POPÜLER MANTARLARIN BESİN DEĞERLERİ VE SAĞLIK ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ

Abstract

Mantarlar besin içeriği bakımından zengin bir besin kaynağı oldukları için günümüzde daha yeni yeni talep gören gıda ürünleri arasında yer almaktadır. Besin içerikleri açısından, mantarlar enerji ve yağ bakımından fakir buna karşın protein, karbonhidrat ve diyet lifi bakımından zengindir. Özellikle dengeli aminoasit içerikleri sayesinde vegan ve vejateryan beslenme tarzına sahip kişiler tarafından tercih edilmektedir. Derleme kapsamında; dünya ve Türkiye genelinde en çok yetiştirilen ve tüketilen mantarların taksonomik isimlendirmesi, tür bakımından özellikleri ve besin içerikleri gibi mantarları tanımlayıcı özellikleri literatürdeki çalışmalarla desteklenerek sunulmuştur. Bunun yanı sıra alternatif mantar türleri tanıtılmış ve alternatif besin olarak kullanılmasının önemi vurgulanmıştır. Bu çalışma doğrultusunda besin içeriği ve sağlığa faydalı ürünler olması bakımından kişi başına düşen mantar tüketiminin artmasına katkıda bulunması hedeflenmiştir.

Keywords

• Mantarlar
• Agaricus bisporus
• Pleurotus
• Lentinula edodes
• Flammulina velutipes
• Ganoderma lucidum

NUTRITIONAL VALUES AND HEALTH EFFECTS OF POPULAR MUSHROOMS

Abstract

Since mushrooms are a rich source of nutrients, they are among the food products that are in demand today. In terms of their nutritional content, mushrooms are low in energy and fat, but high in protein, carbohydrates, and dietary fiber. It is especially preferred by people with a vegan and vegetarian diet, thanks to its balanced amino acid content. Within the scope of the review, the taxonomic nomenclature of the most grown and consumed mushrooms in the world and in Turkey, their characteristics in terms of species and their nutritional content, are presented by supporting the studies in the literature. In addition, alternative mushroom species were introduced and the importance of using them as an alternative food was emphasized. In line with this study, it is aimed to contribute to the increase of mushroom consumption per capita in terms of nutritional content and health benefits.

Keywords

• Mushrooms
• Agaricus bisporus
• Pleurotus
• Lentinula edodes
• Flammulina velutipes
• Ganoderma lucidum

References

1. Abdulla, M. A., Suzita, M. N., Vikineswary, S., Noorlidah, A., Wong, K. H., and Hapipah M. A. (2008). Effect of culinary-medicinal lion’s mane mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. (Aphyllophoromycetideae), on ethanolinduced gastric ulcers in rats. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 10, 325-330.
2. Adaskaveg, J. E., Miller, R. W. and Gilbertson, R. L. (1993). Wood decay, lignicolous fungi, and decline of peach trees in South Carolina. Plant Disease, 77, 707–711.
3. Afyon, A., (1996). Isparta yöresinde belirlenen bazı makroskobik mantarlar. Turkish Journal of Botany, 20,161-164.
4. Afyon, A., Konuk, M., Yağız, D. and Helfer, S. (2005). A Study of Wood Decaying Macrofungi of the Western Black Sea Region, Turkey. Mycotaxon, 93, 319-322.
5. Águeda, B., Parlade, J., Fernandez-Toiran, L. M., Cisneros, O., Demiguel, A. M., Modrego, M. P., Martinez-Pena, F. and Pera, J. (2008). “Mycorrhizal synthesis between Boletus edulis Bull. species complex and rockroses (Cistus sp.)”, Mycorrhiza, 18, 443-449.
6. Ağaoğlu, Y.S. ve Güler, M., (1991). Doğal ve Kültüre Alınabilir Mantar Türleri-II. Kayın Mantarı (Pleurotus spp.) Yetiştiriciliği. T.C. Orman Bakanlığı, Orman Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, 46 s.
7. Ağaoğlu, Y.S., İlbay, B. ve Güler, M., (1991). Shiitake (Lentinus edodes) Yetiştiriciliği. T.C. Orman Bakanlığı, Orman Genel Müdürlüğü. Ankara
8. Ahlawat, O. P. and Tewari, R. P. (2007). Cultivation technology of paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea). In Technical Bulletin: National Research Centre for Mushroom (Indian Council of Agricultural Research), p. 1-33. New Delhi: Yugantar and Prakashan Pvt. Ltd.

9. Ali, H., Sannai, J., Sher, H. and Rashid. A. (2011). Ethnobotanical profile of some plant resources in Malam Jabba valley of Swat, Pakistan. Journal of Medicanal Plants Research, 5(17): 4171-4180.
10. Alkaisi M. R. M., Hasan A. A. and Aljuboori A. W. A. (2016) Evaluation of production efficiency for some cultivated mushroom strains Agaricus bisporus which was renovated Mother Culture in multiple methods. Iraqi Journal of Science. 57(1B), 383-390
11. Altuntaş, D., Allı, H., Kaplaner, E., ve Öztürk, M. (2016). Bazı Lactarius türlerinin yağ asidi bileşenlerinin ve makrobesinsel özelliklerinin belirlenmesi, Turkish Journal of Agriculture: Food Science and Technology. 4(3), 216-220.
