ANATOMICAL EXAMINATION AND QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF COUMARIN CONTENT IN CINNAMON SPECIES AVAILABLE IN TURKISH MARKETS

Abstract

Cinnamon is one of the oldest and extensively consumed seasoning obtained from the barks of some Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) species. Although over the 250 Cinnamomum species are known, Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon), C. cassia (Chinese), C. burmanni (Indonesian) and C. loureiroi (Vietnamese) are widely cultivated and traded. Differentiation of powdered barks is only possible with anatomical, morphological, chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis. Cinnamon and its essential oil are widely used in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries due to its unique aroma. Some types of cinnamon, which has been recommended for diabetics, contain high amounts of anticoagulant and hepatotoxic "coumarin" compound. In this study, 23 cinnamon samples were examined anatomically and morphologically. Main compounds of obtained essential oils were analysed by Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Coumarin contents were determined by High-performance Liquid Chromatography. Except for one sample, all defined as “cassia”. Coumarin was found in concentrations ranging from 0.042 to 128 mg/gr.

Keywords

• Cinnamomum
• cinnamon
• cassia
• HPLC
• essential oil
• coumarin
• anatomical

TÜRKİYE’DE TÜKETİME SUNULAN TARÇIN TÜRLERİNİN ANATOMİK İNCELENMESİ VE KUMARİN MİKTARLARININ BELİRLENMESİ

Abstract

Tarçın, bazı Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) türlerinin gövde kabuklarından elde edilen dünyanın en eski ve sık tüketilen baharatlarından biridir. 250’nin üzerinde Cinnamomum türünden kültüre alınan ve ticareti yapılanlar Cinnamomum verum (Seylan), C. cassia (Çin), C. burmanni (Endonezya) ve C. loureiroi (Vietnam)’dir. Toz edilmiş kabukların birbirlerinden ayrılması yalnızca anatomik, morfolojik, kromatografik ve spektroskobik yöntemler ile mümkündür. Tarçın ve uçucu yağı eşsiz aromasıyla gıda, kozmetik ve ilaç sanayiinde geniş kullanıma sahiptir. Son yıllarda tıbbi amaçlarla kullanılan, özellikle diyabet hastalarına önerilen tarçının bazı türleri antikoagülan ve hepatotoksik özellikte, “kumarin” bileşiğini yüksek miktarlarda taşımaktadır. Çalışmamızda ülkemizin çeşitli illerinde satışa sunulmuş 23 adet kabuk örneği anatomik-morfolojik olarak incelenmiş, bazı örneklerin uçucu yağ kompozisyonu Gaz Kromatografisi ve Gaz Kromatografisi/Kütle Spektrometresi sistemleri ile belirlenmiştir. Yüksek Performanslı Sıvı Kromatografisi ile tüm örneklerin taşıdıkları kumarin miktarı ortaya konmuştur. Ülkemiz piyasasından temin edilen 23 tarçın örneğinin 22’sinin “cassia tip” tarçın olduğu, kumarin miktarlarının 0.042 ile 12.8 mg/gr aralığında değiştiği saptanmıştır.

Keywords

• Cinnamomum
• tarçın
• cassia
• YPSK
• uçucu yağ
• kumarin
• anatomik

References

1. Abraham, K., Wöhrlin, F., Lindtner, O., Heinemeyer, G., & Lampen, A. (2010). Toxicology and risk assessment of coumarin: focus on human data. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 54(2), 228-239.
2. Alamgir, A. N. M. (2017). Microscopy in Pharmacognosy. In Therapeutic Use of Medicinal Plants and Their Extracts: Volume 1 (pp. 497-513). Springer, Cham.
3. Allen, R. W., Schwartzman, E., Baker, W. L., Coleman, C. I., & Phung, O. J. (2013). Cinnamon use in type 2 diabetes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. The Annals of Family Medicine, 11(5), 452-459.
4. Andini, Y. W., Cahyasarl, I. A., & Primaharinastiti, R. (2020). Standardization Bark of Cinnamomum burmannii Nees Ex Bl. from Five Areas of Indonesia. Pharmacognosy Journal, 12(3).
5. Anonymous (2008). Coumarin in flavourings and other food ingredients with flavouring properties. The EFSA Journal, 793, 1-15.
6. Anonymous (2014). Council of Europe. (2014). European Pharmacopoeia (8th ed). Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
7. Anonymous (2016). Türk Farmakopesi -II Avrupa Farmakopesi Adaptasyonu. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Yayın No:1040, TİTCK Yayın No:4.
8. Anonymous (2017). United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD (2017), pp. 426-440, USP 40–NF 35.

