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“Spora Bağlılık Ölçeği”nin Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Year 2019, Volume: 7 Issue: 17, 171 - 191, 01.01.2019

Bekir Barış Cihan Ebru Araç Ilgar Gözde Sırgancı

Abstract

Bu araştırmada Spora Bağlılık Ölçeği’nin Türk kültürüne uyarlama çalışması yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu Bozok Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulunda öğrenim gören 173’ü %44 kadın, 218’i erkek %56 olmak üzere toplam 391 sporcu-öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Ölçeğin Türkçe formunun oluşturulması aşamasında çeviri, geri çeviri aşamaları iki dil uzmanı ve iki alan uzmanı tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir. Türkçe formun psikometrik özelliklere uygunluğu iki ölçme ve değerlendirme uzmanı tarafından kontrol edilmiştir. Son olarak yapılan pilot çalışma ile maddelerin yeterince açık ve anlaşılabilir olduğu sonucuna varılarak asıl uygulama için ölçeğin son formu hazırlanmıştır. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliğini test etmek amacıyla yapılan doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucuna göre ölçeğin hem tek faktör hem de üç faktörlü yapısı için tüm maddelerin faktör yük değerlerinin 0.69 ile 0.8 aralığında; uyum iyiliği değerlerinden χ2/sd oranının üçten küçük, CFI, GFI, TLI ve IFI değerlerinin 0.90-1.00 aralığında; RMSEA 0-0.8 aralığında olduğu bulunmuştur. Ölçeğin üç faktörlü modelinin tek faktörlü modeline göre biraz daha iyi uyum değerlerine sahip olduğu görülmekle birlikte, her iki modelin de yapıyı iyi düzeyde doğruladığı ortaya konmuştur. Spora Bağlılık Ölçeği’nin yakınsak geçerliği için Egzersizde Temel Psikolojik İhtiyaçlar Ölçeği ile aralarındaki korelasyonlar incelenmiş olup iki ölçeğin toplam puanları arasında pozitif yönde güçlü ve anlamlı bir ilişki saptanmıştır rxy= 0.57, p

Keywords

Spora Bağlılık Ölçeği Geçerlik Güvenirlik Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi

