD'nin Viyana Büyükelçiliği'ne saldırı girişiminde bulunan iki kişi yakalandı. Erişim Tarihi: 10 Mart 2019. https://www.sondakika.com/haber/haber-abd-nin-viyana-buyukelciligi-ne-saldiri/.
  • Spahiu, E. (2018, Mayıs 18). Returning IS Fighters İn The Balkans: Beyond The Immediate Securit Threat. Erişim Tarihi: 12 Mart 2019. https://jamestown.org/program/returning-is-fighters-in-the-balkans-beyond-the-immediate-security-threat/.
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BALKANLARDA YABANCI TERÖRİST SAVAŞÇILAR

Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 101 - 124, 12.05.2020
https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.736100

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Suriye İç Savaşının başlamasıyla popülerliğini arttıran ‘yabancı terörist savaşçı’ kavramı incelenmiştir. 18. Yüzyıldan itibaren dünyanın pek çok yerinde meydana gelen etnik veya din kökenli çatışmalarda ‘yabancı terörist savaşçı’ örneklerine rastlanmıştır. Fakat literatürde ortak bir ‘terörizm’ tanımı olmamasının doğal bir sonucu olarak yabancı terörist savaşçı kavramının da küresel bir tanımı yapılamamaktadır. Bu noktada Birleşmiş Milletlerin almış olduğu iki önemli karar mevcuttur ve bu kararlar doğrultusunda üye devletler yabancı terörist savaşçı kavramını büyük oranda şekillendirmektedir. Yabancı terörist savaşçıların coğrafi dağılımına bakıldığında Balkan devletlerinden Suriye’ye ve Irak’a giden kişi sayısı diğer ülkelere nazaran daha azdır. Fakat bölgeye giden kişi sayısının zaman ilerledikçe artması Balkan devletleri için bir süre sonra endişe verici olmuştur. Giden kişiler büyük oranda DEAŞ, El-Nusra Cephesi gibi selefi terör örgütlerine katılım göstermiştir. Tahmin edilen rakamlar içinde Bosna Hersek ve Kosova diğer Balkan ülkelerine nazaran daha fazla orana sahip olan devletler olmuştur. Bu hususlar doğrultusunda makalede Balkan ülkelerinden Suriye’ye veya Irak’a giden kişilerin yaş, cinsiyet, eğitim durumları, motivasyon kaynakları ve menşe ülkelerinin yapmış oldukları hukuksal değişikliklere değinilerek yabancı terörist savaşçı kavramı açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır.