9. Ballin, N.Z. and Sørensen, A.T. (2014). Coumarin content in cinnamon containing food products on the Danish market. Food Control, 38(2014), 198e203.
10. Barceloux, D. G. (2009). Cinnamon (Cinnamomum species). Disease-a-month, 55(6), 327-335.
11. Baruah, A. and Nath, S.C. (2004). Indian Cassia. In: Ravindran, P.N., Babu, K.N. and Shylaja, M. (eds). Cinnamon and Cassia: The Genus Cinnamomum (pp. 199–210). CRC Press, London.
12. Bingöl, N. ve Akbulut, G. (2012). Tip 2 Diyabet ve Tarçın. Bozok Tıp Derg., 2012(3), 39-46.
13. Blahove, J. and Svobodova, Z. (2012). Assessment of coumarin levels in ground cinnamon available in the Czech retail market. Scientific World Journal, 263851.
14. Cao, H., Polansky, M.M. and Anderson, R.A. (2007). Cinnamon extract and polyphenols affect the expression of tristetraprolin, insulin receptor, and glucose transporter 4 in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys., 15; 459(2), 214-22.
15. Chen, P., Sun, J. and Ford, P. (2014). Differentiation of the Four Major Species of Cinnamons (C. burmannii, C. verum, C. cassia, and C. loureiroi) Using a Flow Injection Mass Spectrometric (FIMS) Fingerprinting Method. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(12), 2516–2521.
16. de Kok, R. P. J. (2019). A revision of Cinnamomum Schaeff. (Lauraceae) for Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Gard. Bull. Singapore, 71(1), 89-139.
17. Femine, C.P.G., Joy, E.T. and Kiran, M.S. (2018). Efficacy of cinnamon in the treatment of orofacial conditions. Int J Contemp Dent Med Rev, vol.2018.
18. Firmino, D.F., Cavalcante, T.T.A., Gomes, G.A., Firmino, N.C.S., Rosa, L.D., de Carvalho, M.G., Catunda, F.E.A. (2018). Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities of Cinnamomum Sp. Essential Oil and Cinnamaldehyde: Antimicrobial Activities. Scientific World Journal, 2018:7405736.
19. Gruenwald, J., Freder, J. and Armbruester, N. (2010). Cinnamon and health. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 50(9), 822-834. Guenther, E. (1950). The Essential Oils. Volume II. (p. 516). Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York.
20. Gurav, S., & Gurav, N. (2014). Herbal drug microscopy. In Indian herbal drug microscopy (pp. 15-196). Springer, New York, NY.
21. Gürson, O. ve Özçelikay, G. (2005). Tarçın’ın Tarih Boyunca ve Günümüzdeki Kullanımı. OTAM: Ankara Üniversitesi Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi, 18, 171-183.
22. İşcan, G., Köse, Y. B., & Demirci, F. (2019). Bitkisel Drogların Makroskobik ve Mikroskobik Özellikleri. Antalya Eczacı Odası Akademisi Yayınları.
23. Jeremic, K., Nebojša, K., Nataša, V., Nemanja, T., Maja, H., Mladena, L.P., Neda, G. (2019). Morphological characterization of cinnamon bark and powder available in the Serbian market. Biologia Serbica, 41(1), 89-93.
24. Jiang, Z.T., Li, R. and Wang, Y. (2008) Essential Oil Composition of Cinnamomum loureiroi Grown in China Extracted by Supercritical Fluid Extraction. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 11:3, 267-270.
25. Joulain, D., Koenig W.A. (1998). The Atlas of Spectra Data of Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons, EB-Verlag, Hamburg, Kawatra, P. and Rajagopalan, R. (2015). Cinnamon: Mystic powers of a minute ingredient. Pharmacognosy Research, 7(Suppl 1), S1.
26. Khan, A., Safdar, M., Khan, M. M. A., Khattak, K. N., & Anderson, R. A. (2003). Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes care, 26(12), 3215-3218.
27. Koenig, W.A. Joulain, D. Hochmuth, D.H. (2004). Terpenoids and Related Constituents of Essential Oils. MassFinder 3, Hamburg, Germany, 2004.
28. Li, Y.Q., Kong, D.X. and Wu, H. (2013). Analysis and evaluation of essential oil components of cinnamon barks using GC–MS and FTIR spectroscopy. Industrial Crops and Products, 41, 269–278.
29. Lu, T., Sheng, H., Wu, J., Cheng, Y., Zhu, J., & Chen, Y. (2012). Cinnamon extract improves fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin level in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Nutrition research, 32(6), 408-412.
30. Lungarini, S., Aureli, F., and Coni, E. (2008). Coumarin and cinnamaldehyde in cinnamon marketed in Italy: a natural chemical hazard? Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A: Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment, 25, 1297e1305.