References

  • • Alpar, R. (2011). Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistiksel Yöntemler. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • • Álvarez, M.S., Balaguer, I., Castillo, I., Duda, J.L. (2009). Coach autonomy support and quality of the sport engagement scale: an adaptation of the utrecht work engagement Scale (uwes) for The Sports environment sport engagement in young soccer players. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 12(1), 138- 148.
  • • Bakan, İ. Büyükbeşe, T. (2004). Çalışanların İş Güvencesi ve Genel İş Davranışları İlişkisi: Bir Alan Çalışması. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23, 35-59.
  • • Baker, J., Cote, J., Hawes, R. (2000). The relationship between coaching behaviours and sport anxiety in athletes. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 3(2), 110-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1440- 2440(00)80073-0
  • • Bernstein, I. (2000). Some consequences of violating SEM’s assumptions. Paper presented at the annual meeting of Southwestern Psychological Association, Dallas, TX.
  • • Bentler, P.M., Bonnet, D.C. (1980), Significance Tests and Goodness of Fit in the Analysis of Covariance Structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88 (3), 588-606.
  • • Byun, S., Ruffini, C., Mills, J.E., Douglas, A.C., Niang, M., Stepchenkova, S., Lee, S.K., Loutfı, J., Lee, J.K., Atallah, M., Blanton, M. (2009). Internet addiction: Metasynthesis of 1996-2006 quantitative research. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 12(2), 203-207. DOI: 10.1089/cpb.2008.0102
  • • Cüceloğlu, D. (1992). İnsan ve Davranışı. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • • Deci, E.L., Ryan, R.M. (2000). The “What” and “Why” of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and The Self- Determination of Behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-269. http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1207/ S15327965PLI1104_01
  • • Deci, E.L., Ryan, R.M. (2002). Handbook of Self- Determination Research. The University Of Rochester Press: USA.
  • • Demir, C. (2003). Demografik özellikler ile sağlanan imkânların sportif faaliyet tercihleri üzerine etkileri: Üniversite gençliğine yönelik bir uygulama. 1. Gençlik, Boş Zaman ve Doğa Sporları Sempozyumu. Ankara: Türk Hava Kurumu Basım Evi İşletmeciliği.
  • • Domínguez, E., Martin P., Martin-Albo, J., Nunez, J.L. (2010). Translation and Validation of the Spanish Version of the “Échelle de Satisfaction des Besoins Psychologiques” in the Sports Context. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13 (2), 1010-1020. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1138741600002651
  • • Downward, P., Riordan, J. (2007). Social Interactions and The Demand for Sport: An Economic Analysis. Contemporary Economic Policy, 25(4), 518–537. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.2007.00071.x
  • • Durmaz, M. (2012). Ortaöğretim Öğrencilerinin (10. Sınıf) temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlarının karşılanmışlık düzeyleri, motivasyon ve matematik kaygısı arasındaki ilişkilerin belirlenmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Bolu.
  • • Ede, A., Hwang, S., Feltz, D.L. (2011). Current directions in self-efficacy research in sport. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicologia del Ejercicio y el De- porte, 6(2), 181-202.
  • • Ford, J.L., Ildenfonso, K., Jones M.L., Barrow, M.A. (2017). Sport-related anxiety: current insights. Open Access Journal of Sport Medicine, 8, 205-212. https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S125845
  • • Gill, D.L., Gross, J.B., Huddleston, S. (1985). Participation motivation in youth sports. International Journal of Sport Psychology. (14): 1–14
  • • Guillen, F., Sanchez, R. (2009). Competitive anxiety in expert female athletes: Sources and intensity of anxiety in national team and first division panish basketball players. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 109(2), 407-419. https://doi.org/10.2466/PMS.109.2.407-419
  • • Gullien, F., Alvarado, J.R.M. (2012). The Sport Engagement Scale: An Adaptation of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) for the Sports Environment. Universitas Psychologica, 13(2), 15-24. http:// dx.doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.UPSY13’3.sesa
  • • Gunnell, K.E., Crocker, P.R.E., Wilson, P.M., Mack, E.D., Zumbo, B.D. (2013). Psychological Need Satisfaction and Thwarting: A Test of Basic Psychological Needs Theory in Physical Activity Contexts. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(5), 599-607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.03.007
