Hygienic Profile and Nutritive Value of Boot Stage Wheat Silage Treated with Acid-Based Preservative

Year 2016, Volume: 33 Issue: 3, 1 - 9, 30.12.2016

Ekin Sucu Ismail Fılya

https://doi.org/10.13002/jafag974

Abstract

The current study was undertaken to investigate the effects of acid-based preservative (AP) on fermentation, hygienic and post-storage quality as well as digestibility of low dry matter (DM) direct cut wheat silages. Wheat was harvested at boot stage of maturity (265 g DM kg-1). Silages with no additive served as control (AP0). The AP was applied at 2 mL kg-1 (AP2), 3 mL kg-1 (AP3) and 4 mL kg-1 (AP4) of fresh forage weight. After AP treatment, the chopped forages were ensiled in 1.5 L anaerobic jars. Four jars per treatment were sampled on d 90 after ensiling, for chemical and microbiological analysis. Overall, AP treatment did not affect (P>0.05) the concentrations of lactic and acetic acid of the wheat silages. In contrast, inclusion of AP increased the concentrations of formic and propionic acid whereas decreased the concentrations of butyric acid, ethanol, ammonia-N and fermantation losses when compared to the control silage (P<0.05). Under aerobic conditions, AP treated silages had lower pH, CO2 production and the numbers of yeast and mold than AP0 (control) silage (P<0.05). Fibrous fractions were decreased (P<0.05) with the application of AP, but 96 h in vitro gas production and in vitro organic matter digestibility of the silages were not affected (P>0.05) by AP inclusion. In conclusion, the AP administration in to direct-cut wheat silage apparently improved fermentation properties and post storage quality. Its antimicrobial properties caused a reduction in proteolysis.

Keywords

Acid preservatives, boot-stage, hygienic profile, feed value, wheat silage.

References

• AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis (15th ed.). Arlington.
• Ashbell G, Weinberg ZG, Azrieli A, Hen Y and Horev B (1991). A simple system to study the aerobic deterioration of silages. Canadian Agricultural Engineering, 34: 171-175.
• Barker SB and Summerson WH (1941). The colorimetric determination of lactic acid in biological material. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 138: 535-554.
• Beck PA, Stewart CB, Gray HC, Smith JL and Gunter SA. (2009). Effect of wheat forage maturity and preservation methods on forage chemical composition and performance of growing calves fed mixed diets. Journal of Animal Science, 87: 4133–4142.
• Chen Y and Weinberg ZG (2009). Changes during aerobic exposure of wheat silages. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 154: 76-82.
• Dubois M, Giles KA, Hamilton JK, Rebes PA and Smith F (1956). Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry, 28: 350-356.
• Filya I and Sucu E (2007a). The effect of bacterial inoculants and a chemical preservative on the fermentation and aerobic stability of whole-crop cereal silages. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 20: 378-384.
• Filya I and Sucu E (2007b). Effect of a chemical preservative on fermentation, aerobic stability and nutritive value of whole-crop wheat silage. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 32: 133–138.
• Filya I, Sucu E and Karabulut A (2005). Aerobic stability and nutritive value of low dry matter maize silage treated with a formic acid-based preservative. 14th International Silage Conference, Belfast, Northern Ireland, p. 222.
• Givens DI, Moss AR and Adamson AH (1993). The digestion and energy value of whole crop wheat treated with urea. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 43: 51-64.
• Grajewski J, Potkański A, Rackowska-Werwińska K, Twarużek M and Miklaszewska B (2005). Parameters of ensiled maize with biological and chemical additives. 14th International Silage Conference, Belfast, Northern Ireland, p. 177.
• Huhtanen P, Rinne M and Nousiainen J (2007). Evaluation of the factors affecting silage of dairy cows; a revision of the relative silage dry matter intake index. Animal, 1: 758-770.
• Jaakkola S, Kaunisto V and Huhtanen P (2006a). Volatile fatty acid proportions and microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of cattle receiving grass silage ensiled with different rates of formic acid. Grass and Forage Science, 61: 282–292.
• Jaakkola S, Rinne M, Heikkilä T, Toivonen V and Huhtanen P (2006b). Effects of restriction of silage fermentation with formic acid on milk production. Agricultural Food Science, 15: 200-218.
• Jatkauskas J and Vrotniakiene V (2006). Effects of silage fermentation quality on ruminal fluid parameters. Biologija, 4: 65-71.
• Kaiser AG, Piltz JW, Burns HM and Griffiths NW (2003). Successful Silage. NSW Department of Primary Industries Publiser, Australia.
• Keady TWJ, Lively FO, Kilpatrick DJ and Moss B (2007). Effects of replacing grass silage with either maize or whole-crop wheat silages on the performance and meat quality of beef cattle offered two levels of concentrates. Animal, 1: 613–623.
• Kennelly JJ and Weinberg ZG (2003). Small grain silage. 749–779. In: DR Buxton, RE Muck, JH Harrison (Eds.), Silage Science and Technology. Am. Soc. Agron., Inc., Crop Sci. Soc. Am., Inc., Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Inc., Madison, USA.
• Lorenzo FB and O’Kiely P (2008). Alternatives to formic acid as a grass silage additive under two contrasting ensilability conditions. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research, 47: 135–149.
• Marsalis MA (2007). Small Grain Silages in New Mexico. NMSU Cooperative Extension Service Publication. Las Cruces, NM, Circular 630.
• Menke KH and Steingass H (1987). Schätzung des energetischen Futterwerts aus der in vitro mit Pansensaft bestimmten Gasbildung und der chemischen Analyse. II. Regressionsgleichungen. Übers Tierernährg, 15: 59-94. Nadeau E (2007). Effects of plant species, stage of maturity and additive on the feeding value of whole-crop cereal silage. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 87: 789-801.
• Ørskov ER and McDonald P (1979). The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighed according to rate of passage. Journal of Agricultural Science, 92: 499-503.
• Selwet M (2006). Effect of organic acids and bacterial-enzymatic preparations on the number of fungal populations and silage aerobic stability. The Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 50: 215-220.
• Seppälä A, Heikkilä T, Mäki M and Rinne M (2016). Effects of additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of grass silages and total mixed rations. Grass and Forage Science, doi: 10.1111/gfs.12221.
• Spörndly R (2003). Fodertabeller för idisslare. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Uppsala. Rapport 257.
• Statistical Analysis System (2005). SAS® User’s Guide: Statistics. 6th ver. Cary, NC, SAS Institute
• Sucu E, Filya I and Turgut I (2009). The effect of a formic acid-based preservative on structural carbohydrates and nutritive value of low dry matter sweet sorghum silages. Macedonian Journal of Animal Science, 1: 129–134.
• Tudisco R, Calabrò S, Grossi M, Guglielmelli A, Cutrignelli MI, Caiazzo C and Infascelli F (2010). Influence of replacing corn silage with barley silage in the diets of buffalo cows on milk yield and quality. Veterinary Research Communications, 34: 193–196.
• Van Soest PH, Robertson JB and Lewis BA (1991). Methods for dietary fibre, neutral detergent fibre, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74: 3583-3597.
• Walsh K, O’Kiely P and O’Mara FP (2005). The feeding value of conserved whole-crop wheat and forage maize relative to grass silage and ad libitum concentrates for beef cattle. XV International Silage Conference, Wageningen, Netherlands, p. 166
• Xie ZL, Zhang TF, Chen XZ, Li GD and Zhang JG (2012). The changes in yields and nutritive composition of whole crop wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during maturation and silage quality of whole crop wheat. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 25: 1374-1380.