Genç Tenisçilerde Üst Ekstremiteye Uygulanan 8 Haftalık Direnç Lastiği Egzersiz Programının Farklı Vuruşlardaki Top Hızına Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Öz

Bu araştırma, tenis antrenmanlarına ek olarak üst ekstremiteye uygulanan 8 haftalık direnç lastiği egzersiz programının genç tenisçilerin forehand, backhand, servis ve smaç vuruşlarındaki top hızları üzerine etkisini incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmaya Kayseri ilinde aktif tenis oynayan 15-18 yaş aralığında 24 sporcu (12 Kız, 12 Erkek) dahil edilmiştir. Gruplar, ön test verilerine dayalı tabakalı randomizasyonla homojen şekilde oluşturulmuştur. Deney grubuna rutin tenis antrenmanlarına ek olarak 8 hafta boyunca haftada 3 gün planlanmış ve standartlaştırılmış direnç lastiği egzersiz programı uygulanırken, kontrol grubu yalnızca rutin tenis antrenmanlarına devam etmiştir. Bulgular incelendiğinde; Deney ve kontrol gruplarının her ikisinde de forehand, backhand, servis ve smaç (kontrol grubu hariç; P > 0,05) vuruşlarına ait top hızı ortalamalarının ön test ve son test karşılaştırmalarında tüm vuruş türleri için istatistiksel olarak anlamlı artışlar olduğu belirlenmiştir (P < 0,01). Gruplar arası karşılaştırmalarda ise ön testlerde anlamlı farklılık yok iken, son testlerde deney grubu lehine tüm vuruş türlerinde anlamlı düzeyde farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir (P < 0,01 ve P < 0,05). Sonuç olarak direnç lastiği egzersiz programının genç tenisçilerin vuruş performansını özellikle top hızı değerlerinde anlamlı gelişmeler sağladığı görülmüştür. Tenis performansında top hızının arttırılmasında direnç odaklı kuvvet antrenmanlarının etkili bir yaklaşım olduğu söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Antrenman
• Direnç Bandı
• Egzersiz
• Tenis
• Top Hızı

Investigation of the Effect of an 8-Week Resistance Band Exercise Program Applied to the Upper Extremity on Ball Speed in Different Strokes in Young Tennis Players

Öz

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an eight-week resistance band exercise program applied to the upper extremities, in addition to regular tennis training, on ball speed in forehand, backhand, serve, and smash strokes of young tennis players. The study included 24 athletes (12 females, 12 males) aged 15–18 years who were actively playing tennis in Kayseri province. The groups were formed homogeneously through stratified randomization based on pre-test data. While the experimental group participated in a standardized resistance band exercise program three days a week for eight weeks in addition to their regular tennis training, the control group continued only their routine tennis training. The findings indicated that both the experimental and control groups showed statistically significant increases in ball speed averages for forehand, backhand, serve, and smash strokes in pretest–posttest comparisons (p < 0.01) (except for the smash stroke in the control group; P > 0.05). In the between-group comparisons, while no significant differences were observed in the pretest measurements, significant differences were found in favor of the experimental group in all stroke types in the posttest measurements (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05). As a result, it was observed that the resistance band exercise program led to significant improvements in stroke performance, especially in ball velocity values, among young tennis players. It can be concluded that resistance-based strength training is an effective approach to increasing ball speed in tennis performance

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Training
• Resistance Band
• Exercise
• Tennis
• Ball Speed