  • • Garcés de Los Fayos, E.J. (1999). Burnout en deportistas: un estudio de la influencia de variables de personalidad, sociodemográficas y deportivas en el síndrome. Unpublished Dissertation. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia.
  • • Hair, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., Black, W.C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (Fifth edition). United States: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
  • • Hair J, Hult, G.T.M, Ringle, C, Sarstedt, M. (2014). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.
  • • Hodge, K., Lonsdale, C., Jackson, S.A. (2009). Athlete Engagement in Elite Sport: An Exploratory Investigation of Antecedents and Consequences. The Sport Psychologist, 23, 186-202. DOI: 10.1123/ tsp.23.2.186
  • • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., Mullen, M.R. (2008). Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53–59.
  • • Joreskog, K.G. (2009) On the Estimation of Polychoric Correlations and Their Asymptotic Covariance Matrix. Psychometrika 1994; 59(3): 381-9.
  • • Kalaycı, Ş. (2010). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri (Beşinci Baskı.). Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
  • • Kelecek, S. Kara, F.M., Aşçı, F.H. (2017). Sporcu bağlılık ölçeğı̇”nı̇n geçerlı̇k ve güvenı̇rlı̇k çalışması. Spormetre, 16(3), 39-47. DOI: 10.1501/Sporm_0000000374
  • • Kılbaş, Ş. (2004). Rekreasyon, Boş Zamanı Değerlendirme. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • • Kirkland, R.A., Karlin, N.J., Stellino, M.B., Pulos, S. (2011). Basic psychological needs, satisfaction, motivation, and exercise in older adults. Activities, Adaptation and Aging, 35, 181-196. http://dx.doi.org /10.1080/01924788.2011.596764.
  • • Koç, S. (2005). Beden Eğitimi ve Sporda Beceri Gelişimi. İstanbul: Morpa Kültür Yayınları.
  • • Koç, Ş. (1994). Spor Psikolojisine Giriş. İzmir: Saray Medikal Yayıncılık.
  • • Li C., Wang, J.C.K., Pyun, D.Y., Kee, Y.H. (2013). Burnout and İts Relations with Basic Psychological Needs and Motivation Among Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(5), 692-700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.04.009
  • • Lonsdale, C., Hodge, K., Jackson, S.A. (2007). Athlete Engagement: II. Development and Initial Validation of The Athlete Engagement Questionnaire. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 38, 471-492.
  • • Lonsdale, C., Hodge, K., Raedeke, T.D. (2007). Athlete engagement : I. A qualitative investigation of relevance and dimensions. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 38, 451-470.
  • • Modrono, C., Guillen, F. (2011). Anxiety charac- teristics of competitive windsurfers: Age, gender, performance outcome. Journal of Sport Behavior, 34(3), 281-294.
  • • Moutão, J., Cid, L., Alves, J., Leitão, J., Vlachopoulos, S.P. (2012). Validation of the basic psychological needs in exercise scale in a Portuguese sample. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15, 399-409. DOI: 10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n1.37346
  • • Özdilek, Ç., Demirel, M., Harmandar, D. (2007). Dumlupınar ve Sakarya üniversitelerinde öğrenim gören beden eğitimi ve spor yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin boş zaman etkinliklerine katılım nedenleri ve düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması. International Journal of Human Sciences, 4(2), 1-13.
  • • Roberts, G.C. (2001). Advances in Motivation in Sport and Exercise. Human Kinetics.
  • • Scanlan, T.K., Stein, G.L., Ravizza, K. (1989). An in-depth Study of Former Elite Figure Skaters: II. Sources of Enjoyment. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, 65-83.
  • • Schaufeli, W.B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., Bakker, A.B. (2002). The measurement of En- gagement and burnout: A two sample confirma- tory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71-92.
  • • Shaffer, H.J., Hall, M.N., Bilt, J.V. (2000). Computer addiction: A critical consideration. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70(2), 162- 168.
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  • • Tucker, L.R., Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38(1), 1-10.
  • • Tükenmez, M. (2009). Toplum Bilim ve Spor. İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları.
  • • Vlachopoulos, S.P. (2007). Psychometric evaluation of the basic psychological needs in exercise scale in community exercise programs: a cross-validation approach. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 4, 52-74.
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Year 2019, Volume: 7 Issue: 17, 171 - 191, 01.01.2019