References

  • ABD’nin Saraybosna Büyükelçiliğine Yapılan Saldırı. (Eylül, 2013). Erişim Tarihi: 20 Mayıs 2019. https://www.bosnahersek.ba/abdnin-saraybosna-buyukelciligine-yapilan-saldiri/. Albanian ISIS Militant Reported Dead. Erişim Tarihi: 22 Mayıs 2019. https://balkaninsight.com/2016/04/04/albanian-fighter-of-isis-loses-his-life-04-04-2016/.
  • Alic, A. (2019). Bosnia: Catching Up with ‘Terrorists’. Center for Security Studies.
  • Azinovic, V. (2018). Understanding Violent Extremism in The Western Balkans. Brıtısh Councıl. Erişim Tarihi: 15 Mart 2019. https://www.britishcouncil.me/sites/default/files/erf_report_western_balkans_2018.pdf
  • Azinovic, V. ve Jusic, M. (2015). "The Lure of The Syrian War: The Foreign Fighters’ Bosnian Contingent", Atlantic Initiative, 1-86.
  • Barrett, R. (2017). Beyond The Caliphate: Foreign Fighters And The Threat Of Returnees. The Soufan Center.
  • Bjelic, A. (2015). Bosna Hersek’te neler oluyor? Erişim Tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2019. https://www.bosnahersek.ba/bosna-hersekte-neler-oluyor-2/.
  • BM Güvenlik Konseyi 2170 Sayılı Kararı. (2014). Erişim Tarihi: 18 Şubat 2019, http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/2170
  • BM Güvenlik Konseyi 2178 Sayılı Kararı. (2014). Erişim Tarihi: 18 Şubat 2019, http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/2178
  • Bogdani, A. (2016). Albania Faces ‘Jihadi Fighters in the Shadows’ Threat. Balkan Investıgatıve Reporting Network. 4-9.
  • Bogdani, A. (2016). Shqipëria përballet me rrezikun e “luftëtarëve xhihadistë në hije” Erişim Tarihi: 20 Mayıs 2019. https://www.reporter.al/shqiperia-perballet-me-rrezikun-e-luftetareve-xhihadiste-ne-hije/.
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  • Bryan, I. (2010). Sovereignty and the Foreign Fighter Problem. Orbis, 54(1). 115-129.
  • Coalition Removes ISIS Terrorists From Battlefield. (Ağustos,2017). Erişim Tarihi; 1 Nisan 2019. https://dod.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/1266520/coalition-removes-isis-terrorists-from-battlefield/source/GovDelivery/.
  • Corovic, A. (2017). Radicalization İn Serbia: The Youth Of Sandžak Between A Hammer And An Anvil. Atlantic Initiative. 125-136.
  • Demir, H. (2015). Yabancı Savaşçılar ve Homegrown Teröristler, Türkiye Ekonomi Politikaları Araştırma Vakfı, 1-11.
  • Domazeti, R. (2017). Balkanlar’da Daeş Riski: Gençler Üzerine Sosyopolitik Bır Analiz. İnsani ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Merkezi, 1-11.
  • Drymishi, A. (2017). Radicalization and the Governance of Islam in Albania. Atlantic Initiative. 21-31.
  • Dzidic, D. ve Jahic, A. (2016). Bosnia ‘Failing to Share Terror Threat Intelligence’ Balkan Investıgatıve Reporting Network. 10-17.
  • Flores, M. (2016). Foreign Fighters Involvement in National and International Wars: A Historical Survey. Guttry A. Capone, F. Paulussen, C. (Ed.) Foreign Fighters Under International Law and Beyond içinde (27-47 ss.). The Netherlands: Asser Press. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789462650985
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  • Guttry, A. Capone, F. ve Paulussen. C. (2016), Foreign Fighters Under International Law and Beyond, The Netherlands: Asser Press.
  • Güven, İ.F. (2017). Sosyal İnşacılık Bağlamında Bosna-Hersek’te Yabancı Savaşçılar ve Güvenlik Tartışmaları. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Yalova Üniversitesi.
  • Haberler. (2016). DAEŞ’e Katılan Arnavut Vatandaşı Öldürüldü. Erişim Tarihi: 12 Nisan 2019. https://www.haberler.com/daes-e-katilan-arnavut-vatandasi-olduruldu-8322585-haberi/.
  • Hegghammer, T. (2010). The Rise of Muslim Foreign Fighters: Islam and the Globalization of Jihad. International Security, 35(3), 53-91.
  • Holman, T. (2014). Foreign Fighters from the Western Balkans in Syria. Combating Terrorism Center (CTS) SENTINEL, 7(6), 8-13.
  • Hürriyet. (2007). Bosna'da, terör suçlaması ile biri Türk 4 kişi mahkûm oldu. Erişim Tarihi: 20 Mayıs 2019. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/bosnada-teror-suclamasi-ile-biri-turk-4-kisi-mahkum-oldu-5754751.