12. Andrade M. C. N., de Jesus J. P. F., Vieira F. R., Viana S. R. F., Spoto M. H. F. and Minhoni M. T. A. (2013) Dynamics of the chemical composition and productivity of composts for the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus strains. Brazilian Journal Microbiology, 44(4), 1139-1146
13. Anonymous, (2005). http://www.edinformatics. com/ culinaryarts /food_encyclopedia/mushrooms.htm
14. Anonymous. (2012). Saffron milk cap (Lactarius deliciosus). http://www.trufflesandmushrooms.co.nz/ Lactariu s %20 deliciosus %20web.pdf.
15. Antmann, G., Ares, G., Lema, P. and Lareo, C. 2008. Influence of modified atmosphere packaging on sensory quality of shiitake mushrooms. Postharvest Biology and Technology 49(1): 164–170.
16. Arredondo-Ruiz F., García-Montero L. G., Díaz P. (2014). A review of research on Tuber aestivum (Summer truffle) focused on its culture. Forest systems (submitted).
17. Assyov, B. and Denchev C. M. (2004). Preliminary checklist of Boletales in Bulgaria. Mycologia Balcanica 1, 195-208.
18. Atienza,V., Montoro, A., Sebastiá, N. and Soriano, J. M. (2013) Natural organisms with effect radioprotective. In The Latest Advances in Radioprotectors of Natural Origin; Soriano, J.M., Montoro, A., Eds.; The Spanish Nuclear Safety Council: Madrid, Spain. pp. 115–205.
19. Bahl N. (1983) Medicinal value of edible fungi. In: Proceeding of the International Conference on Science and Cultivation Technology of Edible Fungi. Indian Mushroom Science II. 203-209
20. Bandara, A.R., Karunarathna, S.C., Mortimer, P.E., Hyde, K.D. ve ark. (2017). First successful domestication and determination of nutritional and antioxidant properties of the red ear mushroom Auricularia thailandica (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota). Mycological Progress 16, 1029–1039.
21. Bao, D., Gong, M., Zheng, H., Chen, M., Zhang, L., Wang, H., et al. (2013). Sequencing and comparative analysis of the straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) genome. Plos One 8(3) e58294. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.00 58294
22. Barutçiyan J. (2012). Türkiye’nin mantarları 1, Oğlak Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
23. Batra P., Sharma A. K. and Khajuria R. (2013) Probing lingzhi or reishi medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (higher Basidiomycetes): a bitter mushroom with amazing health benefits. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 15, 127–43.
24. Baysal E., Yigitbasi O. N., Colak M., Toker H., Simsek H. And Yilmaz F. (2007) Cultivation of Agaricus bisporus on some compost formulas and locally available casing materials. Part 1: wheat straw based compost formulas and locally available casing materials. African Journal of Biotechnology, 6(1), 2225-2230
25. Beelman, R. B., Royse, D. and Chikthimmah, N. (2004). Bioactive components in button mushroom Agaricus bisporus (J. Lge) Imbach of nutritional, medicinal, and biological importance (Review). Proceedings of the XVI th International Congress on the Science and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi (Eds.: C.P. Romaine, C.B. Keil, D.L. Rinker, D.J. Royse , Miami, FL. U.S.A)
26. Belewu, M. A. and Belewu, K. Y. (2005). Cultivation of mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) on banana leaves. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4(12), 1401–1403.
27. Beluhan, S. and Ranogajec, A. (2011). Chemical Composition and Non-Volatile Components of Croatian Wild Edible Mushrooms. Food Chemistry, 124, 1076-1082.
28. Binder, M. and Hibbet, D.S. (2006). Molecular systematics and biological diversification of Boletales., Mycologia, 98(6), 971-981.
29. Boh B., Berovic M., Zhang J. and Zhi-Bin L. (2007). Ganoderma lucidum ve farmasötik olarak aktif bileşikleri. Biotechnology Annual Review, 13, 265–301.
30. Bon, M. (1987). The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North-western Europe. Hodder & Stoughton, London.
31. Bonito, G., Trappe, J. M. and Vilgalys, R. (2009). North American truffles in Tuberaceae: Molecular and morphological perspectives. Acta Botanica Yunnanica, 31(S16), 39-51.
32. Cannon P. F. and Kirk P. M.(2007) CAB International, Wallingford, Oxfordshire.
33. Castellano, M.A. and Turkoğlu, A. (2012). New records of truffle taxa in Tuber and Terfezia from Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany, 36, 295-298.
34. Chang, S. T and Miles, P. G. (1992). Mushroom Biology— The Mycologist- a new discipline, This proposes the scientific study of all aspects of mushrooms, 6, 64-65.
35. Chang, S. T. (1969). A cytological study of spore germination of Volvariella volvacea. Botanical. Magazine Tokyo, 82, 102–109. doi: 10.15281/jplantres1887.82. 102
36. Chang, S. T. and Miles, P. G. (2004). Mushrooms: Cultivation, nutritional value, medicinal effect, and environmental impact, second edition, CRC Press, 480 pp.
37. Chen J., Callac P., Llarena-Hernandez R.C. and Mata G. (2019). Two species of Agaricus subg. Minoriopsis from Mexico. Phytotaxa, 404(3), 91–101.
38. Chen, A. W. (2001). Cultivation of Lentinula edodes on Synthetic Logs. The Mushroom Growers’ Newsletter. www.mushroomcompany.com
39. Chen, L., Abulizi, A. and Li, M. (2019). Protective effect of Ganoderma (Lingzhi) on radiation and chemotherapy. In Ganoderma and Health: Pharmacology and Clinical Application; Lin, Z., Yang, B., Eds.; Springer: Singapore, ; pp. 119–142
40. Cheskin, L. J., Davis, L. M., Lipsky, L. M., Mitola, A. H., Lycan, T., Mitchell, V., et al. (2008). Lack of energy compensation over 4 days when white button mushrooms are substituted for beef. Appetite, 51(1), 50-57. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2007.11.007.