31. Mang, B., Wolters, M., Schmitt, B., Kelb, K., Lichtinghagen, R., Stichtenoth, D.O., & Hahn, A. (2006). Effects of a cinnamon extract on plasma glucose, HbA1c, and serum lipids in diabetes mellitus type 2. European journal of clinical investigation, 36(5), 340-344.
32. McLafferty, F.W. & Stauffer, D.B. (1989). The Wiley/NBS Registry of Mass Spectral Data, J Wiley and Sons: New York, 1989.
33. Miller, K.G., Poole, C.F. and Chichila, T.M.P. (1995). Solvent-assisted supercritical fluid extraction for the isolation of semivolatile flavor compounds from cinnamons of commerce and their separation by series-coupled column gas chromatography. J. High. Resol. Chromatogr., 18, 461–471.
34. Rahfeld, B. (2009). Mikroskopischer Farbatlas Pflanzlicher Drogen. Springer Science & Business Media.
35. Ranasinghe, P., Galappaththy, P., Constantine, G. R., Jayawardena, R., Weeratunga, H. D., Premakumara, S., & Katulanda, P. (2017). Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon cinnamon) as a potential pharmaceutical agent for type-2 diabetes mellitus: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 18(1), 1-8.
36. Ranasinghe, P., Pigera, S., Premakumara, G.A., Galappaththy, P., Constantine, G.R., Katulanda, P. (2013). Medicinal properties of 'true' cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum): a systematic review. BMC Complement Altern Med., 22(13), 275.
37. Ravindran, P.N., Shylaja, M., Nirmal Babu, K., Krishnamoorthy, B. (2004). Botany and crop improvement of cinnamon and cassia. In: Ravindran P.N., Babu K.N., editors. Cinnamon and Cassia—The Genus Cinnamomum. CRC Press; Boca Raton, FL, USA.
38. Singh, N., Rao, A. S., Nandal, A., Kumar, S., Yadav, S. S., Ganaie, S. A., & Narasimhan, B. (2021). Phytochemical and pharmacological review of Cinnamomum verum J. Presl-a versatile spice used in food and nutrition. Food Chemistry, 338, 1-24.
39. Tardif, J. C., & Conciatori, F. (2015). Microscopic examination of wood: Sample preparation and techniques for light microscopy. In Plant microtechniques and protocols (pp. 373-415). Springer, Cham.
40. Upadhyay, Ravi. (2017). Therapeutic and Pharmaceutical Potential of Cinnamomum Tamala. Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6, 18-28.
41. Upton, R. T. (2010). Use of high-performance thin layer chromatography by the American Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Journal of AOAC International, 93(5), 1349-1354.
42. Vernin, C., Vernin, G., Metzger, J., Puigol, I. (1990). La canelle, Premire partie. Analyse CPG/Sm Banuqe SPECMA d’huile essentielle de canelle de Ceylan et de Chine. Parfumes, Cosmetiques, Aromes, 93, 85–90.
43. Villupanoor, A.P., Chempakam, B., Zachariah, T.J., Leela., N.K. Chemistry of Spices. Chapter 7: Cinnamon and Cassia. 124-145. Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn.
44. Wang, Y.H., Avula, B., Nanayakkara, N.P.D., Zhao, J.P., Khan, I.A. (2013). Cassia Cinnamon as a Source of Coumarin in Cinnamon-Flavored Food and Food Supplements in the United States. J. Agric. Food Chem., 61, 4470–4476.
45. Woehrlin, F., Fry, H., Abraham, K., Preiss-Weigert, A. (2010). Quantification of flavoring constituents in cinnamon: high variation of coumarin in cassia bark from the German retail market and in authentic samples from Indonesia. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58, 10568e10575.
46. Xiao-duo, J., Quan-Long, P., Garafoo, H.M., Pannel, L.K. (1991). Essential oil of the leaf, bark and branch of Cinnamomum burmannii Blume. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 3: 373–375.
47. Yu-Jing, L., Liang-Jeng, Z., Bi-Yao, L., Langtian, M., Zhao-Lun, L., Liang-Shi, J. (1987) Studies on meipian tree (Cinnamomum burmannii physiological type) as a new source of natural d-borneol. Acta Botanica Sinica, 29, 373–375.
48. Zare, R., Nadjarzadeh, A., Zarshenas, M. M., Shams, M., & Heydari, M. (2019). Efficacy of cinnamon in patients with type II diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Clinical nutrition, 38(2), 549-556.
49. Zare, R., Shams, M., Heydari, M., Najarzadeh, A., & Zarshenas, M. (2020). Analysis of the efficacy of cinnamon for patients with diabetes mellitus type II based on traditional Persian medicine syndrome differentiation: a randomized controlled trial. Shiraz E-Medical Journal, 21(7).