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ALTIN ORDA’DAKİ KENT MERKEZLERİNİN VE ÜKEK ŞEHRİNİN GELİŞİMİ

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 209 - 226, 22.01.2020

Abstract

Araştırma hedefleri ve materyalleri:  Bu çalışma Altın Orda topraklarındaki
şehirlerin gelişimini anlatmaktadır. 
Çalışma içerisinde göçebe ekonomiden yerleşik ekonomiye geçişi incelemek
amacıyla Marco Polo ve Rubrucklu William gibi Avrupalı gezginlerin görüşlerine
yer verilmiştir. Ebu’l-Fidâ
gibi Arapça kaynaklar şehirlerin konumlarını bulmamızı sağlarken İbn Battuta da
şehirlerin yapılarını derinlemesine anlamamızı sağlıyor. Yıllık göç güzergâhının
en kuzeyinde yer alan Ükek şehri, başlangıçta güneydeki başkent Saray ile
kuzeydeki Bulgar şehri arasında bulunan sıradan bir şehirdi. Muhtemelen iklim
değişikliği sebebiyle burada tahıl ürünleri yetiştirilmeye başlandı ve bu
sayede şehrin önemi arttı. Ayrıca Ortaçağ kaynakları ve Modern kaynaklar
incelenerek de Ükek adının etimolojik olarak kökeni bulunmaya çalışıldı. 



Araştırmanın sonuçları ve yeniliği: İlk görüşlere göre Ükek
ismi aslında şehrin inşa edildiği alanın jeolojik yapısını anlatıyor. Birçok
bilim adamına göre “Ükek” şehrin etrafını kaplayan surlar anlamına gelen “kutu”
kelimesinin orijinal haliyken, yazara göre bu isim yapının şeklinde bulunan
kutu benzeri oyuklardan dolayı verilmiştir. Ancak ismi her ne sebepten dolayı
verilmiş olursa olsun,  şehir binlerce
kilometre uzaklıktan gelen yolcuların bile fark edebileceği kadar yüksekte olmasının
yanı sıra şekli ile de hemen tanınıyordu.