Bekir Barış Cihan Ebru Araç Ilgar Gözde Sırgancı

Abstract

In this study, Sports Engagement Scale was adapted to Turkish culture. The study group consists of 391 athlete-students, 173 44% of who are female and 218 56% are male. During the creation of Turkish form of the scale, the translation was done by two language experts and two field experts. Turkish form’s conformity to the psychometric properties was checked by two assessment and evaluation experts. Lastly, the final form of the scale was formed by making sure the questions were clear and understandable by conducting a pilot test. According to the results of the confirmatory factor analysis, which was performed to test the construct validity of the scale, for both singlefactor and three factors structure of the scale, the load factor values of all items were between 0.69 and 0.8; χ2/sd ratio, which is one of the goodness fit values, was below three; CFI, GFI, TLI and IFI values were between 0.90-1.00 and RMSEA was found to be between 0 and 0.8. While the goodness fit ratio of the scale’s three-factor model was determined to be a little better than its single-factor model, both models were found to validate the structure quite well. For the convergent validity of the Sports Engagement Scale, the correlations between Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale were explored and a positive and significant correlation between sum scores of the two scales were determined rxy=0.57, p

Keywords

Sports Engagement Scale Validity Reliability Confirmatory Factor Analysis

References

  • • Alpar, R. (2011). Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistiksel Yöntemler. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • • Álvarez, M.S., Balaguer, I., Castillo, I., Duda, J.L. (2009). Coach autonomy support and quality of the sport engagement scale: an adaptation of the utrecht work engagement Scale (uwes) for The Sports environment sport engagement in young soccer players. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 12(1), 138- 148.
  • • Bakan, İ. Büyükbeşe, T. (2004). Çalışanların İş Güvencesi ve Genel İş Davranışları İlişkisi: Bir Alan Çalışması. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23, 35-59.
  • • Baker, J., Cote, J., Hawes, R. (2000). The relationship between coaching behaviours and sport anxiety in athletes. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 3(2), 110-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1440- 2440(00)80073-0
  • • Bernstein, I. (2000). Some consequences of violating SEM’s assumptions. Paper presented at the annual meeting of Southwestern Psychological Association, Dallas, TX.
  • • Bentler, P.M., Bonnet, D.C. (1980), Significance Tests and Goodness of Fit in the Analysis of Covariance Structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88 (3), 588-606.
  • • Byun, S., Ruffini, C., Mills, J.E., Douglas, A.C., Niang, M., Stepchenkova, S., Lee, S.K., Loutfı, J., Lee, J.K., Atallah, M., Blanton, M. (2009). Internet addiction: Metasynthesis of 1996-2006 quantitative research. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 12(2), 203-207. DOI: 10.1089/cpb.2008.0102
  • • Cüceloğlu, D. (1992). İnsan ve Davranışı. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • • Deci, E.L., Ryan, R.M. (2000). The “What” and “Why” of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and The Self- Determination of Behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-269. http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1207/ S15327965PLI1104_01
  • • Deci, E.L., Ryan, R.M. (2002). Handbook of Self- Determination Research. The University Of Rochester Press: USA.
  • • Demir, C. (2003). Demografik özellikler ile sağlanan imkânların sportif faaliyet tercihleri üzerine etkileri: Üniversite gençliğine yönelik bir uygulama. 1. Gençlik, Boş Zaman ve Doğa Sporları Sempozyumu. Ankara: Türk Hava Kurumu Basım Evi İşletmeciliği.
  • • Domínguez, E., Martin P., Martin-Albo, J., Nunez, J.L. (2010). Translation and Validation of the Spanish Version of the “Échelle de Satisfaction des Besoins Psychologiques” in the Sports Context. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13 (2), 1010-1020. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1138741600002651
  • • Downward, P., Riordan, J. (2007). Social Interactions and The Demand for Sport: An Economic Analysis. Contemporary Economic Policy, 25(4), 518–537. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.2007.00071.x
  • • Durmaz, M. (2012). Ortaöğretim Öğrencilerinin (10. Sınıf) temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlarının karşılanmışlık düzeyleri, motivasyon ve matematik kaygısı arasındaki ilişkilerin belirlenmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Bolu.
  • • Ede, A., Hwang, S., Feltz, D.L. (2011). Current directions in self-efficacy research in sport. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicologia del Ejercicio y el De- porte, 6(2), 181-202.
  • • Ford, J.L., Ildenfonso, K., Jones M.L., Barrow, M.A. (2017). Sport-related anxiety: current insights. Open Access Journal of Sport Medicine, 8, 205-212. https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S125845
  • • Gill, D.L., Gross, J.B., Huddleston, S. (1985). Participation motivation in youth sports. International Journal of Sport Psychology. (14): 1–14
  • • Guillen, F., Sanchez, R. (2009). Competitive anxiety in expert female athletes: Sources and intensity of anxiety in national team and first division panish basketball players. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 109(2), 407-419. https://doi.org/10.2466/PMS.109.2.407-419