41. Cheung, P. C. K. (1996) The hypocholesterolemic effect of two edible mushrooms: Auricularia auricula (tree-ear) and Tremella fuciformis (white jelly-leaf) in hypercholesterolemic rats. Nutritional Research, 16, 1721–1725.
42. Cheung, P. C. K. (2013) Mini-review on edible mushrooms as source of dietary fiber: Preparation and health benefits. Food Science and Human Wellness, 2: 162–166.
43. Cheung, P. C. K., (2010). The nutritional and health benefits of mushroom. British Nutrition Foundation Nutrition Bulletin, 35, 292–299
44. Chirinang, P. and Intarapichet, K. O., (2009). Amino acids and antioxidant properties of the oyster mushrooms, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus sajor-caju. Science Asia, 35, 326-331.
45. Cohen, N., Cohen, J., Asatiani, M., et al. (2014) Chemical composition and nutritional and medicinal value of fruit bodies and submerged cultured mycelia of culinary-medicinal higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 16(3): 273-91.
46. Corner, E. J. H. (1972). Boletus in Malaysia. Government Printing Office/Botanic Gardens, Singapore, p. 263.
47. Cör, D., Knez, Ž. and Knez Hrnˇciˇc, M. (2018) Antitumour, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase effect of Ganoderma lucidum terpenoids and polysaccharides: A review. Molecules., 23, 649.
48. Curvetto, N., Figlas, D. and Delmastro, S. (2002). Sunflower seed hulls as substrate for the cultivation of shiitake mushrooms. Horticulture Tecnology, 12 (4): 652-655
49. Çağlarırmak, N. (2011). Edible Mushrooms: An Alternative Food Item. 7th International Conference on Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products, 548-554 page, France.
50. Çaka, Ş. and Türkoğlu, A. (2016). Some Commercial Truffles and Their Natural Habitats. Mugla Journal of Science and Technology, Special issue, 13-14.
51. Daba, A. S., and Ezorenye, O. U. (2003). Anti-cancer effect of polysaccharides isolated from higher basidiomycetes mushrooms. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2 (12), 672-678.
52. Dahlberg, A., Genney, D. R. and Heilmann-Clausen, J. (2010). Developing A Comprehensive Strategy for Fungal Conservation in Europe: Current Status and Future Needs. Fungal Ecology, 3, 50-64.
53. De Leon, R. (2003). Cultivation of edible and medicinal mushrooms in Guatemala, Central America. Micología Aplicada International, 15(1), 31–35.
54. De Roman, M. (2010) The contribution of wild fungi to diet, income and health: A world review. In: Progress in Mycology, M. Rai & G. Kovics (eds): 327–348.
55. De Vries, H., Mudde, A., Kremers, S., Wetzels, J., Uiters, E., Ariza, C., Duarte VitoÂria, P., Fielder, A., Holm, K., Janssen, K., Lehtuvuori, R. and Candel, M. (2003). The European Smoking Prevention Framework Approach: short-term effects. Health Education Research, 18, 649 – 663.
56. Doğan, H. H. and Öztürk C. (2006). Macrofungi and their distribution in Karaman Province. Turkish Journal of Botany, 30, 193-207.
57. Doğan, N. ve Doğan, C. (2021). Pleurotus eryngii’nin Misel Biyokütlesinin ve Farklı Olgunlaşma Seviyesindeki Gövdelerinin Ekstraksiyonunun Optimizasyonu ve Antidiyabetik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Mantar Dergisi, 12(1), 50-60.
58. Doğan, N., Doğan, C.and Atila, F. (2021). Parts from lıfe-cycle of H. erinaceus: response surface methodology approach to optımıze extractıon condıtıons and determınatıon of ıts antıoxıdant, antıdıabetıc and antımıcrobıal effect. Journal of microbiology, biotechnology and food sciences,10(6), e3703-e3703.
59. Dörfelt, H. (2013). "Morchellaceae". In Hanelt P. Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops: (Except Ornamentals).
60. Eberhardt, U. and Verbeken, A. (2004). Sequestrate Lactarius species from tropical Africa: L. angiocarpus sp. nov. and L. dolichocaulis comb. nov. Mycological research, 108(9), 1042-1052.
61. Elmastas, M., Turkekul, I., Ozturk, L., Glucin, I., Isildak, O. and Aboul-Enein, H. Y. (2006). Antioxidant activity of two wild edible mushrooms (Morchella vulgaris and Morchella esculenta) from north Turkey. Combinational Chemistry & High Throughput Screening. 9, 443–448.
62. Eren E. ve Pekşen, A. (2019). Türkiye’de Kültür Mantarı Üretimi ve Teknolojik Gelişmeler. Mantar Dergisi, 10(3), 225-233.
63. FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization). (2021). http://www.fao.org
64. Feeney, M. J.and Beelman, R. (2004). Mushrooms In a Class of Their Own. Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojaprinting press. pp. 37.
65. Feng W, Nagai J. and Ikekawa T. (2001). A clinical pilot study of EEM for advanced cancer treatment with EEM for improvement of cachexia and immune function compared with MPA . Biotherapy, 15, 691-696.
66. Fukushima, M., Ohashi, T., Fujiwara, Y., Sonoyama, K. and Nakano, M. (2001) Cholesterol-lowering effects of maitake (Grifola frondosa) fiber, shiitake (Lentinus edodes) fiber, and enokitake (Flammulina velutipes) fiber in rats. Experimental Biology & Medicine, 226, 758-765.