References

  • Abū l-Fidā, Géographie d’Aboulféda, II, J.T. Reinaud (trans.), Paris 1848.Al-Rabghūzī, The Stories of the Prophets: Qiṣaṣ al-anbiyā, An Eastern Turkish Version, I-II, H.E. Boeschoten et al. (eds., trans.), Brill, Leiden 1995.Anonim Iskendera, V.G. Tizengauzen, Sbornik materialov otnosyashchikhsya k istorii Zolotoy ordy, II, Izvlecheniya iz persidskikh sochineniy, A.A. Romaskevich, S.L. Volinyy (eds.), Moscow–Leningrad 1941.Arat R.R., Kutadgu bilig, I: Metin, Istanbul 1947.Bartol’d V.V, Dvenadtsat’ lektsiy po istorii turetskikh narodov Sredney Azii, Sochineniya, V, Moscow 1968.Bartol’d V.V, Mesto prikaspiyskikh oblastey v istorii musulmanskogo mira, Sochineniya, II, Moscow 1963.Bartol’d V.V, Novyy trud o polovtsakh, Sochineniya, V, Moscow 1968.Bartol’d V.V., Bolgary, Sochineniya, V, Moscow 1968.Blum J, Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century, Princeton 1961.Bratashova S.A, Ranniy Saratov: Na perekrestke putey i epokh, Saratov 2015.Brockelmann C, Mitteltürkischer Wortschatz, nach Maḥmūd al-Kāšγarīs Dīvān Luγāt at-Turk, Bibliotheca Orientalis Hungarica I, Budapest 1928.Cheremisov K.M, Buryat-mongol’sko-russkiy slovar, Moscow 1951.Clauson G, An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth Century Turkish, Oxford 1972.Drevnetyurksiy slovar, V.M. Nadelyaev et al. (eds.), Leningrad 1969.Eckmann J, Middle Turkic Glosses of the Rylands Interlinear Koran Translation, Bibliotheca Orientalis Hungarica XXI, Budapest 1976.Fasmer M, Etimologicheskiy slovar’ russkogo yazyka, vol. I-IV, Moscow 1986–1987.Fedorov-Davydov G.A., Städte der Goldenen Horde an der unteren Wolga, Materialien zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie XI, Münich 1984. Fedorov-Davydov G.A., Zolotoordynskie goroda Povolzh’ya, Moskva 1994. Fyodorov-Davydov G.A., The Culture of the Golden Horde Cities, British Archaeological Reports, International Series 198, Oxford 1984.Ġaffārī, Nusax-i cahān-ārā: V.G. Tizengauzen, Sbornik materialov otnosyashchikhsya k istorii Zolotoy ordy, II: Izvlecheniya iz persidskikh sochineniy, A.A. Romaskevich, S.L. Volinyy (eds.), Moscow–Leningrad 1941.Ibn al-Muhannā, Kitāb Ḥilyat al-insān wa-ḥalabat al-lisān, yahut, İbni Mühennâ lûgati, Kilisli Muallim Rifat (ed.), Istanbul 1922.Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A. D. 1325–1354, I-III. H.A.R, Gibb (trans.), Cambridge 1958–1971. Kirakos of Ganjak, History of the Armenians, R. Bedrosian (trans.), Sources of the Armenian Tradition, New York 1986.Kirakos of Ganjak, Istoriia Armenii, L.A. Khanlarian (trans.), Pamyatniki pis’mennosti Vostoka 53, Moscow 1976.Kramarovskiy M., Gorod i gorodskaya zhizn’ v Zolotoy Orde, Istoriya Tatar s drevneyshikh vremen v semi tomakh, III, Ulus Dzhuchi (Zolotaya Orda) XIII–seredina XV v., Kazan 2009, s. 567-589.Le Goff J, Medieval Civilization, 400–1500, J. Barrow (trans.), New York 1989.Lessing F.D, Mongolian-English Dictionary, Berkeley 1960/Bloomington 1980.Maḥmūd al-Kāšγarī, Compendium of the Turkic Dialects (Dīwān Luγāt at-Turk), Robert Dankoff, James Kelley (ed., trans), Sources of Oriental Languages and Literatures, 7. Duxbury, MA 1982–1985.Maḥmūd al-Kāşġarī, Divanü lûgat-it-türk tercümesi, I-IV, B. Atalay (trans.), Ankara 1939–1941/1985–1986.Marco Polo, The Travels. Ronald Latham (trans.), Penguin, New York 1958.Marquart J, Über das Volkstum der Komanen: W. Bang and J. Marquart, Osttürkische Dialektstudien, Abhandlungen der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Philologisch-Historische Klasse, N.F. 13:1, Berlin, 1914/Göttingen, 1970.Maxmūd al-Kāshġarī, Dīvān luġāt at-Turk, Z.