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Grip Ekonomisinde Aşının Maliyet Etkinliği

Year 2018, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 174 - 182, 01.06.2018
https://doi.org/10.16899/gopctd.379753

Abstract

Grip,
influenza A, B, C ve D virüsleri ile oluşan, mevsimsel salgınlar ve pandemi ile
karşımıza çıkabilen, akut üst ve alt solunum yolu enfeksiyon hastalığıdır.
İnfluenza virüsü, genelde sporadik insan enfeksiyonlarına neden olurken
hayvanlarda enfeksiyon yapan virüsler insanlara adapte olur ve enfeksiyon
yapabilir hale gelirlerse ortaya çıkan bu yeni suşlar, pandemi nedeni olabilir.
Kısa bir inkübasyon periyodu ardından hem virüsün hem de konağın özelliklerine
bağlı olarak hastalık, asemptomatik formdan ölümle sonuçlanabilecek ağır
tablolara kadar değişen klinklerde karşımıza çıkabilir. Tipik influenza
salgınları 2-3 hafta içinde belirginleşir ve 5-6 haftada sonlanır. Salgın
ilerledikçe hastaneye yatış, solunum ya da dolaşım sistemlerinde gelişen
patolojilere bağlı ölümlerde artış bildirilmektedir. ABD ve Avrupa ülkelerinde
her yıl binlerce hasta, mevsimsel influenza nedeni ile hastaneye başvurmakta ve grip nedeni ile ölmektedir. Bu
durum, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde çok daha büyük etkiler yaratmaktadır. Her yıl
dünya nüfusunun yaklaşık %10-20'si influenza virüsleriyle enfekte olmakta,
bunların önemli bir kısmı hastanelere başvurarak ayaktan ya da yatarak tedavi
almaktadır. Bu sonuç, ülkelere, topluma ve sağlık sistemine önemli ekonomik
maliyetler getirmektedir. Gerek tedavi gerekse de aşılanma ile korunma,
ekonomik bir yük oluşturmaktadır. İnfluenza enfeksiyonun tanı ve tedavisinin
getirdiği maliyet mi yoksa salgınları önleyici bağışıklama maliyeti mi daha
fazla ekonomik yük getirmektedir. Dünyada konu ile ilgili çalışmalar, bu iki
temel stratejinin hangisinin daha maliyet etkin olduğunu belirlemek üzere
yapılmaktadır. Dolayısıyla influenzaya bağlı gelişen ekonomik yükün
azaltılmasında hangi yaklaşımın daha maliyet avantajlı olduğunun belirlenmesi,
ülkelerin geliştireceği politikalar ve stratejilerine rehberlik edecektir. Bu
derlemede, mevsimsel influenza enfeksiyonlarının epidemisi yanı sıra hastalık
ve aşılamanın beraberinde getirdiği ekonomik etkiler değerlendirilecektir.

