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Life Cycle Assessment of the Environmental Consequences of the Premature Recycling of Cruise Ships due to Covid-19

Year 2022, Issue: 222, 97 - 106, 13.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.54926/gdt.1177101

Abstract

Transportation industries such as airplanes, trains, and buses were able to resume operations during the pandemic. In the cruise industry, however, conditions for returning to work were more complex. As a result of the pandemic, the cruise tourism industry entered a period of economic difficulty and attempted to overcome it by borrowing heavily. Nonetheless, several companies decided to sell their existing ships to maintain their financial viability. Even though cruise ships sent for recycling via the Covid-19 process are expected to be recycled within 10 to 15 years, cruise ship recycling in recycling facilities has increased due to the epidemic. This study demonstrates the environmental impact calculation of cruise ships sent to Aliaga ship recycling facilities for disassembly before the end of their average service life under the Covid-19 effect using life cycle assessment (LCA). The results of the study demonstrated conclusively that the global environment had been affected by the transformation of the cruise industry as a result of the Covid-19 epidemic. The environmental effects of ships that must be sent for recycling after 10 to 15 years have to be experienced now.

References

  • References
  • Carić, H., & Mackelworth, P. (2014). Cruise tourism environmental impacts – The perspective from the Adriatic Sea. Ocean & Coastal Management, 102(2–3), 350–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.09.008
  • Chen, C.-M., Jyan, H.-W., Chien, S.-C., Jen, H.-H., Hsu, C.-Y., Lee, P.-C., Lee, C.-F., Yang, Y.-T., Chen, M.-Y., Chen, L.-S., Chen, H.-H., & Chan, C.-C. (2020). Containing COVID-19
  • Among 627,386 Persons in Contact With the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship Passengers Who Disembarked in Taiwan: Big Data Analytics. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(5), e19540. https://doi.org/10.2196/19540
  • Choquet, A., & Sam-Lefebvre, A. (2021). Ports closed to cruise ships in the context of COVID-19: What choices are there for coastal states? Annals of Tourism Research, 86, 103066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103066
  • CLIA. (2020). STATE OF THE CRUISE 2020 INDUSTRY OUTLOOK. Cruise Lines International Association. https://cruising.org/-/media/research-updates/research/state-of-the-cruise-industry.ashx
  • CLIA. (2021). 2021 State Of The Cruise Industry Outlook. Cruise Lines International Association. https://cruising.org/-/media/research-updates/research/2021-state-of-the-cruise-industry_optimized.ashx
  • Connell, J. (2021). COVID-19 and tourism in Pacific SIDS: lessons from Fiji, Vanuatu and Samoa? The Round Table, 110(1), 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/00358533.2021.1875721
  • Cruise Industry News. (2020). Cruise Lines Eye 40-Year Service Life. https://www.cruiseindustrynews.com/cruise-news/22139-cruise-lines-eye-40-year-service-life.html
  • Cruise Mapper. (2021). Coronavirus cruise ships and companies updates. https://www.cruisemapper.com/coronavirus
  • Da Silva, A. L. R. (2021). An overview of the impact of COVID-19 on the cruise industry with considerations for Florida. Transportation Research İnterdisciplinary Perspectives, 10, 100391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100391
  • DNV. (2021). Equipment CriticalityAnalysis supports successful recommissioning. https://www.dnv.com/expert-story/maritime-impact/index.html
  • Gemisander. (2020). 2020 Ship Recycling Industrial Association Sector Report.
  • Golden F. (2018). Where Do Old Cruise Ships Go to Die? Bloomberg L.P. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-05-31/where-do-old-cruise-ships-go-to-die
  • Goodrich J. N. (2002). September 11, 2001 attack on America: a record of the immediate impacts and reactions in the USA travel and tourism industry. Tourism Management, 23, 573–580.
  • Holland, J., Mazzarol, T., Soutar, G. N., Tapsall, S., & Elliott, W. A. (2021). Cruising through a pandemic: The impact of COVID-19 on intentions to cruise. Transportation Research İnterdisciplinary Perspectives, 9(3), 100328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100328
  • ICS. (2021). ICS Leadership Insights Live: Ship Recycling round-up. International Chamber of Shipping. https://www.ics-shipping.org/news-item/ics-leadership-insights-live-ship-recycling-round-up/
  • Johnson, D. (2002). Environmentally sustainable cruise tourism: a reality check. Marine Policy, 26(4), 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-597X(02)00008-8
  • Jordan, E. J., Vieira, J. C., Santos, C. M., & Huang, T.-Y. (2020). Do residents differentiate between the impacts of tourism, cruise tourism, and Airbnb tourism? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1833894
  • Liu, X., & Chang, Y.-C. (2020). An emergency responding mechanism for cruise epidemic prevention-taking COVID-19 as an example. Marine Policy, 119, 104093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104093
  • Önal, M., Neşer, G., & Gürsel, K. T. (2021). Environmental impacts of steel ship hulls building and recycling by life cycle assessment (LCA). Ships and Offshore Structures, 16(10), 1061–1066. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2020.1816706
  • Quintal, V., Sung, B., & Lee, S. (2021). Is the coast clear? Trust, risk-reducing behaviours and anxiety toward cruise travel in the wake of COVID-19. Current Issues in Tourism, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1880377
  • Renaud, L. (2020). Reconsidering global mobility – distancing from mass cruise tourism in the aftermath of COVID-19. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 679–689. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1762116
  • Silva, A. L. R. d. (2021). An overview of the impact of COVID-19 on the cruise industry with considerations for Florida. Transportation Research İnterdisciplinary Perspectives, 10, 100391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100391
  • UNWTO. (2021b). INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND COVID-19. The World Tourism Organization. https://www.unwto.org/international-tourism-and-covid-19
  • UNWTO. (2021a). REPORT: TRAVEL RESTRICTIONS 3RD. The World Tourism Organization. https://www.unwto.org/covid-19-travel-restrictions
  • Zhang, H., Song, H., Wen, L., & Liu, C. (2021). Forecasting tourism recovery amid COVID-19. Annals of Tourism Research, 87(4), 103149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103149