67. Ganesh, V. R., and Rajashekhar, S. M. (2017). Compositional and nutritional studies on two wild mushrooms from Western Ghat forests of Karnataka, India. International Food Research Journal, 24(2): 679-684.
68. Gao, J. M., Zhang, A. L., Chen, H., Liu and J. K. (2004). Molecular species of ceramides from the ascomycete truffle Tuber indicum. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 131, 205–213.
69. Garuba, T., Olahan, G. S., Lateef, A. A., Alaya, R. O., Awolowo, M. and Sulyman, A. (2020) Proximate composition and chemical profiles of Reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum (Curt: Fr.) Karst). Journalof Scientific Research, 12, 103–110.
70. Geloğlu, İ., Pekşen, A. ve Ünal, S. 2014. Trüf mantarları. Türkiye II. Orman Entomolojisi ve Patolojisi Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı (Ed. Kaygın, A.T.), 7-9 Nisan 2014, ISBN: 978-605-4610-46-4, Antalya
71. Ghosh, A. K. (1993). Protein carboxyl methylation in the mushroom Volvariella volvacea. Phytochemistry, 32(5): 1093–1096.
72. Ginterova, A., Rabova, V., Janotkova, O., Lazarova, A., Souto, J., Musil, I., and Polacek, I., (1987). Rape Straw as a Substrate for the Growing of Oyster Mushroom. Krmivarstvi-a- Sluzby (Czechoslovakia), 23 (2): 43-44.
73. Guillamón, E., García-Lafuente, A., Lozano, M., D’Arrigo, M., Rostagno, M. A., Villares, A. and Martínez, J. A. (2010). Edible mushrooms: Role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Fitoterapia, 81, 715–723.
74. Guo, X. Y., Lin, S. L., Guo, L. Q., Lin, J. F., and Ye, Z. W. (2016). Heterologous expression of the multi-functional cellulase gene (mfc) from the mollusc Ampullaria crossean, in Volvariella volvacea. Journal of Pomology and Horticulture Science 91, 325–331. doi: 10.1080/14620316.2016.1160541.
75. Hall, I.R., Buchanan, P.K., Cole, A.L., Yun, W. and Stephenson, S. (2003). Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of The World (Vol. 103). Portland: Timber Press.
76. Hall, I.R., Lyon A.J., Wang, Y. and Sinclair, L. (1998). "Ectomycorrhizal fungi with edible fruiting bodies 2. Boletus edulis". Economic Botany, 52 (1): 44–56.
77. Hamayun, M., Khan, M. A., and Begum, S.. (2003). Marketing of medicinal plants of Utror-Gabral Valleys, Swat, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnobotanical leaflets, 1 Article 13.
78. Hamayun, M., Khan, S.A., Ahmad, H., Shin, D.H. and Lee, I.J. (2006). Morel collection and marketing: A case study from the Hindu-Kush mountain region of Swat, Pakistan. Lyonia Journal of Ecology and Application, 11(2): 7- 13
79. Hanuš, L.O., Shkrob, I., and Dembitsky, V.M., (2008) Lipids and fatty acids of wild edible mushrooms of the genus Boletus. Journal Food Lipids 15, 370–383
80. Harki, E., Bouya, D., Dargent, R. (2006). Maturation-associated alterations of the biochemical characteristics of the black truffle Tuber melanosporum Vitt. Food Chemistry, 99, 394–400.
81. Harki, E., Klaebe, A., Talou, T. And Dargent, R. (1996). Identification and quantification of Tuber melanosporum Vitt sterols. Steroids, 61, 609–612.
82. He, B. L., You, L. R., Ye, Z. W., Guo, L. Q., Lin, J. F., Wei, T. and Zheng, Q. W. (2018b). Construction of novel cold-tolerant strains of Volvariella volvacea through protoplast fusion between Volvariella volvacea and Pleurotus eryngii. Scientia Horticulturae 230: 161– 168.
83. He, M. Q., Hyde, K .D., Wei, S.L., Xi, Y. L. et al. (2018a). Three new species of Agaricus section Minores from China. Mycosphere, 9(2): 189–201.
84. Heleno, S. A., Barros, L., Sousa, M. J., Martins, A., Santos-Buelga, C. and Ferreira I. C. F. R. (2011). Targeted metabolites analysis in wild Boletus species. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 44, 1343-1348.
85. Hobbs, C. (1995). Medicinal Mushrooms. Botanica Press, 10226 Empire Grade, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 Horio, H. and Ohtsuru, M. (2001) Maitake ("Grifola frondosa") improve glucose tolerance of experimental diabetic rats. Journal of Nutritional Science & Vitaminology, 47, 57-63.
86. Hu, Y. N., Sung, T. J., Chou, C. H., Liu, K .L., Hsieh, L. P. and Hsieh, C. W. (2019). Characterization and Antioxidant Activities of Yellow Strain Flammulina velutipes (Jinhua Mushroom) Polysaccharides and Their Effects on ROS Content in L929 Cell. Antioxidants, 8 298.
87. Hung P. V., and Nhi, N. N. Y. (2012). Nutritional composition and antioxidant capacity of several edible mushrooms grown in the Southern Vietnam. International Food Research Technology, 19: 611–615.