References

  • Gibson E, Begum N, Martinón-Torres F, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of the direct and indirect impact of intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccination strategies in children: alternative country profiles. Journal of Market Access & Health Policy. 2016;4:10.3402/jmahp.v4.31205. doi:10.3402/jmahp.v4.31205.
  • Mao L, Yang Y, Qiu Y, Yang Y. Annual economic impacts of seasonal influenza on US counties: spatial heterogeneity and patterns. Int J Health Geogr . 2012; 17;11:16.
  • Peasah SK, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Breese J, Meltzer MI, Widdowson MA. Influenza cost and cost-effectiveness studies globally--a review. Vaccine 2013; 4;31(46):5339-48.
  • www.who.int/en/. Influenza fact sheet. www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/2003/fs211/en (Erişim Tarihi 20 Kasım 2017)
  • Meltzer MI, Cox NJ, Fukuda K. The economic impact of pandemic influenza in the United States: priorities for intervention. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999;5(5):659-71.
  • Molinari NA, Ortega-Sanchez IR, Messonnier ML, et al. The annual impact of seasonal influenza in the US: measuring disease burden and costs. Vaccine. 2007 Jun 28; 25(27):5086-96.
  • Fitzner KA, Shortridge KF, McGhee SM, Hedley AJ. Cost-effectiveness study on influenza prevention in Hong Kong. Health Policy. 2001;56(3):215-34.
  • Çetin E, AĞırbaş I. Farmakoekonomi ve Grip Aşısının Maliyet Fayda Analizi. Sağlıkta performans Ve Kalite Dergisi 2013. 6;37-55.
  • Sruamsiri R, Ferchichi S, Jamotte A, Toumi M, Kubo H, Mahlich J. Impact of patient characteristics and treatment procedures on hospitalization cost and length of stay in Japanese patients with influenza: A structural equation modelling approach. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2017 Nov;11(6):543-555.
  • Matias G, Taylor RJ, Haguinet F, Schuck-Paim C, Lustig RL, Fleming DM. Modelling estimates of age-specific influenza-related hospitalisation and mortality in the United Kingdom. BMC Public Health. 2016 Jun 8;16:481.
  • Bhuiyan MU, Luby SP, Alamgir NI, et al. Economic burden of influenza-associated hospitalizations and outpatient visits in Bangladesh during 2010. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2014 Jul;8(4):406-13.
  • Reed C, Chaves SS, Daily Kirley P, et al Estimating influenza disease burden from population-based surveillance data in the United States. PLoS One. 2015. 4;10(3).
  • Radin JM, Katz MA, Tempa S, et al. Influenza surveillance in 15 countries in Africa, 2006–2010 The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2012;206(1):14–21.
  • Kovács G, Kovács G, Kaló Z, et al. Medical and economic burden of influenza in the elderly population in central and eastern European countries. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 2014;10(2):428-440. doi:10.4161/hv.26886.
  • Preaud E, Durand L, Macabeo B, et al. Vaccines Europe influenza working group. Annual public health and economic benefits of seasonal influenza vaccination: a European estimate. BMC Public Health. 2014 Aug 7;14:813
  • https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/burden.htm. (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Kasım 2017)
  • Partridge J, Kieny MP. Global production capacity of seasonal influenza vaccine in 2011. Vaccine. 2013 Jan 21;31(5):728-31.
  • Paules C, Subbarao K. Influenza. Lancet. 2017; 12;390(10095):697-708.
  • https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/types.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Aralık 2017)
  • Clayville LR. Influenza Update: A Review of Currently Available Vaccines. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 2011;36(10):659–684.
  • Duran N. Mevsimsel İnfluenza ve Bağışıklama Seasonal Influenza and Immunization Turk J Immunol, 2010;15(1);20-38.
  • Us D. Moleküler, Klinik ve Tanısal Viroloji. Bilimsel Tıp Yayınevi 2012;477-509.
  • WHO. http://www.who.int/ith/diseases/si_iAh1n1/en/ (Erişim Tarihi 22 Aralık 2017).
  • Collignon Peter. H1N1 immunisation: too much too soon?. Australian Prescriber 2010;33(2):30-31.
  • Jordan R, Wake B, Hawker J, et al. Influenza vaccination of health care workers (HCW) to reduce influenza-related outcomes in high risk patients: a systematic review of clinical and cost-effectiveness. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology. West Midlands Health Technology Assessment Collaboration Report; 48. 2004.
  • Nichol KL, Margolis KL, Wouremna J, von Sternberg T. Effectiveness ofinfluenza vaccine in the elderly. Gerontology. 1996;42(5):274-9.
  • Akçay Ciblak M, Kanturvardar Tütenyurd M, Asar S, Tulunoğlu M, Fındıkçı N, Badur S. 2003-2012 Yıllarını Kapsayan Dokuz Sezonda Grip Sürveyansı Bulguları: İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Ulusal İnfluenza Referans Laboratuvarı Sonuçları. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2012 Oct;46(4):575-93.
  • Altaş AB, Bayraktar F, Korukluoğlu G. Pandemi sonrası Beş Ardaşık Sezonda İnfluenza Sürveyansı:Türkiye Ulusal İnfluenza Merkezi Bulguları. Mikrobiyol Bul 2016;401-417.
  • Çiçek C, Bayram N, Anıl M, et al. Solunum Virüsleri ve İnfluenza A Virus Alt Tiplerinin Multipleks PCR Yöntemi ile Aynı Anda Saptanması. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2014 Oct;48(4):652-60.
  • Sağlık Bakanlığı Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu; Bulaşıcı Hastalıklar Laboratuvar Tanısı için Saha Rehberi, Mevsimsel İnfluenza; Grip
  • http://www.tuseb.gov.tr/tacese/yuklemeler/ekitap/Kurumlar%C4%B1n%20A%C5%9F%C4%B1%20Faaliyetleri%20%C3%87al%C4%B1%C5%9Ftay%20Kitap%C3%A7%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1%20son.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 23 Aralık 2017).
  • Uyeki TM. Influenza. Ann Intern Med. 2017:167(5):ITC33-ITC48. doi: 10.7326/AITC201709050.
  • Dolin R, Hirsch MS, Thorner AR. Clinical manifestations of seasonal influenza in adults. Up to Date 2014(Erişim tarihi Aralık 2017). http://cursoenarm.net/UPTODATE/contents/mobipreview.htm?32/34/33327?source=see_link
  • https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/coldflu.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Aralık 2017)
  • Özdemir M. İnfluenza Virus. Ed. Altındiş M. Temel, Tanısal Klinik Tıbbi viroloji. Nobel yayınları, Ankara, 2018, 193-209.
  • https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/testing.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Aralık 2017)
  • http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Aralık 2017)
  • http://www.grip.gov.tr/tr/ Erişim tarihi 15 Aralık 2017. (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Aralık 2017)
  • Gürbüz Y, Tütüncü EE, Şencan İ, et al. İnfluenza A (H1N1) 2009 pandemisinde hastane çalışanlarının grip aşısına yaklaşımlarının araştırılması. Pamukkale Tıp Dergisi, 2013; 6(1): 12-17
  • http://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/en/ (Erişim Tarihi 24 Aralık 2017).
  • conomic and social impact of epidemic and pandemic influenza. Vaccine. 2006 Nov 10;24(44-46):6776-8.
  • Nichol KL. The efficacy, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of inactivated influenza virus vaccines. Vaccine. 2003 May 1;21(16):1769-75.
  • Houser K, Subbarao K. Influenza vaccines: challenges and solutions. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 17: 295−300.
  • https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/flu.html (Erişim tarihi 10 Aralık 2017).
  • Grohskopf LA, Sokolow LZ, Olsen SJ, Bresee JS, Broder KR, Karron RA. Prevention and Control of Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2015-16 Influenza Season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 Aug 7;64(30):818-25
  • Flannery B, Reynolds SB, Blanton L, et al. Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Pediatric Deaths: 2010–2014. Pediatrics. 2017;139(5):e20164244
  • Nichol KL, Treanor JJ. Vaccines for seasonal and pandemic influenza. J Infect Dis. 2006 Nov 1;194 Suppl 2:S111-8.
  • WHO. Report of the second WHO consultation on the Global Action Plan for influenza vaccines (GAP) Geneva, Switzerland, 12–14 July 2011.
  • https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/2015-16.htm#table1 (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Aralık 2017)
  • https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/2015-16.htm#table2 (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Aralık 2017)
  • Lafond KE, Nair H, Rasooly MH, Valente F, Booy R, Global Respiratory Hospitalizations—Influenza Proportion Positive (GRIPP) Working Group. Global Role and Burden of Influenza in Pediatric Respiratory Hospitalizations, 1982-2012: A Systematic Analysis. PLoS Med. 2016 Mar 24;13(3):e1001977.
  • http://eswi.org/knowledge-center/economic-impact/ (Erişim Tarihi: 7 Kasım 2017)
  • Duncan IG, Taitel MS, Zhang J, Kirkham HS. Planning influenza vaccination programs: a cost benefit model. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2012 Jul 26;10(1):10.
  • Giglio N, Gentile A, Lees L, et al. Public health and economic benefits of new pediatric influenza vaccination programs in Argentina. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 2012;8(3):312-322. doi:10.4161/hv.18569.
  • Rose MA, Damm O, Greiner W, et al. The epidemiological impact of childhood influenza vaccination using live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) in Germany: predictions of a simulation study. BMC Infect Dis. 2014 Jan 22;14:40.
  • Jennings LC. Influenza vaccines: an Asia–Pacific perspective. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 7 2013 (Suppl. 3), 44–51.

