OTUKEN

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 4, 321 - 332, 20.07.2020

Munire Hatamova

Abstract

In this article we are talking about the sacred residence of Turkic qaghan Ötuken. In particular, the author of an analysis of the written sources and archaeological materials reveals the reasons for the selection as the capital. In addition, the question is raised whether there was a real city in Ötuken.

Keywords

sakral centers, Turkic Qaghanate, Ötüken, Hangay mountains

ÖTÜKEN

Abstract

Makalede Köktürk kağanlarının sakral (kutsal) karargahlarından biri olan Ötüken üzerine durulmaktadır. Özellikle, yazılı kaynaklar ve arkeolojik malzemelerin incelenmesi sonucunda Ötüken’in başkent olarak seçilmesinin nedenleri, üstelik, burada gerçek bir şehir bulunmuş mu veya tersi mi gibi sorulara aydınlık kazandırmaya çalışılmıştır.

Keywords

sakral başkentler, Köktürk Kağanlığı, Ötüken, Hangay sıradağları

References

• АBDURAHMONOV G’., RUSTAMOV А. (1982). Qadimgi turkiy til, Toshkent.
• BEMMANN, J. (2011). “Was the Center of the Xiongnu Empire in the Orkhon Valley?”, Xiongnu archaeology. Multidisciplinary Perspectives of the First Steppe Empire in Inner Asia / Ed. By Ursula Brosseder, Bryan K. Miller. Bonn Contributions to Asian Archaeology / Ed. By Jan Bemmann, Vol. 5, Bonn, ss. 441 461.
• BUSHAKOV, V. (2007). “Etimologiya ta lokalizatiya davn’otyurks’kogo horonima Otyuken”, Visnik L’vivs’kogo universitetu, seriya filologichna, vip. 42, L’viv, ss. 192-196.
• Bichurin, N.Ya. (1950). Sobraniye svedeniy o narodah, obitavshih v Sredney Azii v drevniye vremena. T. I. Nauka, Мoskva – Leningrad. CLAUSON, G. (1972). An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish, Oxford.
• COULANGES, de F. (1866). La Cité antique. Étude sur le culte, le droit, les institutions de la Gréce et de Rome, Paris.
• CZEGLEDY, H. (1962). “Čoγay-quzї, Qara-qum, Kök-öng”, AOH, №15, ss. 55-69.
• Drevnetyurkskiy slovar’, Leningrad, 1969.
• DROBYSHEV, Yu.I. (2005). “Prirodopol’zovaniye i vospriyatiye prirody u hunnu”, Vostok (Oriens), №1, Moskva, ss. 44-55.
• DROBYSHEV, Yu.I. (2008). Istoriya vzaimodeystviya cheloveka i prirody v Central’no-aziatskih kochevyh obshestvah rannego srednevekov’ya, Avtoreferat kandidata istoricheskih nauk, Moskva.
• DROBYSHEV, Yu.I. (2012). “Srednevekovyi Otyuken”, Vostok (Oriens), №4, Moskva, ss. 5-22.
• DROMPP, M.R. (1999). “Breaking the Orkhon Tradition: Kirghiz Adherence to the Yenisei Region after AD 840”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 119, №3, ss. 390-403.
• EKREM, E. (2003). Hsüan-Tsang Seyahetnamesi’ne göre Türkistan. Basılmamış doktora tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
• Eski T’ang tarihi (Chiu T’ang-shu) 194 a: “Türkler” bölümü: Çin kaynaklarında Türkler: açıklamalı metin neşri / İsenbike Toğan, Gülnar Kara, Cahide Baysal. – Ankara: TTK Basımevi, 2006.
• HOJAYEV, А. (2012). “Qadimgi Parkona (Yuan-cheng) shahri to’g’risida hitoy manbalari”, “Farg’ona vodiysi tarihi yangi tadqiqotlarda” mavzusidagi ikkinchi Respublika ilmiy anjumani, Farg’ona, ss. 24-31.
• JEONG, J. (2011). “Where was ‘Ötüken’ in the Early Period of Uyghur Empire (744–840)?”, From Ötüken to İstanbul, 1290 Years of Turkish (720–2010), 3th–5th December 2010, İstanbul. Papers / Ed. by M. Ölmez, Istanbul, ss. 249 254.
• KISELEV, S.V. (1949). Drevnyaya istoriya Yujnoi Sibiri. Materialy i issledovaniya po arheologii SSSR, Т. IX, Moskva-Leningrad.
• KISELEV, S.V. (1957). “Drevniye goroda Mongolii”, Sovetskaya arheologiya, № 2, ss. 91-101.
• KLYASHTORNYI, S.G. (1964). Drevnetyukskiye runicheskiye pamyatniki kak istochnik po istorii Srednei Azii, Moskva.
• KRADIN, N.N., SKRYNNIKOVA, T.D. (2006). Imperiya Chingiz-hana, Moskva.