  • Ignjatıjevic, M. (2018). Vıolent Extremism and Foreign Fighters ın Serbia. Returning from violence: How to tackle the foreign fighters’ problem in the Western Balkans? Erişim Tarihi; 20 Mayıs 2019. https://kki.hu/hu/projektek/returning-from-violence-how-to-tackle-the-foreign-fighters-problem-in-the-western-balkans/returning-from-violence-how-to-tackle-the-foreign-fighters-problem-in-the-western-balkans/11?accessibility=0
  • ISIS Female Returnees Worry The Balkans And Europe / Global Rısk Insigt Erişim Tarihi: 19 Mayıs 2019. https://globalriskinsights.com/2018/07/isis-female-returnees-worry-balkans-europe/. Keskin Nişancı Alarmı! Sırbistan’da Harekete Geçti. Erişim Tarihi: 15 Mayıs 2019. https://www.haberturk.com/gundem/haber/1189211-cizrede-yakalanan-sirp-keskin-nisanci-sonrasi-alarm.
  • Koleka, B. (2016). Albanian court jails nine for recruiting fighters for Syria. Erişim Tarihi; 11 Mart 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-albania/albanian-court-jails-nine-for-recruiting-fighters-for-syria-idUSKCN0XU 2AB.
  • Kursani, S. (2015). Report inquiring into the causes and consequences of Kosovo citizens’ involvement as foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq. Kosovar Center for Security Studies. http://www.qkss.org/repository/docs/Report_inquiring_into_ the_causes_and_consequences_of_Kosovo_citizens'_involvement_as_foreign_fighters_in_Syria_and_Iraq_307708.pdf
  • Maksimoviç, Z. Ristic, M. Dragojlo, S. (2016). Jihadists ‘Target Young, Marginalised Serbian Muslims’ Balkan Investıgatıve Reporting Network. 38-44.
  • Maksimovic, Z. Ristic, M. ve Dragojlo, S. (2016). Jihadists ‘Target Young, Marginalised Serbian Muslims’ Balkan Investıgatıve Reporting Network. 38-45.
  • Malet, D. (2013). Foreign Fighters: Transnational Identity in Civil Conflicts. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Marusic, S. (2016). Ethnic Tensions Complicate CounterExtremism in Macedonia. Balkan Investıgatıve Reporting Network. 25-31.
  • Milton, D. ve Price, B. ve Ubaydi, M. (2014). The Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant: More than Just a June Surprise, CTC Sentınel, 7(6).
  • Nabolli, E. ve Haxhiaj, S. (2018). Parents Of Albanian ISIS Martyrs Abandoned To Grief. Erişim Tarihi: 18 Mayıs 2019. https://balkaninsight.com/2018/01/15/parents-of-albanian-isis-martyrs-abandoned-to-grief-01-12-2018/
  • Neumann, P. R. (2015). Foreign Fighter Total in Syria/Iraq Now Exceeds 20.000; surpasses Afghanistan Conflict in The 1980s. Erişim Tarihi; 3 Mart 2019. https://icsr.info/2015/01/26/foreign-fighter-total-syriairaq-now-exceeds-20000-surpasses-afghanistan-conflict-1980s/.
  • Pajaziti, N. (2016). Skopje Court Sentences A Group For Recruitment And Partipication İn The War İn Syria. Erişim Tarihi: 20 Mart 2019. https://balkaneu.com/skopje-court-sentences-group-recruitment-participation-war-syria/
  • Parents Of Albanian ISIS ‘Martyrs’ Abandoned To Grıef. (2018). Erişim Tarihi: 5 Mart 2019. https://balkaninsight.com/2018/01/15/parents-of-albanian-isis-martyrs-abandoned-to-grief-01-12-2018/.
  • Qafmolla, E. (2016). Offer Kosovar Fighters “Jihadi Rehab” to Combat Extremism. Balkan Investıgatıve Reporting Network. 18-24.
  • Ragab, E. (2018). Returning Foreign Terrorists: What Type of Security Challenges Are They Posing? Mediterranean Yearbook. 87-93.
  • Saymaz, İ. (2017). Türkiye’de IŞİD. İstanbul: İletişim Yayıncılık.
  • Shtuni, A. (2015). Ethnic Albanian Foreign Fighters in Iraq and Syria. CTC Sentınel. 8(4).
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There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Relations
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Pınar Begüm Kızılgül This is me 0000-0003-0756-9454

Publication Date May 12, 2020
Submission Date December 4, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kızılgül, P. B. (2020). BALKANLARDA YABANCI TERÖRİST SAVAŞÇILAR. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), 101-124. https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.736100

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