Immunization cost efficiency in influenza economics

Year 2018, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 174 - 182, 01.06.2018
https://doi.org/10.16899/gopctd.379753

Abstract















Influenza
is an acute upper and lower respiratory tract infectious disease caused by
influenza A, B, C and D viruses, seasonal outbreaks and pandemics. Influenza
virus usually causes sporadic infections in humans. If viruses infecting
animals adapt to humans and become infectious, they may cause pandemics.
Following a short incubation period, the disease may lead to an asymptomatic
form and, in its severest form, to death, depending on the characteristics of
both the virus and the host. Typical influenza outbreaks become apparent within
2-3 weeks and terminate in 5-6 weeks. As the pandemic progresses, it results in
higher rates of hospitalization and deaths due to complications in the respiratory
and circulatory systems. Thousands of patients are admitted to hospitals in the
United States and European countries annually for treatment of seasonal
influenza. This creates a far greater effect in developing countries. About 20%
of the world’s population is annually infected with influenza viruses. A large
majority of them are admitted to hospitals and undergo an outpatient or
inpatient treatment. Both treatment and vaccination impose an economic burden
on countries, society and the health system. Which is a greater economic
burden; diagnosis and treatment of influenza or seasonal influenza vaccination?
Studies are conducted all over the world to determine which one is more cost
effective. Determination of which approach to use for reducing influenza-related
economic burden will guide the policies and strategies of countries. This study
will assess seasonal influenza infections as well as economic impacts of
influenza infections and vaccination.
    