-A. Auezova (trans.), Dayk-Press, Almaty 2005.Maxmut Qashqari, Türik sözdigi, Asqar Qurmashulı Egeubay (trans.), Khant, Almaty 1997–1998.Melyoranskiy P.M, Arab filolog o turetskom yazyke, St. Petersburg 1900.Menges K.H, Uvek/Ükäk, ‘Mauerturm, Bastion’, Zeitschrift für Slavische Philologie 24:1 (1955), s. 30-31.Mostaert A, Dictionnaire ordos, New York 1968.Nedashkovskii L.F, Zolotoordynskie goroda Nizhnego Povolzh’ya i ikh okruga,Vostochnaya literatura Publ., Moscow 2010.Nedashkovskii L.F, Zolotoordynskiii gorod Ukek i ego okruga, Vostochnaya literatura Publ., Moscow 2000.Nedashkovsky L.F, Ukek: The Golden Horde City and Its Periphery. An Analysis of the Written, Numismatic and Artefactual Evidence for the City of Ukek and the Jochid State on the Volga, 12th to 15th centuries, British Archaeological Reports S1222, Archaeopress, Oxford 2004.Nizām al-Dīn Shāmī, Ẓāfarnāma: V.G. Tizengauzen, Sbornik materialov otnosyashchikhsya k istorii Zolotoy ordy, II, Izvlecheniya iz persidskikh sochineniy, A.A. Romaskevich, S.L. Volinyy (eds.), Moscow–Leningrad 1941.Poppe N, Grammar of Written Mongolian, Wiesbaden 1974. Richard J, La Papauté et les missions d’orient au Moyen-Age (XIIIe–XVe siècles), Rome 1977.Schaeder H.H, Vorwort: J. Markwart, Wehrot und Arang. Untersuchungen zur mythischen und geschichtlichen Landeskunde von Ostiran, H.H. Schaeder (ed.), Leiden 1938.Schamiloglu U, Climate Change in Central Eurasia and the Golden Horde, Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie, 2016, Vol. 4, no. 1, s. 6-25.Schamiloglu U, The Impact of the Black Death on the Golden Horde: Politics, Economy, Society, and Civilization. Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie,2017. Vol. 5, no. 2, s. 325-343.Schamiloglu U, The Islamic High Culture of the Golden Horde, Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Islamic Civilization in the Volga-Ural Region: Kazan, 24–26 June 2005, Rafik Muhammetshin, Zeynep Durukal, and Güler Doğan (eds.), Sources and Studies on the History of Islamic Civilization, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture, Istanbul 2008, s. 19-39.Schamiloglu U, Torgovlya Ulusa Dzhuchi so stranami Sredizemnemor’ya, Istoriya Tatar s drevneyshikh vremen v semi tomakh, III: Ulus Dzhuchi (Zolotaya Orda). XIII–seredina XV v., Kazan 2009, s. 287-294.Schamiloglu U, Vysokaya islamskaya kul’tura Zolotoy Ordy, Istoriya Tatar s drevneyshikh vremen v semi tomakh, III; Ulus Dzhuchi (Zolotaya Orda). XIII–seredina XV v., Kazan 2009, s. 589-598.Siberian Ice Maiden, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Ice_Maiden. Erişim Tarihi: 5 Ocak 2016.Spuler B, Die Goldene Horde. Die Mongolen in Russland, 1223–1502, Wiesbaden 1965Tenishev E.R, Tuvinsko-russkiy slovar, Moscow 1968.Umarī, Das mongolische Weltreich, Al-‛Umarī’s Darstellung der mongolischen Reiche in seinem Werk Masālik al-absār fī mamālik al-amṣār, K. Lech (ed., trans.), Asiatische Forschungen 22, Wiesbaden 1968.Vaṣṣāf, Tārīx-i Vaṣṣāf: V.G. Tizengauzen, Sbornik materialov otnosyashchikhsya k istorii Zolotoy ordy, ii, Izvlecheniya iz persidskikh sochineniy, A.A. Romaskevich, S.L. Volinyy (eds.), Moscow–Leningrad 1941.William of Rubruck, Mission to Asia, A Nun of Stanbrook Abbey (trans.), C. Dawson (ed.). London 1955/Toronto 1980.www.bolor-toli.com. Erişim Tarihi: 23 Aralık 2015.www.mongoltoli.mn. Erişim Tarihi: 23 Aralık 2015.Yanina A, Obshchiy obzor kollektsii dzhuchidskikh monet iz raskopok i sborov Kuybyshevskoy ekspeditsii v Bolgarakh (1946–1958 gg.), Trudy Kuybyshevskoy ekspeditsii, iv, Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR 111, Moscow 1962, s. 153-178.Yegorov V.L, Istoricheskaya geografiya Zolotoy Ordy v XIII–XIV vv, Moscow 1985.Yudakhin K.K, Kirgizsko-russkiy slovar, Moscow 1965.
Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 209 - 226, 22.01.2020