Kaynakça

1. Akkaya, C. C., & Demirli, A. (2024). Farklı tenis servis atış teknikleri ve top hızı parametrelerinin bazı antropometrik özellikler ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Res Invest Sport Sci, 14(1), 7-11.
2. Akşit, T., Vural, F., Ceyhan, G., & Özkol, M. Z. (2021). Tenisçilerde maksimum izometrik kuvvet, sürat ve servis hızı ilişkisi: Deneysel araştırma. Türkiye Klinikleri J Sports Sci, 13(3), 344-351. https://doi.org/10.5336/sportsci.2021-83701
3. Baiget, E., Colomar, J., & Corbi, F. (2023). Six-week joint-specific isometric strength training improves serve velocity in young tennis players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 18(2), 148–156. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2022-0292
4. Baiget, E., Corbi Soler, F., & López, J. (2022). Influence of anthropometric, ball impact and landing location parameters on serve velocity in elite tennis competition. Biology of Sport, 40(1), 273–281. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2023.112095
5. Barber-Westin, S. D., Hermeto, A. A., & Noyes, F. R. (2010). A 6-week neuromuscular training program for competitive junior tennis players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(11), 3055–3062.
6. Bozoğlu, M. S. (2017). Direnç lastiği antrenmanlarının tenis performansına etkisi [Doktora Tezi]. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi.
7. Colomar, J., Corbi, F., Brich, Q., & Baiget, E. (2022). Determinant physical factors of tennis serve velocity: A brief review. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 17(8), 1159-1169. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2022-0091
8. Deng, N., Soh, K. G., Huang, D., Abdullah, B., Luo, S., & Rattanakoses, W. (2022). Effects of plyometric training on skill and physical performance in healthy tennis players: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Physiology, 13, 1024418. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.1024418