Covid-19 Nedeniyle Yolcu Gemilerinin Erken Geri Dönüşümünün Çevresel Sonuçlarının Yaşam Döngüsü Değerlendirmesi

Year 2022, Issue: 222, 97 - 106, 13.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.54926/gdt.1177101

Abstract

Uçaklar, trenler ve otobüsler gibi ulaşım endüstrileri pandemi sırasında faaliyetlerine devam edebildi. Ancak kruvaziyer endüstrisinde işe dönüş koşulları daha karmaşıktı. Salgının bir sonucu olarak kruvaziyer turizm sektörü ekonomik bir sıkıntı dönemine girmiş ve bunu yoğun borçlanma ile aşmaya çalışmıştır. Bununla birlikte, birkaç şirket finansal varlıklarını sürdürmek için mevcut gemilerini satmaya karar verdi. Covid-19 süreci ile geri dönüşüme gönderilen kruvaziyer gemilerinin 10-15 yıl içerisinde geri dönüştürülmesi beklenirken, salgın nedeniyle geri dönüşüm tesislerinde kruvaziyer gemi geri dönüşümü arttı. Bu çalışma, Aliağa gemi geri dönüşüm tesislerine gönderilen yolcu gemilerinin, yaşam döngüsü değerlendirmesi (LCA) kullanılarak Covid-19 etkisi kapsamında ortalama hizmet ömürleri dolmadan gerçekleştirilen geri dönüşümlerinin çevresel etki hesaplamasını göstermektedir. Çalışmanın sonuçları, küresel çevrenin Covid-19 salgını sonucunda kruvaziyer endüstrisinin dönüşümünden etkilendiğini kesin olarak göstermiştir. 10-15 yıl sonra geri dönüşüme gönderilmesi beklenen gemilerin çevresel etkilerinin günümüzde yaşanan etkileri belirlenmiştir.