88. Imazeki, R. and Hongo, T. (1985). Colored Illustrations of Fungi of Japan II. Osaka: Hoikusha. p. 134 (in Japanese).
89. İlbay, M. E. (1994). Lentinus edodes Kültür Mantarı Yetiştiriciliğinde Değişik Yetiştirme Ortamları ve Katkı Maddelerinin Verim ve Kaliteye Etkileri Üzerinde Araştırmalar. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi (Basılmamış), 84
90. Jana, P. and Acharya, K. (2020). Mushroom: A New Resource for Anti-Angiogenic Therapeutics, Food Reviews International, DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1721529
91. Jiskani M. M. (2001). Energy potential of mushrooms. Dawn Econ. Bus. Rev., p. 4.
92. Jwanny, E. W., Rashad, M. M. and Abdu, H. M., (1995). Solid-state fermentation of agricultural wastes into food through Pleurotus cultivation. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 50, 71- 78.
93. Kadnikova, I. A., Costa, R., Kalenik, T. K., Guruleva, O. N., and Yanguo, S. (2015). Chemical Composition and Nutritional Value of the Mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 3(8): 478-482. doi: 10.12691/jfnr-3-8-1.
94. Kalač, P. (2009). Chemical composition and nutritional value of European species of wild growing mushrooms: a review. Food Chemistry. 113 (1): 9–16.
95. Karaman, M., Jovin, E., Malbasa, R., Matavuly, M. and Popovic, M. (2010). Medicinal and Edible Lignicolous Fungi as Natural Sources of Antioxidative and Antibacterial Agents. Phytotherapy Research, 24: 1473-1481.
96. Kerrigan, R. W. (2016) – Agaricus of North America. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 114, 1–574.
97. Khan, A., Tania, M., Liu, R. and Rahman, M.M. (2013). Hericium erinaceus: An Edible Mushroom with Medicinal Values. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, 10: 253-258.
98. Khan, S. M., Kausar, A. G. and Ali, M. A., (1981). Yield performance of different strains of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus spp.) on paddy straw in Pakistan. Mushroom Science XI. Proceeding of the Eleventh International Scientific Congress on the Cultivation of Edible Fungi, Australia, 675-678 p.
99. Kim, T. I., Park S. J., Choi C. H., Lee S. K. andKim W. H. (2004). Effect of ear mushroom (Auricularia) on functional constipation. Korean Journal of Gastroenterology 44: 34–41.
100. Korkmaz, C. and Türkoğlu, A. (2016). Establishment of Truffiere, Management and Harvest. Mugla Journal of Science and Technology, Special Issue, 11-12.
101. Kuo, M. (2013). Flammulina velutipes. Retrieved from the MushroomExpert.Com Web site: http://www.mushroomexpert.com/flammulina_velutipes.html (Erişim tarihi: 10.11.2019).
102. Kuo, M. (2018) – The genus Agaricus. Retrieved from the MushroomExpert.Com (accessed 14 July 2019).
103. Leong, P. C.,(1980). Utilisation of Cotton Waste Substrate with Temperature Treatment for the Cultivation of Oyster Mushroom in Singapore. Singapore Journal of Primary Industries, 8 (1): 21-27.
104. Litchfield, J. H., Vely, V. G. and Overbeck, C. R. (1963). Nutrient content of morel mushroom mycelium: Amino acid composition of the protein. Journal of Food Science, 28: 741.
105. Li, S. H., Sang, Y. X., Zhu, D., Yang, Y. N., Lei, Z. F. and Zhang, Z. Y. (2013). Optimization of fermentation conditions for crude polysaccharides by Morchella esculenta using soybean curd residue. Industral Crops and Products, 50: 666–672.
106. Liu, G.T. (1999). Recent advances in research of pharmacology and clinical applications of Ganoderma P. Karst. species (Aphyllophoromycetideae) in China. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 1:63-67
107. Liu, X, Yuan J. P, Chung C. K and Chen X. J. (2002). Antitumor activity of the sporoderm-broken germinating spores of Ganoderma lucidum. Cancer Letters. 182 : 155–61.
108. Maitake, Products Inc. (2001) Company profile. Maitake Products Inc., Vol. 2001.
109. Manzi, P., Aguzzi, A. And Pizzoferrato, L. (2001). “Nutritional value of mushrooms widely consumed in Italy”, Food Chemistry, 73, 321-325.
110. Manzi, P., Marconi, S., Aguzzi, A., and Pizzoferrato, L. (2004). Commercial Mushrooms: Nutritional Quality and Effect of Cooking, Food Chemistry, 84, 201 206.
111. Ma-Renwei, M.A. (1988). Waste Rice Straw-Scrapped that Can Be Utilized for Growing Pleurotus florida. Edible Fungi of China, No.1, p.33.
112. Mattila, P., Konko, K., Eurola, M., Pihlawa, J.M., Astola, J., Vahteristo Lietaniemi, V., Kumpulainen, J., Valtonen, M. and Piironen, V. (2001). Contents of vitamins, mineral elements, and some phenolic compounds in cultivated mushrooms. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49: 2343-2348.
113. Mau, J. L, Lin, H. C, and Chen, C. C. (2001). Non-volatile components of several medicinal ushrooms. Food Research International. 34: 521–526.
114. Mau, J. L., Chang, C. N., Huang, S. J., and Chen, C. C. (2004). Antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts from Grifola frondosa, Morchella esculenta and Termitomyces albuminosusmycelia. Food Chemistry, 87: 111–118.
115. Mau, J. L., Wu, K. T., Wu, J. H. and Lin, Y. P. (1998) Nonvolatile taste components of ear mushrooms. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 46: 4583–4586.
116. Mayuzumi, Y. and Mizuno, T. (1997) Gultivation Methods of Maitake ("Grifola frondosa"). Food Reviews International, 13, 357-364.
117. Mayzumi, F, Okamoto, H, and Mizuno, T. (1997) Cultivation of Reddish Reishi, Food Reviews International, 13: 365–370.
