MYRTUS COMMUNIS L. YAPRAKLARINDAN BİYOAKTİF BİLEŞİKLERİN EKSTRAKSİYONUNDA DERİN ÖTEKTİK ÇÖZÜCÜLERİN KULLANIMI: TOPLAM FENOLİK İÇERİK, ANTİOKSİDAN AKTİVİTE VE PROSES SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİĞİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Myrtus communis L. yapraklarından biyoaktif bileşiklerin ekstraksiyonu için yeşil bir ekstraksiyon yöntemi araştırılmıştır. Ekstraksiyon ortamı olarak, seçilen yedi adet kolin klorür (ChCl) bazlı derin ötektik çözücü (ChCl: Etilen glikol, ChCl: Dietilen glikol, ChCl: Trietilen glikol, ChCl: Oksalik asit, ChCl: Laktik asit, ChCl: Gliserol, ChCl: Üre) kullanılmış ve bunlar geleneksel çözücüler olan metanol, etanol ve etil asetat ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Elde edilen ekstraktlar toplam fenolik madde içeriği (TPC) ve radikal süpürme aktivitesi (RSA) açısından değerlendirilmiştir. TPC bakımından en yüksek değer metanolle elde edilmiş, bunu çok yakın bir biçimde ChCl:Trietilen glikol takip etmiştir. RSA açısından ise en yüksek antioksidan aktivite ChCl:Oksalik asit ile elde edilmiş, bunu ChCl:Etilen glikol izlemiştir. Ayrıca önerilen yeşil yaklaşım AGREEprep metrikleri ile değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçları, bu yöntemin yeşil kimyanın temel ilkeleriyle uyumlu olduğunu ve sunulan yöntemin AGREEprep skorunun 0.79, geleneksel yaklaşım için ise 0.37 olduğunu göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma Myrtus communis L. yapraklarından önemli miktarda antioksidanca yüksek fenolik bileşiklerin ekstraksiyonu için yeşil ve umut vadeden bir yöntem ortaya koymuştur.

Keywords

• Myrtus communis L.
• derin ötektik çözücü
• fenolik ekstraksiyonu
• antioksidan kapasite
• sürdürülebilirlik

APPLICATION OF DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS FOR EXTRACTION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM MYRTUS COMMUNIS L. LEAVES: ASSESSING TOTAL PHENOLICS, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, AND PROCESS SUSTAINABILITY

Abstract

In this study, a green extraction method for extracting bioactive chemicals from Myrtus communis L. leaves was explored. Seven selected Choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (ChCl: Ethylene glycol, ChCl: Diethylene glycol, ChCl: Triethylene glycol, ChCl: Oxalic acid, ChCl: Lactic acid, ChCl: Glycerol, ChCl: Urea) were utilized as extraction medium and compared with traditional solvents, specifically methanol, ethanol, and ethyl acetate. The extracts were assessed for total phenolicc content (TPC) and radical scavenging activity (RSA). In terms of TPC, methanol produced the highest value, closely followed by ChCl:Triethylene glycol. In terms of RSA, ChCl:Oxalic acid had the highest antioxidant activity, followed by ChCl:Ethylene glycol. Additionally, the proposed green approach was evaluated with AGREEprep metrics. The results of the study validated that it was in line with the fundamentals of green chemistry and achieving a score of 0.79 for the present approach in contrast to 0.37 for the conventional approach. Overall, this study revealed a green and promising method for extracting considerable amounts of antioxidative phenolic compounds from Myrtus communis L. leaves

Keywords

• Myrtus communis L
• deep eutectic solvent
• phenolics extraction
• antioxidant capacity
• sustainability

