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Three types of sexual harassment of females in public places in Pakistan

Year 2019, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 65 - 73, 27.03.2019
https://doi.org/10.16899/gopctd.468324

Abstract



Aim The
study was aimed at investigating three types of sexual harassment in public
places in Pakistan.



Method A
questionnaire was completed by 543 female students in Pakistan (M = 22.3 years, SD 4.3). The questionnaire included scales for measuring physical,
verbal, and nonverbal sexual harassment, and four scales measuring reactions to
sexual harassment.



Results
Sexual harassment was found to be most common in market places, and the
perpetrator was typically a stranger. Nonverbal sexual harassment was the most
frequent type. Only 2.8% of the respondents had never been victimised from any
of the tree types of sexual harassment. The most common reaction of the victims
was to run away. Respondents highly victimised from physical, verbal or
nonverbal harassment scored higher than others on defensive reactions,
immediate distress, and long-term negative concomitants. Educational level was
not associated with the amount of victimisation from any type of sexual
harassment, but respondents with a high education scored significantly higher
on negative reactions to sexual harassment.



Conclusions Sexual harassment was associated with negative
psychological concomitants for the victims. It can be concluded that sexual
harassment in public places in Pakistan is a huge social problem that needs to
be addressed.

References

  • PPID: JOCM-1086-6791-21

Three types of sexual harassment of females in public places in Pakistan

Year 2019, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 65 - 73, 27.03.2019
https://doi.org/10.16899/gopctd.468324

Abstract



Aim The
study was aimed at investigating three types of sexual harassment in public
places in Pakistan.



Method A
questionnaire was completed by 543 female students in Pakistan (M = 22.3 years, SD 4.3). The questionnaire included scales for measuring physical,
verbal, and nonverbal sexual harassment, and four scales measuring reactions to
sexual harassment.



Results
Sexual harassment was found to be most common in market places, and the
perpetrator was typically a stranger. Nonverbal sexual harassment was the most
frequent type. Only 2.8% of the respondents had never been victimised from any
of the tree types of sexual harassment. The most common reaction of the victims
was to run away. Respondents highly victimised from physical, verbal or
nonverbal harassment scored higher than others on defensive reactions,
immediate distress, and long-term negative concomitants. Educational level was
not associated with the amount of victimisation from any type of sexual
harassment, but respondents with a high education scored significantly higher
on negative reactions to sexual harassment.



Conclusions Sexual harassment was associated with negative
psychological concomitants for the victims. It can be concluded that sexual
harassment in public places in Pakistan is a huge social problem that needs to
be addressed.

References

  • PPID: JOCM-1086-6791-21
There are 1 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Original Research
Authors

Farida Anwar This is me

Karin Österman 0000-0003-0129-5683

Kaj Björkqvist This is me 0000-0002-4615-0747

Publication Date March 27, 2019
Acceptance Date February 20, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Anwar, F., Österman, K., & Björkqvist, K. (2019). Three types of sexual harassment of females in public places in Pakistan. Çağdaş Tıp Dergisi, 9(1), 65-73. https://doi.org/10.16899/gopctd.468324
AMA Anwar F, Österman K, Björkqvist K. Three types of sexual harassment of females in public places in Pakistan. J Contemp Med. March 2019;9(1):65-73. doi:10.16899/gopctd.468324
Chicago Anwar, Farida, Karin Österman, and Kaj Björkqvist. “Three Types of Sexual Harassment of Females in Public Places in Pakistan”. Çağdaş Tıp Dergisi 9, no. 1 (March 2019): 65-73. https://doi.org/10.16899/gopctd.468324.
EndNote Anwar F, Österman K, Björkqvist K (March 1, 2019) Three types of sexual harassment of females in public places in Pakistan. Çağdaş Tıp Dergisi 9 1 65–73.
IEEE F. Anwar, K. Österman, and K. Björkqvist, “Three types of sexual harassment of females in public places in Pakistan”, J Contemp Med, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 65–73, 2019, doi: 10.16899/gopctd.468324.
ISNAD Anwar, Farida et al. “Three Types of Sexual Harassment of Females in Public Places in Pakistan”. Çağdaş Tıp Dergisi 9/1 (March 2019), 65-73. https://doi.org/10.16899/gopctd.468324.
JAMA Anwar F, Österman K, Björkqvist K. Three types of sexual harassment of females in public places in Pakistan. J Contemp Med. 2019;9:65–73.
MLA Anwar, Farida et al. “Three Types of Sexual Harassment of Females in Public Places in Pakistan”. Çağdaş Tıp Dergisi, vol. 9, no. 1, 2019, pp. 65-73, doi:10.16899/gopctd.468324.
Vancouver Anwar F, Österman K, Björkqvist K. Three types of sexual harassment of females in public places in Pakistan. J Contemp Med. 2019;9(1):65-73.