118. MC., (2007) Mushrooms Canada. Health Sheet. Published by Data of Mushrooms Canada. Canada, 1-3
119. Mello, A., Ghignone, S., Vizzini, A., Sechi, C., Ruiu, P. and Bonfante, P. (2006). ITS primers for the ıdentification of marketable boletes”. Journal of Biotechnology, 121, 318-329.
120. Mizuno, T. and Zhuang, C. (1995) Maitake, "Grifola frondosa": Pharmacological Effects. Food Reviews International, 11: 135-149.
121. Mizuno, T., Sation, H., Nishitoba, T., and Kawagishi, H. (1995). Antitumor active substances from mushroom. Food Review International, 11, 23–61.
122. Montecchi, A. and Sarasini, M. (2000). Funghi ipogei d’Europa. Associazione Micologica Bresadola (eds), Reggio Emilia, Italy. Vicenza : Fondazione Centro Studi Micologici dell' A.M.B., 714p.
123. Montoya-Alvarez, A. F., Hayakawa, H., Minamya, Y., Fukuda, T., López-Quintero, C. A. and Franco-Molano, A. E. (2011). Phylogenetic relationships and review of the species of Auricularia (Fungi: Basidiomycetes) in Colombia. Caldasia, 33(1): 55–66.
124. Nanba, H. and Kubo, K. (1997) Effect of Maitake D-fraction on cancer prevention. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 833, 204-207.
125. Nitha, B., Fijesh, P. V. and Janardhanan, K. K. (2013). Hepatoprotective activity of cultured mycelium of Morel mushroom, Morchella esculenta. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, 65: 105–112.
126. Nölle, N., Argyropoulos, D., Ambacher, S., Müller, J., Biesalski, H. K. (2017). Vitamin D2 enrichment in mushrooms by natura lor artificial UV-Light during drying. LWT – Food Science and Technology, 85, 400-404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2016.11.072
127. Nuhn, M. E., Binder, M., Taylor, A. F. S., Halling, R. E. and Hibbet, D. S. (2013). “Phylogenetic overview of the boletineae”, Fungal Biology, 1-33.
128. Oder, N. (1988). Taxonomic investigations of important edible and poisonous mushrooms growing in the Konya center and some districts of Konya. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 8: 237-257.
129. Ohga, S. and Royse, D. J. (2004). Cultivation of Pleurotus eryngii on umbrella plant (Cyperus alternifolius) substrate. Journal of Wood Science, 50(5): 466-469.
130. Olake, J. K. ve Adebayo, E.A. (2015). Effectiveness of Immunotherapies from Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus species) in the Management of Immunocompromised Patients. International Journal of Immunology, 3 (2-1): 8-20.
131. Ooi, V. E. C. (2000). Medicinally important fungi. Mushroom Science, 15 (1): 41-51.
132. Park, G. and Kwang H.O. (2001). Nutritional Value of a Variety of Mushrooms.
133. Parra, L. A. (2013) – Agaricus L.: Allopsalliota Nauta & Bas, Fungi Europaei, vol. 1A. Alassio, Edizioni Candusso.
134. Pegler, D. N. (2003). Useful fungi of the world: the monkey head fungus. Mycologist, 17, 120-121.
135. Phillips, K. M. and Rasor, A. S. (2013). A nutritionally Meaningful Increase in Vitamin D in Retail Mushrooms is Attainable by Exposure to Sunlight Prior to Consumption. Journal ofNutrition and Food Science 3(6): 236-243. Doi: 10.4172/2155-9600.1000236
136. Rahman, M. A.; Hossain, S., Abdullah, N. and Aminudin, N. (2020) Lingzhi or Reishi medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes) ameliorates spatial learning and memory deficits in rats with hypercholesterolemia and Alzheimer’s disease. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 22, 93–103
137. Rai, R. D. and Arumuganathan, T. (2008). Post harvest technology of mushrooms. National Research Centre for Mushroom (Indian Council of Agricultural Research). Technical Bulletin, p. 1-31. New Delhi: Yugantar Prakashan Pvt. Ltd.
138. Ren, Z., Guo, Z., Meydan,i S. and Wu D. (2008) White button mushroom enhances maturation of bone marrow derived dendritic cells and their antigen presenting function in mice. Journal of Nutrition, 138, 544-550
139. Riu, H., Roig, G., Sancho, J. (1997) Production og carpophores on Lentinus edodes and Ganoderma lucidium grown on cork residues. Misrobiologia (Madrid Spain), 13:(2), 185–192.
140. Roberts J. S., Teichert A. and Mc Hugh T.H. (2008) Vitamin D2 formation from post-harvest UV-B treatment of mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) and retention during storage. Journal of Agaricultural and Food Chemistry, 56, 4541-4544
141. Roy, A., Prasad, P. and Gupta, N. (2014). Volvariella volvacea: A macrofungus having nutritional and health potential. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology, 4(2): 110–113.
142. Royse, D. J. (2001). Cultivation of Shiitake Synthetic and Natural logs. http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs.
143. Royse, D. J., Baars, J. And Tan, Q. (2017). Current Overview of Mushroom Production in the World. Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms: Technology and Applications, Eds: Zied D.C. and Pardo-Giménez A., First Edition. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 5-13.
144. Saka, A.K., İslam, A., ve Pekşen, A.(2017). Trüf mantarı yetiştiriciliği. Akademik Ziraat Dergisi, 6: 329-334.
145. Sakamoto, Y., Tamai, Y. and Yajima, T. (2004). Influence of Light on the Morphological Changes that Take Place during the development of the Flammulina velutipes Fruit Body. Mycoscience, 45: 333-339.