References

  • Gibson E, Begum N, Martinón-Torres F, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of the direct and indirect impact of intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccination strategies in children: alternative country profiles. Journal of Market Access & Health Policy. 2016;4:10.3402/jmahp.v4.31205. doi:10.3402/jmahp.v4.31205.
  • Mao L, Yang Y, Qiu Y, Yang Y. Annual economic impacts of seasonal influenza on US counties: spatial heterogeneity and patterns. Int J Health Geogr . 2012; 17;11:16.
  • Peasah SK, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Breese J, Meltzer MI, Widdowson MA. Influenza cost and cost-effectiveness studies globally--a review. Vaccine 2013; 4;31(46):5339-48.
  • www.who.int/en/. Influenza fact sheet. www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/2003/fs211/en (Erişim Tarihi 20 Kasım 2017)
  • Meltzer MI, Cox NJ, Fukuda K. The economic impact of pandemic influenza in the United States: priorities for intervention. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999;5(5):659-71.
  • Molinari NA, Ortega-Sanchez IR, Messonnier ML, et al. The annual impact of seasonal influenza in the US: measuring disease burden and costs. Vaccine. 2007 Jun 28; 25(27):5086-96.
  • Fitzner KA, Shortridge KF, McGhee SM, Hedley AJ. Cost-effectiveness study on influenza prevention in Hong Kong. Health Policy. 2001;56(3):215-34.
  • Çetin E, AĞırbaş I. Farmakoekonomi ve Grip Aşısının Maliyet Fayda Analizi. Sağlıkta performans Ve Kalite Dergisi 2013. 6;37-55.
  • Sruamsiri R, Ferchichi S, Jamotte A, Toumi M, Kubo H, Mahlich J. Impact of patient characteristics and treatment procedures on hospitalization cost and length of stay in Japanese patients with influenza: A structural equation modelling approach. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2017 Nov;11(6):543-555.
  • Matias G, Taylor RJ, Haguinet F, Schuck-Paim C, Lustig RL, Fleming DM. Modelling estimates of age-specific influenza-related hospitalisation and mortality in the United Kingdom. BMC Public Health. 2016 Jun 8;16:481.
  • Bhuiyan MU, Luby SP, Alamgir NI, et al. Economic burden of influenza-associated hospitalizations and outpatient visits in Bangladesh during 2010. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2014 Jul;8(4):406-13.
  • Reed C, Chaves SS, Daily Kirley P, et al Estimating influenza disease burden from population-based surveillance data in the United States. PLoS One. 2015. 4;10(3).
  • Radin JM, Katz MA, Tempa S, et al. Influenza surveillance in 15 countries in Africa, 2006–2010 The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2012;206(1):14–21.
  • Kovács G, Kovács G, Kaló Z, et al. Medical and economic burden of influenza in the elderly population in central and eastern European countries. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 2014;10(2):428-440. doi:10.4161/hv.26886.
  • Preaud E, Durand L, Macabeo B, et al. Vaccines Europe influenza working group. Annual public health and economic benefits of seasonal influenza vaccination: a European estimate. BMC Public Health. 2014 Aug 7;14:813
  • https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/burden.htm. (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Kasım 2017)
  • Partridge J, Kieny MP. Global production capacity of seasonal influenza vaccine in 2011. Vaccine. 2013 Jan 21;31(5):728-31.
  • Paules C, Subbarao K. Influenza. Lancet. 2017; 12;390(10095):697-708.
  • https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/types.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Aralık 2017)
  • Clayville LR. Influenza Update: A Review of Currently Available Vaccines. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 2011;36(10):659–684.
  • Duran N. Mevsimsel İnfluenza ve Bağışıklama Seasonal Influenza and Immunization Turk J Immunol, 2010;15(1);20-38.
  • Us D. Moleküler, Klinik ve Tanısal Viroloji. Bilimsel Tıp Yayınevi 2012;477-509.
  • WHO. http://www.who.int/ith/diseases/si_iAh1n1/en/ (Erişim Tarihi 22 Aralık 2017).
  • Collignon Peter. H1N1 immunisation: too much too soon?. Australian Prescriber 2010;33(2):30-31.
  • Jordan R, Wake B, Hawker J, et al. Influenza vaccination of health care workers (HCW) to reduce influenza-related outcomes in high risk patients: a systematic review of clinical and cost-effectiveness. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology. West Midlands Health Technology Assessment Collaboration Report; 48. 2004.
  • Nichol KL, Margolis KL, Wouremna J, von Sternberg T. Effectiveness ofinfluenza vaccine in the elderly. Gerontology. 1996;42(5):274-9.
  • Akçay Ciblak M, Kanturvardar Tütenyurd M, Asar S, Tulunoğlu M, Fındıkçı N, Badur S. 2003-2012 Yıllarını Kapsayan Dokuz Sezonda Grip Sürveyansı Bulguları: İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Ulusal İnfluenza Referans Laboratuvarı Sonuçları. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2012 Oct;46(4):575-93.