References

  • References
  • Carić, H., & Mackelworth, P. (2014). Cruise tourism environmental impacts – The perspective from the Adriatic Sea. Ocean & Coastal Management, 102(2–3), 350–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.09.008
  • Chen, C.-M., Jyan, H.-W., Chien, S.-C., Jen, H.-H., Hsu, C.-Y., Lee, P.-C., Lee, C.-F., Yang, Y.-T., Chen, M.-Y., Chen, L.-S., Chen, H.-H., & Chan, C.-C. (2020). Containing COVID-19
  • Among 627,386 Persons in Contact With the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship Passengers Who Disembarked in Taiwan: Big Data Analytics. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(5), e19540. https://doi.org/10.2196/19540
  • Choquet, A., & Sam-Lefebvre, A. (2021). Ports closed to cruise ships in the context of COVID-19: What choices are there for coastal states? Annals of Tourism Research, 86, 103066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103066
  • CLIA. (2020). STATE OF THE CRUISE 2020 INDUSTRY OUTLOOK. Cruise Lines International Association. https://cruising.org/-/media/research-updates/research/state-of-the-cruise-industry.ashx
  • CLIA. (2021). 2021 State Of The Cruise Industry Outlook. Cruise Lines International Association. https://cruising.org/-/media/research-updates/research/2021-state-of-the-cruise-industry_optimized.ashx
  • Connell, J. (2021). COVID-19 and tourism in Pacific SIDS: lessons from Fiji, Vanuatu and Samoa? The Round Table, 110(1), 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/00358533.2021.1875721
  • Cruise Industry News. (2020). Cruise Lines Eye 40-Year Service Life. https://www.cruiseindustrynews.com/cruise-news/22139-cruise-lines-eye-40-year-service-life.html
  • Cruise Mapper. (2021). Coronavirus cruise ships and companies updates. https://www.cruisemapper.com/coronavirus
  • Da Silva, A. L. R. (2021). An overview of the impact of COVID-19 on the cruise industry with considerations for Florida. Transportation Research İnterdisciplinary Perspectives, 10, 100391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100391
  • DNV. (2021). Equipment CriticalityAnalysis supports successful recommissioning. https://www.dnv.com/expert-story/maritime-impact/index.html
  • Gemisander. (2020). 2020 Ship Recycling Industrial Association Sector Report.
  • Golden F. (2018). Where Do Old Cruise Ships Go to Die? Bloomberg L.P. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-05-31/where-do-old-cruise-ships-go-to-die
  • Goodrich J. N. (2002). September 11, 2001 attack on America: a record of the immediate impacts and reactions in the USA travel and tourism industry. Tourism Management, 23, 573–580.
  • Holland, J., Mazzarol, T., Soutar, G. N., Tapsall, S., & Elliott, W. A. (2021). Cruising through a pandemic: The impact of COVID-19 on intentions to cruise. Transportation Research İnterdisciplinary Perspectives, 9(3), 100328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100328
  • ICS. (2021). ICS Leadership Insights Live: Ship Recycling round-up. International Chamber of Shipping. https://www.ics-shipping.org/news-item/ics-leadership-insights-live-ship-recycling-round-up/
  • Johnson, D. (2002). Environmentally sustainable cruise tourism: a reality check. Marine Policy, 26(4), 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-597X(02)00008-8
  • Jordan, E. J., Vieira, J. C., Santos, C. M., & Huang, T.-Y. (2020). Do residents differentiate between the impacts of tourism, cruise tourism, and Airbnb tourism? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1833894
  • Liu, X., & Chang, Y.-C. (2020). An emergency responding mechanism for cruise epidemic prevention-taking COVID-19 as an example. Marine Policy, 119, 104093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104093
  • Önal, M., Neşer, G., & Gürsel, K. T. (2021). Environmental impacts of steel ship hulls building and recycling by life cycle assessment (LCA). Ships and Offshore Structures, 16(10), 1061–1066. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2020.1816706
  • Quintal, V., Sung, B., & Lee, S. (2021). Is the coast clear? Trust, risk-reducing behaviours and anxiety toward cruise travel in the wake of COVID-19. Current Issues in Tourism, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1880377
  • Renaud, L. (2020). Reconsidering global mobility – distancing from mass cruise tourism in the aftermath of COVID-19. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 679–689. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1762116
  • Silva, A. L. R. d. (2021). An overview of the impact of COVID-19 on the cruise industry with considerations for Florida. Transportation Research İnterdisciplinary Perspectives, 10, 100391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100391
  • UNWTO. (2021b). INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND COVID-19. The World Tourism Organization. https://www.unwto.org/international-tourism-and-covid-19
  • UNWTO. (2021a). REPORT: TRAVEL RESTRICTIONS 3RD. The World Tourism Organization. https://www.unwto.org/covid-19-travel-restrictions
  • Zhang, H., Song, H., Wen, L., & Liu, C. (2021). Forecasting tourism recovery amid COVID-19. Annals of Tourism Research, 87(4), 103149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103149
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mehmet Önal 0000-0003-4596-8923

Publication Date January 13, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 222

Cite

APA Önal, M. (2023). Life Cycle Assessment of the Environmental Consequences of the Premature Recycling of Cruise Ships due to Covid-19. Gemi Ve Deniz Teknolojisi(222), 97-106. https://doi.org/10.54926/gdt.1177101