Abstract

References

  • Abū l-Fidā, Géographie d’Aboulféda, II, J.T. Reinaud (trans.), Paris 1848.Al-Rabghūzī, The Stories of the Prophets: Qiṣaṣ al-anbiyā, An Eastern Turkish Version, I-II, H.E. Boeschoten et al. (eds., trans.), Brill, Leiden 1995.Anonim Iskendera, V.G. Tizengauzen, Sbornik materialov otnosyashchikhsya k istorii Zolotoy ordy, II, Izvlecheniya iz persidskikh sochineniy, A.A. Romaskevich, S.L. Volinyy (eds.), Moscow–Leningrad 1941.Arat R.R., Kutadgu bilig, I: Metin, Istanbul 1947.Bartol’d V.V, Dvenadtsat’ lektsiy po istorii turetskikh narodov Sredney Azii, Sochineniya, V, Moscow 1968.Bartol’d V.V, Mesto prikaspiyskikh oblastey v istorii musulmanskogo mira, Sochineniya, II, Moscow 1963.Bartol’d V.V, Novyy trud o polovtsakh, Sochineniya, V, Moscow 1968.Bartol’d V.V., Bolgary, Sochineniya, V, Moscow 1968.Blum J, Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century, Princeton 1961.Bratashova S.A, Ranniy Saratov: Na perekrestke putey i epokh, Saratov 2015.Brockelmann C, Mitteltürkischer Wortschatz, nach Maḥmūd al-Kāšγarīs Dīvān Luγāt at-Turk, Bibliotheca Orientalis Hungarica I, Budapest 1928.Cheremisov K.M, Buryat-mongol’sko-russkiy slovar, Moscow 1951.Clauson G, An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth Century Turkish, Oxford 1972.Drevnetyurksiy slovar, V.M. Nadelyaev et al. (eds.), Leningrad 1969.Eckmann J, Middle Turkic Glosses of the Rylands Interlinear Koran Translation, Bibliotheca Orientalis Hungarica XXI, Budapest 1976.Fasmer M, Etimologicheskiy slovar’ russkogo yazyka, vol. I-IV, Moscow 1986–1987.Fedorov-Davydov G.A., Städte der Goldenen Horde an der unteren Wolga, Materialien zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie XI, Münich 1984. Fedorov-Davydov G.A., Zolotoordynskie goroda Povolzh’ya, Moskva 1994. Fyodorov-Davydov G.A., The Culture of the Golden Horde Cities, British Archaeological Reports, International Series 198, Oxford 1984.Ġaffārī, Nusax-i cahān-ārā: V.G. Tizengauzen, Sbornik materialov otnosyashchikhsya k istorii Zolotoy ordy, II: Izvlecheniya iz persidskikh sochineniy, A.A. Romaskevich, S.L. Volinyy (eds.), Moscow–Leningrad 1941.Ibn al-Muhannā, Kitāb Ḥilyat al-insān wa-ḥalabat al-lisān, yahut, İbni Mühennâ lûgati, Kilisli Muallim Rifat (ed.), Istanbul 1922.Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A. D. 1325–1354, I-III. H.A.R, Gibb (trans.), Cambridge 1958–1971. Kirakos of Ganjak, History of the Armenians, R. Bedrosian (trans.), Sources of the Armenian Tradition, New York 1986.Kirakos of Ganjak, Istoriia Armenii, L.A. Khanlarian (trans.), Pamyatniki pis’mennosti Vostoka 53, Moscow 1976.Kramarovskiy M., Gorod i gorodskaya zhizn’ v Zolotoy Orde, Istoriya Tatar s drevneyshikh vremen v semi tomakh, III, Ulus Dzhuchi (Zolotaya Orda) XIII–seredina XV v., Kazan 2009, s. 567-589.Le Goff J, Medieval Civilization, 400–1500, J. Barrow (trans.), New York 1989.Lessing F.D, Mongolian-English Dictionary, Berkeley 1960/Bloomington 1980.Maḥmūd al-Kāšγarī, Compendium of the Turkic Dialects (Dīwān Luγāt at-Turk), Robert Dankoff, James Kelley (ed., trans), Sources of Oriental Languages and Literatures, 7. Duxbury, MA 1982–1985.Maḥmūd al-Kāşġarī, Divanü lûgat-it-türk tercümesi, I-IV, B. Atalay (trans.), Ankara 1939–1941/1985–1986.Marco Polo, The Travels. Ronald Latham (trans.), Penguin, New York 1958.Marquart J, Über das Volkstum der Komanen: W. Bang and J. Marquart, Osttürkische Dialektstudien, Abhandlungen der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Philologisch-Historische Klasse, N.F. 13:1, Berlin, 1914/Göttingen, 1970.Maxmūd al-Kāshġarī, Dīvān luġāt at-Turk, Z.