9. Deng, N., Soh, K. G., Xu, F., & Yang, X. (2025). The effects of strength and conditioning interventions on serve speed in tennis players: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Physiology, 15, 1469965. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1469965
10. Elliott, B., Takahashi, K., & Noffal, G. (1997). The influence of grip position on upper limb contributions to racket head velocity on a tennis forehand. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 13(2), 182-196.
11. Fernández-Fernández, J., Ellenbecker, T., Sanz-Rivas, D., Ulbricht, A., & Ferrauti, A. (2013). Effects of a 6-week junior tennis conditioning program on service velocity. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 12(2), 232–239.
12. Fitts, P. M. (1954). The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47(6), 381–391. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0055392
13. García, J. A., Sabido, R., Barbado, D., & Moreno, F. J. (2013). Analysis of the relation between throwing speed and throwing accuracy in team-handball according to instruction. European Journal of Sport Science, 13(2), 149–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2011.606835
14. Genevois, C., Frican, B., Creveaux, T., Hautier, C., & Rogowski, I. (2013). Effects of two training protocols on the forehand drive performance in tennis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(3), 677–682.
15. Gül, M. (2019). Direnç lastiği ile yapılan üst ekstremite antrenmanlarının tenis servis atışına etkisi. SPD, 10(3), 198-207.
16. Ishikawa, T., & Murakami, T. (2015). An approach to 3D gyro sensor based motion analysis in tennis forehand stroke. IEEE IECON Conf, 2354-2359. https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON.2015.7392454
17. Kovacs, M. S., & Ellenbecker, T. S. (2011). A performance evaluation of the tennis serve: implications for strength, speed, power, and flexibility training. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 33(4), 22–30. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e318225d59a
18. Kraemer, W. J., Hakkinen, K., Triplett-Mcbride, N. T., Fry, A. C., Koziris, L. P., Ratamess, N. A., Bauer, J. E., Volek, J. S., McConnell, T., Newton, R. U., Gordon, S. E., Cummings, D., Hauth, J., Pullo, F., Lynch, J. M., Fleck, S. J., Mazzetti, S. A., & Knuttgen, H. G. (2003). Physiological changes with periodized resistance training in women tennis players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(1), 157-168. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200301000-00024
19. Landlinger, J., Lindinger, S., Stöggl, T., Wagner, H., & Müller, E. (2010). Key factors and timing patterns in the tennis forehand of different skill levels. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 9(4), 643-651.
20. Landlinger, J., Stöggl, T., Lindinger, S., Wagner, H., & Müller, E. (2012). Differences in ball speed and accuracy of tennis groundstrokes between elite and high-performance players. European Journal of Sport Science, 12(4), 301–308.
21. Lopes, J. S. S., Machado, A. F., Micheletti, J. K., Almeida, A. C., Cavina, A. P., & Pastre, C. M. (2019). Effects of training with elastic resistance versus conventional resistance on muscular strength: A systematic review and meta-analysis. SAGE Open Medicine, 7, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312119831116
22. Martin, C., Bideau, B., Bideau, N., Nicolas, G., Delamarche, P., & Kulpa, R. (2014). Energy flow analysis during the tennis serve: comparison between injured and noninjured tennis players. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(11), 2751-60. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546514547173
23. Martin, C., Kulpa, R., Delamarche, P., & Bideau, B. (2013). Professional tennis players’ serve: correlation between segmental angular momentums and ball velocity. Sports Biomechanics, 12(1), 2–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2012.734321
24. Ölçücü, B. (2011). Tenisçilerde pliometrik antrenmanların kol ve bacak kuvveti, servis, forehand, backhand vuruş süratleri ve vurulan hedefe isabet yüzdelerine etkisinin incelenmesi [Doktora Tezi]. Marmara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
25. Özçelik, A. (2023). Rekreatif seviye kadın tenis oyuncularında forehand ve backhand vuruş performansları ile sweet-spot skorları arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi. Ulusal Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 12-21.
26. Özden, A., Polat, M., Avcu, E. Ç., & Hazar, S. (2025). Tenisçilerde anaerobik gücün Itn puanı ve top hızı ile ilişkisi. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(1), 107-117. https://doi.org/10.61962/bsd.1622115
27. Parpa, K., Michaelides, M., Petrov, D., Kyrillou, C., & Paludo, A. C. (2022). Relationship between physical performance, anthropometric measurements and stroke velocity in youth tennis players. Sports, 11(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11010007
28. Reid, M., & Schneiker, K. (2008). Strength and conditioning in tennis: Current research and practice. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 11(3), 248–256.
29. Seguin, R. C., Cudlip, A. C., & Holmes, M. W. R. (2022). The efficacy of upper-extremity elastic resistance training on shoulder strength and performance: A systematic review. Sports, 10(2), 24-32. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10020024
30. Sudo, Y., Kawamoto, Y., Iino, Y., & Yoshioka, S. (2026). Mechanisms of speed-accuracy trade-off in tennis topspin forehand of college players. Sports Biomechanics, 25(1), 83–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2024.2381105
31. Şimşek, E. (2019). Kadın hentbolcularda atış hızı ve isabet ilişkisi. İçinde Sporda yeni akademik çalışmalar (ss. 13-24). Akademisyen Kitabevi.
32. Terraza-Rebollo, M., & Baiget, E. (2021). Acute and delayed effects of strength training in ball velocity and accuracy in young competition tennis players. PLoS ONE, 16(12), e0260825. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260825
33. Ulbricht, A., Fernandez-Fernandez, J., Mendez-Villanueva, A., & Ferrauti, A. (2016). Impact of fitness characteristics on tennis performance in elite junior tennis players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(4), 989–998. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001267
34. Van Den Tillaar, R., & Ettema, G. (2003). Instructions emphasizing velocity, accuracy, or both in performance and kinematics of overarm throwing by experienced team handball players. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 97(3), 731–742. https://doi.org/10.2466/PMS.2003.97.3.731
35. Van Den Tillaar, R., & Ettema, G. (2006). A comparison between novices and experts of the velocity-accuracy trade-off in overarm throwing. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 103(2), 503–514. https://doi.org/10.2466/PMS.103.2.503-514
36. Vergauwen, L., Madou, B., & Behets, D. (2004). Authentic evaluation of forehand groundstrokes in young low- to intermediate-level tennis players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(12), 2099–2106.
37. Vergauwen, L., Spaepen, A. J., Lefevre, J., & Hespel, P. (1998). Evaluation of stroke performance in tennis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(8), 1281–1288. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199808000-00016
38. Wakeham, T., & Jacobs, R. (2009). Preseason strength and conditioning for collegiate tennis players. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 31(4), 86–93.
39. Whiteside, D., Martini, D. N., Zernicke, R. F., & Goulet, G. C. (2016). Ball speed and release consistency predict pitching success in major league baseball. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 30(7), 1787–1795. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001296