References

1. Al-Snafi, A. E., Teibo, J. O., Shaheen, H. M., Akinfe, O. A., Teibo, T. K. A., Emieseimokumo, N., &, Alexiou, A. (2024). The therapeutic value of Myrtus communis L.: an updated review. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology, 397(7), 4579–4600.
2. Alipour, G., Dashti, S., Hosseinzadeh, H. (2014). Review of pharmacological effects of Myrtus communis L. and its active constituents. Phytotherapy Research, 28(8), 1125–1136.
3. Berendika, M., Domjanić Drozdek, S., Odeh, D., Oršolić, N., Dragičević, P., Sokolović, M., & Jurčević, I. L. (2022). Beneficial effects of laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) and myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) extract on rat health. Molecules, 27(2), 581.
4. Chen, Z., Wu, K., Zhu, W., Wang, Y., Su, C., & Yi, F. (2022). Chemical compositions and bioactivities of essential oil from perilla leaf (Perillae Folium) obtained by ultrasonic-assisted hydro-distillation with natural deep eutectic solvents. Food Chemistry, 375, 131834.
5. da Silva, D. T., Smaniotto, F. A., Costa, I. F., Baranzelli, J., Muller, A., Somacal, S., & Barcia, M. T. (2021). Natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES): A strategy to improve the bioavailability of blueberry phenolic compounds in a ready-to-use extract. Food Chemistry, 364, 130370.
6. Dahmoune, F., Nayak, B., Moussi, K., Remini, H., Madani, K. (2015). Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of polyphenols from Myrtus communis L. leaves. Food Chemistry, 166, 585–595.
7. de Almeida Pontes, P. V., Shiwaku, I. A., Maximo, G. J., Batista, E. A. C. (2021). Choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents as potential solvent for extraction of phenolic compounds from olive leaves: Extraction optimization and solvent characterization. Food Chemistry, 352, 129346.
8. Farkas, O., Jakus, J., Héberger, K. (2004). Quantitative structure–antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoid compounds. Molecules, 9(12), 1079–1088.