• Kyuner, N.V. (1961). Kitayskiye izvestiya o narodah Yujnoi Sibiri, Sentral’noi Yevrazii I Dal’nego Vostoka. Vostochnaya literatura, Moskva.
• КYZLASOV, L.R. (1984). Istoriya Yujnoi Sibibri v sredniye veka, Moskva.
• LIU MAU-TSAI. (1958). Die Chinesischen Nachrichten zur Geschichte der Ost Türken (T’u-küe), Buch 1-2 (“Göttinger Asiatische Fırschungen”, Bd, 10), Wiesbaden.
• МALOV, S.Y. (1951). Pamyatniki drevnetyurkskoi pis’mennosti. Teksty i issledovaniya, Moskva–Leningrad.
• MALYAVKIN, A.G. (1981). Istoricheskaya geografiya Sentral’noy Asii (Materialy i issledovaniya), Novosibirsk.
• Маterialy po istorii syunnu (po kitayskim istochnikam), Pred., perevod i primechanii V.S. Taskina, vyp. 1, Моskva, 1968.
• Mifologicheskiy slovar’, Т. 1, Мoskva, 1991.
• МURZAYEV, E.М. (1952). Моngol’skaya Narodnaya Respublika. Fiziko-geograficheskoye opisaniye, Moskva.
• МURZAYEV, E.М. (1996). Tyurkskiye geograficheskiye nazvaniya, Мoskva.
• TEKIN, Ş. (1972). “Metinlere Dayanarak Eski Turklerde Gocebe (=Otuken) ve Şehir (=Hocu) Medeniyetlerinin Tahlili”, Ankara Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakultesi Araştırma Dergisi, №3, Ankara, ss. 36-37.
• The History of the World Conqueror by ‘Ala-ad-Din ‘Ata-Malik Juvaini. Translated from the text of Mirza Muhammad Qazvini, by J.A. Boyle with a new introduction and bibliography by D.O. Morgan. – Manchester University Press, UNESCO Publishing, 1997.
• OSAVA T. (2009). “The Cult-Religious Relations between Old Turkic kingship and their Sacred Mountains in the Early periods of the Western Old Turkic Kaganate”, Мedeni mura, №1, ss. 47-55.
• ŌSAWA T. (2011). “The signifance of the Ötüken yer to the ancient Turks”, From Ötüken to İstanbul, 1290 Years of Turkish (720-2010). 3th–5th December 2010, İstanbul. Papers / Ed. by M. Ölmez, Istanbul, ss. 407 408.
• PELLIOT P. (1930). “Sur la legende d’Oguz-Khan en ecriture ouigoure”, T’oung Pao, V. 27, №4-5, ss. 247-538.
• Pis’mo D.A. Klemensa na imya akademika V.V. Radlova, Sbornik trudov Orhonskoy ekspedisii, vyp. 1, Sankt-Peterburg, 1892, ss. 13-23.
• POTAPOV, L.P. (1957). “Novyye dannyye o drevnetyurkskom Ötükän”, Sovetskoye vostokovedeniye, Moskva, №1, ss. 106-117.
• RASHID-AD-DIN, (1952). Sbornik letopisei. Т. I. Kniga 1. Perevod s persidskogo L.A. Hetagurova, Мoskva – Leningrad.
• ROSSMAN, V. (2013). Stolitsy: ih mnogoobraziye, zakonomernosti razvitiya i peremesheniya, Мoskva.
• SARTKOJAULY, K. (2009). “Orda balyk – stolitsa Tyurkskogo kaganata”, Yeuraziyashyldyq ideyasy konteksindegi Qazaqstan turkitanuy: meseleleri men bolashag’y halyqaralyq g’ylymi-teoriyalyq коnferensiyasynyn g’ylymi teoriyalyq maqalalar jinag’y, Astana, ss. 116-121. SAMASHEV, Z. (2008). “Ordabalyq jauharlarlary”, Medeni mura, №1, ss. 51 55.
• Sravnitel'no-istoricheskaya grammatika tyurkskih yazykov. Pratyurkskiy yazyk osnova. Kartina mira pratyurkskogo etnosa po dannym yazyka, Т. 6. Otv. red. E.R. Tenishev, А.B. Dybo, Moskva, Nauka, 2006.
• TATARINSEV, B.I. (1990). “O proishojdenii slova Otuken”, Sovetskaya tyurkologiya, №6, Baku, ss. 42-48.
• TIHONOV, D.I. (1978). “Uigurskiy kaganat”, Materialy po istorii i kul’turye uigurskogo naroda, Alma-ata.
• VASIL’YEV, V.P. (1897) “Kitayskaya nadpis’ na Orhonskih pamyatnikah v Kosho-Saydam I Karabalgasuna”, Sbornik trudov Orhonskoi ekspedisii, Т. 3, Sankt Peterburg, 1897, ss. 1-36.
• VLADIMIRSTOV, B.Ya. (1929). “Po povodu drevne-tyurkskogo Otuken yiš”, Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, seriya “В”, №7, Leningrad, ss. 133-136.
• WHEATLEY, P. (1971). The Pivot of the Four Quarters: a Preliminary Enquiry into the Origins and Character of the Ancient Chinese City. Chicago.