  • Altaş AB, Bayraktar F, Korukluoğlu G. Pandemi sonrası Beş Ardaşık Sezonda İnfluenza Sürveyansı:Türkiye Ulusal İnfluenza Merkezi Bulguları. Mikrobiyol Bul 2016;401-417.
  • Çiçek C, Bayram N, Anıl M, et al. Solunum Virüsleri ve İnfluenza A Virus Alt Tiplerinin Multipleks PCR Yöntemi ile Aynı Anda Saptanması. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2014 Oct;48(4):652-60.
  • Sağlık Bakanlığı Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu; Bulaşıcı Hastalıklar Laboratuvar Tanısı için Saha Rehberi, Mevsimsel İnfluenza; Grip
  • http://www.tuseb.gov.tr/tacese/yuklemeler/ekitap/Kurumlar%C4%B1n%20A%C5%9F%C4%B1%20Faaliyetleri%20%C3%87al%C4%B1%C5%9Ftay%20Kitap%C3%A7%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1%20son.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 23 Aralık 2017).
  • Uyeki TM. Influenza. Ann Intern Med. 2017:167(5):ITC33-ITC48. doi: 10.7326/AITC201709050.
  • Dolin R, Hirsch MS, Thorner AR. Clinical manifestations of seasonal influenza in adults. Up to Date 2014(Erişim tarihi Aralık 2017). http://cursoenarm.net/UPTODATE/contents/mobipreview.htm?32/34/33327?source=see_link
  • https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/coldflu.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Aralık 2017)
  • Özdemir M. İnfluenza Virus. Ed. Altındiş M. Temel, Tanısal Klinik Tıbbi viroloji. Nobel yayınları, Ankara, 2018, 193-209.
  • https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/testing.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Aralık 2017)
  • http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Aralık 2017)
  • http://www.grip.gov.tr/tr/ Erişim tarihi 15 Aralık 2017. (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Aralık 2017)
  • Gürbüz Y, Tütüncü EE, Şencan İ, et al. İnfluenza A (H1N1) 2009 pandemisinde hastane çalışanlarının grip aşısına yaklaşımlarının araştırılması. Pamukkale Tıp Dergisi, 2013; 6(1): 12-17
  • http://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/en/ (Erişim Tarihi 24 Aralık 2017).
  • conomic and social impact of epidemic and pandemic influenza. Vaccine. 2006 Nov 10;24(44-46):6776-8.
  • Nichol KL. The efficacy, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of inactivated influenza virus vaccines. Vaccine. 2003 May 1;21(16):1769-75.
  • Houser K, Subbarao K. Influenza vaccines: challenges and solutions. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 17: 295−300.
  • https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/flu.html (Erişim tarihi 10 Aralık 2017).
  • Grohskopf LA, Sokolow LZ, Olsen SJ, Bresee JS, Broder KR, Karron RA. Prevention and Control of Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2015-16 Influenza Season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 Aug 7;64(30):818-25
  • Flannery B, Reynolds SB, Blanton L, et al. Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Pediatric Deaths: 2010–2014. Pediatrics. 2017;139(5):e20164244
  • Nichol KL, Treanor JJ. Vaccines for seasonal and pandemic influenza. J Infect Dis. 2006 Nov 1;194 Suppl 2:S111-8.
  • WHO. Report of the second WHO consultation on the Global Action Plan for influenza vaccines (GAP) Geneva, Switzerland, 12–14 July 2011.
  • https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/2015-16.htm#table1 (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Aralık 2017)
  • https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/2015-16.htm#table2 (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Aralık 2017)
  • Lafond KE, Nair H, Rasooly MH, Valente F, Booy R, Global Respiratory Hospitalizations—Influenza Proportion Positive (GRIPP) Working Group. Global Role and Burden of Influenza in Pediatric Respiratory Hospitalizations, 1982-2012: A Systematic Analysis. PLoS Med. 2016 Mar 24;13(3):e1001977.
  • http://eswi.org/knowledge-center/economic-impact/ (Erişim Tarihi: 7 Kasım 2017)
  • Duncan IG, Taitel MS, Zhang J, Kirkham HS. Planning influenza vaccination programs: a cost benefit model. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2012 Jul 26;10(1):10.
  • Giglio N, Gentile A, Lees L, et al. Public health and economic benefits of new pediatric influenza vaccination programs in Argentina. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 2012;8(3):312-322. doi:10.4161/hv.18569.
  • Rose MA, Damm O, Greiner W, et al. The epidemiological impact of childhood influenza vaccination using live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) in Germany: predictions of a simulation study. BMC Infect Dis. 2014 Jan 22;14:40.
  • Jennings LC. Influenza vaccines: an Asia–Pacific perspective. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 7 2013 (Suppl. 3), 44–51.
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Review Article
Authors