  • • Gullien, F., Alvarado, J.R.M. (2012). The Sport Engagement Scale: An Adaptation of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) for the Sports Environment. Universitas Psychologica, 13(2), 15-24. http:// dx.doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.UPSY13’3.sesa
  • • Gunnell, K.E., Crocker, P.R.E., Wilson, P.M., Mack, E.D., Zumbo, B.D. (2013). Psychological Need Satisfaction and Thwarting: A Test of Basic Psychological Needs Theory in Physical Activity Contexts. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(5), 599-607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.03.007
  • • Garcés de Los Fayos, E.J. (1999). Burnout en deportistas: un estudio de la influencia de variables de personalidad, sociodemográficas y deportivas en el síndrome. Unpublished Dissertation. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia.
  • • Hair, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., Black, W.C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (Fifth edition). United States: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
  • • Hair J, Hult, G.T.M, Ringle, C, Sarstedt, M. (2014). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.
  • • Hodge, K., Lonsdale, C., Jackson, S.A. (2009). Athlete Engagement in Elite Sport: An Exploratory Investigation of Antecedents and Consequences. The Sport Psychologist, 23, 186-202. DOI: 10.1123/ tsp.23.2.186
  • • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., Mullen, M.R. (2008). Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53–59.
  • • Joreskog, K.G. (2009) On the Estimation of Polychoric Correlations and Their Asymptotic Covariance Matrix. Psychometrika 1994; 59(3): 381-9.
  • • Kalaycı, Ş. (2010). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri (Beşinci Baskı.). Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
  • • Kelecek, S. Kara, F.M., Aşçı, F.H. (2017). Sporcu bağlılık ölçeğı̇”nı̇n geçerlı̇k ve güvenı̇rlı̇k çalışması. Spormetre, 16(3), 39-47. DOI: 10.1501/Sporm_0000000374
  • • Kılbaş, Ş. (2004). Rekreasyon, Boş Zamanı Değerlendirme. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • • Kirkland, R.A., Karlin, N.J., Stellino, M.B., Pulos, S. (2011). Basic psychological needs, satisfaction, motivation, and exercise in older adults. Activities, Adaptation and Aging, 35, 181-196. http://dx.doi.org /10.1080/01924788.2011.596764.
  • • Koç, S. (2005). Beden Eğitimi ve Sporda Beceri Gelişimi. İstanbul: Morpa Kültür Yayınları.
  • • Koç, Ş. (1994). Spor Psikolojisine Giriş. İzmir: Saray Medikal Yayıncılık.
  • • Li C., Wang, J.C.K., Pyun, D.Y., Kee, Y.H. (2013). Burnout and İts Relations with Basic Psychological Needs and Motivation Among Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(5), 692-700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.04.009
  • • Lonsdale, C., Hodge, K., Jackson, S.A. (2007). Athlete Engagement: II. Development and Initial Validation of The Athlete Engagement Questionnaire. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 38, 471-492.
  • • Lonsdale, C., Hodge, K., Raedeke, T.D. (2007). Athlete engagement : I. A qualitative investigation of relevance and dimensions. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 38, 451-470.
  • • Modrono, C., Guillen, F. (2011). Anxiety charac- teristics of competitive windsurfers: Age, gender, performance outcome. Journal of Sport Behavior, 34(3), 281-294.
  • • Moutão, J., Cid, L., Alves, J., Leitão, J., Vlachopoulos, S.P. (2012). Validation of the basic psychological needs in exercise scale in a Portuguese sample. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15, 399-409. DOI: 10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n1.37346
  • • Özdilek, Ç., Demirel, M., Harmandar, D. (2007). Dumlupınar ve Sakarya üniversitelerinde öğrenim gören beden eğitimi ve spor yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin boş zaman etkinliklerine katılım nedenleri ve düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması. International Journal of Human Sciences, 4(2), 1-13.
  • • Roberts, G.C. (2001). Advances in Motivation in Sport and Exercise. Human Kinetics.
  • • Scanlan, T.K., Stein, G.L., Ravizza, K. (1989). An in-depth Study of Former Elite Figure Skaters: II. Sources of Enjoyment. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, 65-83.
  • • Schaufeli, W.B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., Bakker, A.B. (2002). The measurement of En- gagement and burnout: A two sample confirma- tory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71-92.
  • • Shaffer, H.J., Hall, M.N., Bilt, J.V. (2000). Computer addiction: A critical consideration. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70(2), 162- 168.
  • • Tabachnick, B.G., Fidell, L.S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6. Baskı)). United States: Pearson Education.
  • • Tucker, L.R., Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38(1), 1-10.
  • • Tükenmez, M. (2009). Toplum Bilim ve Spor. İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları.
  • • Vlachopoulos, S.P. (2007). Psychometric evaluation of the basic psychological needs in exercise scale in community exercise programs: a cross-validation approach. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 4, 52-74.
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There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Bekir Barış Cihan This is me

Ebru Araç Ilgar This is me

Gözde Sırgancı This is me

Publication Date January 1, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 7 Issue: 17

Cite

APA Cihan, B. B., Ilgar, E. A., & Sırgancı, G. (2019). “Spora Bağlılık Ölçeği”nin Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Gençlik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(17), 171-191.
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