-A. Auezova (trans.), Dayk-Press, Almaty 2005.Maxmut Qashqari, Türik sözdigi, Asqar Qurmashulı Egeubay (trans.), Khant, Almaty 1997–1998.Melyoranskiy P.M, Arab filolog o turetskom yazyke, St. Petersburg 1900.Menges K.H, Uvek/Ükäk, ‘Mauerturm, Bastion’, Zeitschrift für Slavische Philologie 24:1 (1955), s. 30-31.Mostaert A, Dictionnaire ordos, New York 1968.Nedashkovskii L.F, Zolotoordynskie goroda Nizhnego Povolzh’ya i ikh okruga,Vostochnaya literatura Publ., Moscow 2010.Nedashkovskii L.F, Zolotoordynskiii gorod Ukek i ego okruga, Vostochnaya literatura Publ., Moscow 2000.Nedashkovsky L.F, Ukek: The Golden Horde City and Its Periphery. An Analysis of the Written, Numismatic and Artefactual Evidence for the City of Ukek and the Jochid State on the Volga, 12th to 15th centuries, British Archaeological Reports S1222, Archaeopress, Oxford 2004.Nizām al-Dīn Shāmī, Ẓāfarnāma: V.G. Tizengauzen, Sbornik materialov otnosyashchikhsya k istorii Zolotoy ordy, II, Izvlecheniya iz persidskikh sochineniy, A.A. Romaskevich, S.L. Volinyy (eds.), Moscow–Leningrad 1941.Poppe N, Grammar of Written Mongolian, Wiesbaden 1974. Richard J, La Papauté et les missions d’orient au Moyen-Age (XIIIe–XVe siècles), Rome 1977.Schaeder H.H, Vorwort: J. Markwart, Wehrot und Arang. Untersuchungen zur mythischen und geschichtlichen Landeskunde von Ostiran, H.H. Schaeder (ed.), Leiden 1938.Schamiloglu U, Climate Change in Central Eurasia and the Golden Horde, Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie, 2016, Vol. 4, no. 1, s. 6-25.Schamiloglu U, The Impact of the Black Death on the Golden Horde: Politics, Economy, Society, and Civilization. Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie,2017. Vol. 5, no. 2, s. 325-343.Schamiloglu U, The Islamic High Culture of the Golden Horde, Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Islamic Civilization in the Volga-Ural Region: Kazan, 24–26 June 2005, Rafik Muhammetshin, Zeynep Durukal, and Güler Doğan (eds.), Sources and Studies on the History of Islamic Civilization, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture, Istanbul 2008, s. 19-39.Schamiloglu U, Torgovlya Ulusa Dzhuchi so stranami Sredizemnemor’ya, Istoriya Tatar s drevneyshikh vremen v semi tomakh, III: Ulus Dzhuchi (Zolotaya Orda). XIII–seredina XV v., Kazan 2009, s. 287-294.Schamiloglu U, Vysokaya islamskaya kul’tura Zolotoy Ordy, Istoriya Tatar s drevneyshikh vremen v semi tomakh, III; Ulus Dzhuchi (Zolotaya Orda). XIII–seredina XV v., Kazan 2009, s. 589-598.Siberian Ice Maiden, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Ice_Maiden. Erişim Tarihi: 5 Ocak 2016.Spuler B, Die Goldene Horde. Die Mongolen in Russland, 1223–1502, Wiesbaden 1965Tenishev E.R, Tuvinsko-russkiy slovar, Moscow 1968.Umarī, Das mongolische Weltreich, Al-‛Umarī’s Darstellung der mongolischen Reiche in seinem Werk Masālik al-absār fī mamālik al-amṣār, K. Lech (ed., trans.), Asiatische Forschungen 22, Wiesbaden 1968.Vaṣṣāf, Tārīx-i Vaṣṣāf: V.G. Tizengauzen, Sbornik materialov otnosyashchikhsya k istorii Zolotoy ordy, ii, Izvlecheniya iz persidskikh sochineniy, A.A. Romaskevich, S.L. Volinyy (eds.), Moscow–Leningrad 1941.William of Rubruck, Mission to Asia, A Nun of Stanbrook Abbey (trans.), C. Dawson (ed.). London 1955/Toronto 1980.www.bolor-toli.com. Erişim Tarihi: 23 Aralık 2015.www.mongoltoli.mn. Erişim Tarihi: 23 Aralık 2015.Yanina A, Obshchiy obzor kollektsii dzhuchidskikh monet iz raskopok i sborov Kuybyshevskoy ekspeditsii v Bolgarakh (1946–1958 gg.), Trudy Kuybyshevskoy ekspeditsii, iv, Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR 111, Moscow 1962, s. 153-178.Yegorov V.L, Istoricheskaya geografiya Zolotoy Ordy v XIII–XIV vv, Moscow 1985.Yudakhin K.K, Kirgizsko-russkiy slovar, Moscow 1965.
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Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Uli Schamiloglu This is me

Translators

Umut Yolsever This is me

Publication Date January 22, 2020
Submission Date October 18, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 2 Issue: 3

Cite

Chicago Schamiloglu, Uli. “ALTIN ORDA’DAKİ KENT MERKEZLERİNİN VE ÜKEK ŞEHRİNİN GELİŞİMİ”. Translated by Umut Yolsever. Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 2, no. 3 (January 2020): 209-26.

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