Selma Altındiş

Gülay Şimşek

Publication Date June 1, 2018
Acceptance Date June 1, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Altındiş, S., & Şimşek, G. (2018). Grip Ekonomisinde Aşının Maliyet Etkinliği. Çağdaş Tıp Dergisi, 8(2), 174-182. https://doi.org/10.16899/gopctd.379753
AMA Altındiş S, Şimşek G. Grip Ekonomisinde Aşının Maliyet Etkinliği. J Contemp Med. June 2018;8(2):174-182. doi:10.16899/gopctd.379753
Chicago Altındiş, Selma, and Gülay Şimşek. “Grip Ekonomisinde Aşının Maliyet Etkinliği”. Çağdaş Tıp Dergisi 8, no. 2 (June 2018): 174-82. https://doi.org/10.16899/gopctd.379753.
EndNote Altındiş S, Şimşek G (June 1, 2018) Grip Ekonomisinde Aşının Maliyet Etkinliği. Çağdaş Tıp Dergisi 8 2 174–182.
IEEE S. Altındiş and G. Şimşek, “Grip Ekonomisinde Aşının Maliyet Etkinliği”, J Contemp Med, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 174–182, 2018, doi: 10.16899/gopctd.379753.
ISNAD Altındiş, Selma - Şimşek, Gülay. “Grip Ekonomisinde Aşının Maliyet Etkinliği”. Çağdaş Tıp Dergisi 8/2 (June 2018), 174-182. https://doi.org/10.16899/gopctd.379753.
JAMA Altındiş S, Şimşek G. Grip Ekonomisinde Aşının Maliyet Etkinliği. J Contemp Med. 2018;8:174–182.
MLA Altındiş, Selma and Gülay Şimşek. “Grip Ekonomisinde Aşının Maliyet Etkinliği”. Çağdaş Tıp Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 2, 2018, pp. 174-82, doi:10.16899/gopctd.379753.
Vancouver Altındiş S, Şimşek G. Grip Ekonomisinde Aşının Maliyet Etkinliği. J Contemp Med. 2018;8(2):174-82.