146. San Antonio, J. P. And Hanners, P. K. (1983). Spawn Disk İnoculation of Logs to Produce Mushrooms. Horticulture Science, 18 (5): 708- 710.
147. Sasaki, H., Aoyagi, Y., Kasuga, A., Tanaka, Y., Matsuzawa, M. and Kawai, H. (1995). Relationships between fruit body compositions and substrates in Bunashimeji Hypsizigus marmoreus (Peck) Bigelow, Nameko [Pholiota nameko (T. Ito) S. Ito Imai in Imai], and Enokitake [Flammulina velutipes (Curt.: Fr.) Sing.] mushrooms cultivated on sawdust substrate beds. Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi, 42, 471–477 (in Japanese).
148. Sekara, A., Kalisz, A., Grabowska, A. and Siwulsk,i M. (2015). Auricularia spp. – mushrooms as Novel Food and therapeutic agents – a review. Sydowia, 67: 1–10.
149. Selvi, S, Devi, P.U., Suja, S. and Murugan, S. (2007). Comparison of nonenzymic antioxidant status of fresh and dried form of Pleurotus florida and Calocybe indica. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 6(5) pp. 468 – 71.
150. Sen, I., Alli, H. and Civelek, H. S. (2016). Checklist of Turkish truffles. Turkish Journal of Life Sciences, 1/2:103-109.
151. Sermkiattipong, N., and Charoen, S. (2014). Development of straw mushroom strain for high yield by gamma radiation. International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 5, 1051–1064.
152. Sesli, E. and Denchev, C. M. (2008). Checklists of the Myxomycetes, Larger Ascomycetes, and Larger Basidiomycetes in Turkey. Mycotaxon,106: 65-67.
153. Sesli, E., Asan, A., Selçuk, F., Abacı Günyar, Ö., Akata, I., Akgül, H., Aktaş, S., Alkan, S., Allı, H., Aydoğdu, H., Berikten, D., Demirel, K., ve ark. (2020). Türkiye Mantarları Listesi. Ali Nihat Gökyiğit Vakfı Yayını. İstanbul.
154. Sharma, V. P., Kumar, S. and Tewari, R. P. (2009). Flammulina velutipes, the Culinary Medicinal Winter Mushroom (Vol. 6). Directorate of Mushroom Research, Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
155. Shen, Q. and Royse, D. J. (2001) Effects of nutrient supplements on biological efficiency, quality and crop cycle time of maitake ("Grifola frondosa"). Applied Microbiology & Biotechnology, 57, 74-78.
156. Shevelev, O. B., Seryapina, A. A., Zavjalov, E. L., Gerlinskaya, L. A., Goryachkovskaya, T. N., Slynko, N. M., Kuibida, L.V. Peltek, S.E., Markel, A.L. and Moshkin, M.P. (2018). Hypotensive and neurometabolic effects of intragastric Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) administration in hypertensive ISIAH rat strain. Phytomedicine., 41, 1–6.
157. Simsek, H., Baysal E., Colak, M., Toker, H. and Yilmaz, F. (2008). Yield response of mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) on wheat straw and waste tea leaves based composts using supplements of some locally available peats and their mixture with some secondary casing materials. African Journal Biotechnology, 7(2): 088-094
158. Singer, R. (1986). The Agaricales in the Modern Taxonomy. edn. 4. Koenigstein: Koeltz Scientifi c Books.
159. Sitta, N. and Floriani, M. (2008). “Nationalization and globalization trends in the wild mushroom commerce of Italy with emphasis on porcini (Boletus edulis and Allied Species)”, Economic Botany, 62, 307-322.
160. Smith, A. H. and H. D. Thiers. (1971). The boletes of Michigan. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. pp. 365.
161. Solak, M. H., Isiloglu, M., Kalmıs, E. and Alli, H. (2007). Macrofungi of Turkey, Checklist, Volume 1. Üniversiteliler Ofset, İzmir,254p.
162. Spencer, D. M. (1985) – “The mushroom–its history and importance”. In Flegg PB, Spencer DM, Wood DA. The Biology and Technology of the Cultivated Mushroom 1–8.
163. Stamets, P. (1993) Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Fungi. Ten Speed Press and Mycomedia, Olympia, USA.
164. Stamets, P. (2000). Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. Guide to Cultivation of Saprobic Mushrooms.
165. Stamets, P. and Chilton, J.S., (1983). The Mushroom Cultivator. First Edition, Agarikon Press, 1-415, Olympia, Washington
166. Stott, K. and Mohammed, C., (2004). Specialty Mushroom Production Systems: Maitake and Morels. A report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, 04/024.
167. Sun, X., Huang, W., Xiao, S., Liang, C., Zhang, S., Liu, Z., et al. (2014). Extracellular expression and efficient purification of a functional recombinant Volvariella volvacea immunomodulatory protein (FIP-vvo) using pichia pastoris system. Protein Expression and Purification, 94, 95–100. doi: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.10.022
168. Tang, L., Xiao, Y., L,i L., Guo, Q. and Bian, Y. (2010). Analysis of genetic diversity among chinese Auricularia auricular cultivars using combined ISSR and SRAP markers. Current Microbioloy, 61: 132–140.
169. Trappe, J.M., Molina, R. L., Daniel, L., Cazares, E., Pilz, D., Smith, Jane, E., Castellano, M.A. and Miller, S.L. (2009). Diversity, ecology, and conservation of truffle fungi in forests of the Pacific Northwest. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-772. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 194 p
170. Turkoglu, A., Castellano, M. A., Trappe, J. M. and Güngör, M. Y. (2015). Turkish truffles I: 18 new records for Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany, 39:359-376.Cohen, R., Persky, L. and Hadar, Y. (2002). Biotechnological applications and potential of wood-degrading mushrooms of the genus Pleurotus. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 58, 582-594.