9. Gómez-Urios, C., Vinas-Ospino, A., Puchades-Colera, P., Blesa, J., López-Malo, D., Frígola, A., & Esteve, M. J. (2023). Choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents for the extraction and stability of phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, and antioxidant capacity from Citrus sinensis peel. LWT, 177, 114595.
10. Jurić, T., Uka, D., Holló, B. B., Jović, B., Kordić, B., Popović, B. M. (2021). Comprehensive physicochemical evaluation of choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 343, 116968.
11. Kalkan, E., Maskan, M. (2025). A Green Approach: Optimization of Ultrasound and Homogenization-Assisted Ethyl Acetate Extraction of Cottonseed Oil Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent as a Novel Co-solvent. Food and Bioprocess Technology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-025-03801-0
12. Kalkan, M. F., Artan, M., Yilmaz, N. F., & Yavuz, A. (2024). Mn-Ni-based coating on flexible graphite fiber with high length capacitance for flexible supercapacitor applications. Journal of Energy Storage, 84, 110778.
13. Kaur, K., Schmitt-Kopplin, P., Malik, A. K. (2024). Green and efficient extraction of phenolic compounds from Neem leaves using deep eutectic solvents based ultrasonic-assisted extraction. Food Chemistry, 451, 139500.
14. Koraqi, H., Aydar, A. Y., Khalid, W., Ercisli, S., Rustagi, S., Ramniwas, S., & Pandiselvam, R. (2024). Ultrasound-assisted extraction with natural deep eutectic solvent for phenolic compounds recovery from Rosa damascene Mill.: Experimental design optimization using central composite design. Microchemical Journal, 196, 109585.
15. Le, N. T., Chau, N. H. T., Nguyen, P. Q. D., Tran, L. T. T., Phung, H. T., Nguyen, H. T. (2024). Green extraction of berberine from Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr. using ultrasound-assisted aqueous solutions of organic acids, polyalcohols, and deep eutectic solvents. Separation and Purification Technology, 330, 125541.
16. Li, Q.-F., Huang, L.-C., Chu, R., Li, J., Jiang, M.-Y., Zhang, C.-Q., & Liu, Q.-Q. (2018). Down-regulation of SSSII-2 gene expression results in novel low-amylose rice with soft, transparent grains. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66(37), 9750–9760.
17. Ling, J. K. U., Hadinoto, K. (2022). Deep eutectic solvent as green solvent in extraction of biological macromolecules: A review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(6), 3381.
18. Mammana, S. B., Canizo, B. V, Elia-Dazat, R., Gomez, F. J. V, Silva, M. F. (2024). Solid Eutectic Systems and Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents in Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion for the extraction of phenolic compounds from lettuce samples. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 135, 106661.
19. Pal, C. B. T., Jadeja, G. C. (2019). Deep eutectic solvent‐based extraction of polyphenolic antioxidants from onion (Allium cepa L.) peel. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 99(4), 1969–1979.
20. Pena-Pereira, F., Wojnowski, W., Tobiszewski, M. (2020). AGREE—Analytical GREEnness metric approach and software. Analytical Chemistry, 92(14), 10076–10082.
21. Pour, P. H., Daryanavard, S. M., Memar, M., Naccarato, A. (2025). Development of ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplets and deep eutectic solvents for multi-class pesticide analysis in agricultural waters. Microchemical Journal, 212, 113404.
22. Shi, L., Zhao, W., Yang, Z., Subbiah, V., Suleria, H. A. R. (2022). Extraction and characterization of phenolic compounds and their potential antioxidant activities. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(54), 81112–81129.
23. Snoussi, A., Essaidi, I., Ben Haj Koubaier, H., Zrelli, H., Alsafari, I., Živoslav, T., & Ćirković Veličković, T. (2021). Drying methodology effect on the phenolic content, antioxidant activity of Myrtus communis L. leaves ethanol extracts and soybean oil oxidative stability. BMC Chemistry, 15(1), 31.
24. Tumen, I., Senol, F. S., Orhan, I. E. (2012). Inhibitory potential of the leaves and berries of Myrtus communis L.(myrtle) against enzymes linked to neurodegenerative diseases and their antioxidant actions. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 63(4), 387–392.
25. Wang, P., Tian, B., Ge, Z., Feng, J., Wang, J., Yang, K., & Cai, M. (2023). Ultrasound and deep eutectic solvent as green extraction technology for recovery of phenolic compounds from Dendrobium officinale leaves. Process Biochemistry, 128, 1–11.
26. Wei, P., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y.-Y., Dong, J.-F., Liao, B.-N., & Su, H.-H. (2023). Efficient extraction, excellent activity, and microencapsulation of flavonoids from Moringa oleifera leaves extracted by deep eutectic solvent. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 13(16), 15095–15109.
27. Wojeicchowski, J. P., Marques, C., Igarashi-Mafra, L., Coutinho, J. A. P., Mafra, M. R. (2021). Extraction of phenolic compounds from rosemary using choline chloride–based deep eutectic solvents. Separation and Purification Technology, 258, 117975.
28. Wu, L., Li, L., Chen, S., Wang, L., Lin, X. (2020). Deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Moringa oleifera L. leaves: Optimization, comparison and antioxidant activity. Separation and Purification Technology, 247, 117014.
29. Yaghoobi, M., Sanikhani, M., Samimi, Z., Kheiry, A. (2022). Selection of a suitable solvent for bioactive compounds extraction of myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) leaves using ultrasonic waves. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 46(3), e16357.
30. Yarahmadi, R., Mumivand, H., Ehtesham Nia, A., Raji, M. R., Argento, S. (2024). Natural Diversity in Total Phenol, Flavonoids, Antioxidant Properties, and Essential Oil Composition of Iranian Populations of Myrtus communis L. Plants, 13(24), 3458.
31. Zannou, O., Koca, I. (2022). Greener extraction of anthocyanins and antioxidant activity from blackberry (Rubus spp) using natural deep eutectic solvents. Lwt, 158, 113184.