171. Vane, C. H. (2003). "Monitoring decay of black gum wood (Nyssa sylvatica) during growth of the Shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) using diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy". Applied Spectroscopy. 57(5): 514–517. Bibcode:2003ApSpe..57..514V. doi:10.1366/000370203321666515. PMID 14658675. S2CID 27403919.
172. Verma, R. N., Singh, G. B. and Bilgrami, K. S. (1987). Fleshy fungal flora. India- Manipur and Megalaya. Indian mushroom Science, 2:414-421.
173. Wagay, J. A. and Vyas, D. (2011) Phenolic quantification and antioxidant activity of Morchella esculenta. International Journal Pharmacy Biological Science, 2(1):188 – 197.
174. Wasser, S. (2004). "Shiitake ( Lentinula edodes )". Coates PM'de; Blackman M; Cragg GM; Beyaz JD; Moss J; Levine MA. (eds.). Diyet Takviyeleri Ansiklopedisi. CRC Basın. s. 653–64. ISBN 978-0-8247-5504-1.
175. Wasser, S. P. (2010) Medicinal mushroom science: history, current status, future trends, and unsolved problems. International Journal Medical Mushrooms, 12(1):1–16
176. Wasser, S. P.,and Weis, A. L. (1999). Medicinal properties of substances occurring in Higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms: current perspectives. International Journal Medical Mushrooms, 1, 31–62.
177. Watkinson, S. C., Boddy, L., Money, N. P. and Carlile, M. J. (2016). The Fungi, Third Edition, Chapter 1 - Fungal Diversity.1-36.
178. Wisitrassameewong, K., Looney, B. P., Le, H. T., De Crop, E., Das, K., Van de Putte, K. and Verbeken, A. (2016). Lactarius subgenus Russularia (Basidiomycota, Russulales): Novel Asian species, worldwide phylogeny and evolutionary relationships. Fungal biology, 120(12): 1554-1581.
179. Wong, K. H., Naidu, M., David, R. P., Abdulla, M. A., Abdullah, N., Kuppusamy, U. R., and Vikineswary, S. (2009b). Functional recovery enhancement following Injury to rodent peroneal nerve by lion’s mane mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. (Aphyllophoromycetideae). International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 11, 225–236.
180. Wong, K. H., Naidu, M., David, R. P., Abdulla, M. A., Abdullah, N., Kuppusamy, U. R., et al. (2011). Peripheral nerve regeneration following crush injury to rat peroneal nerve by aqueous extract of medicinal mushroom Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. (Aphyllophoromycetideae). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 1-10. doi:10.1093/ecam/neq062.
181. Wong, K. H., Vikineswary, S., Noorlidah, A., Kuppusamy, U. R., and Naidu, M. (2009a). Effects of cultivation techniques and processing on antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. extracts. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 47, 47-55. 110
182. Wong, K. H., Vikineswary, S., Noorlidah, A., Murali, N., and Keynes, R. (2007). Activity of aqueous extracts of Lion’s Mane mushroom Hericium erinaceus (Bull.:Fr.) Pers. (Aphyllophoromycetideae) on the neural cell line NG108-15. International Journal of Medicinal Mushroom, 9: 57-65.
183. Yamanaka, K. (2017). Cultivation of Mushrooms in Plastic Bottles and Small Bags. Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms: Technology and Applications, Eds: Zied D.C. and Pardo-Giménez A., First Edition. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 309-338.
184. Yuen, J. W. and Gohel, M. D. I. (2005) Anticancer effects of Ganoderma lucidum: A review of scientific evidence. Nutrition Cancer. 53, 11–17.
185. Yuying, L. (1989). Experiments on Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus with Sugar Beet Residue as the Main Component. Edible-Fungi (China), 1: 24.
186. Zhang Y. R., Hu D. D., Gu J. G., Hu Q. X., Zuo X. M. and Wang H. X. (2012) Development of SSR markers for typing cultivars in the mushroom A. auricula-judae. Mycological Progress 11: 587–592.
187. Zhao, C.; Fan, J.; Liu, Y.; Guo, W.; Cao, H.; Xiao, J.; Wang, Y. and Liu, B. (2019). Hepatoprotective activity of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids in alcohol-induced liver injury in mice, an iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis. Food Chemistry, 271, 148–156.
188. Zhao, J. D. (1989). The Ganodermataceae in China. Bibliotheca Mycologica 132. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart
189. Zhao, J. D. and Zhang, X. Q. (1994). Importance, distribution and taxonomy of Ganodermataceae in China. In: Buchanan, P.K., Hseu, R.S. and Moncalvo, J.M. (eds) Ganoderma Systematics, Phytopathology and Pharmacology. Proceedings of Contributed Symposia 59A, B, Fifth International Mycological Congress, Vancouver, August 14–21, 1994, pp. 1–2.
190. Zhao, R. (2020) – Species of Agaricus section Agaricus from China. Phytotaxa 452(1), 001–018.
191. Zhao, R. L., Zhou, J. L., Chen, J. and Margaritescu S. (2016). Towards standardizing taxonomic ranks using divergence times – a case study for reconstruction of the Agaricus taxonomic system. Fungal Diversity,78, 239–292.
192. Zou, Y., Xie C., Fan G., Gu Z. and Han Y. (2010) Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of melanin from Auricularia auricular fruit bodies. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 11: 611–615.