Assessment of Caries Risk in Children with ‘Cariogram’

Year 2021, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 27 - 44, 26.02.2021

Nevra Karamüftüoğlu , Tezer Ulusu

Abstract

In this study, the efficacy of Cariogram, to assess or predict caries risk, was evaluated.76 female, 58 male children aged between 10-11 years were included in the study. For each child, pre-examination interview questions, oral examination records and saliva tests were completed. The factors related to caries were included in the scores in the Cariogram. Scores were entered into the computer program and the percentage of each child was defined as the chance to prevent caries. All children were classified by caries risk group. 73 female and 52 male children were re-evaluated two years after the start date and DMFT index was obtained for each child. The DMFT index was compared to the percentile of caries-protection chances determined by Cariogram. Descriptive statistics were calculated. The DMFT index is used to mark the 'high risk' and 'standard set' sections in the three risk groups which are determined as 1-25%, 26-75% and 76+% by the current account and in the sub-headings of the 'Country/region' section in the Cariogram and the difference in DMFT index in the caries risk groups determined by the Cariograms was found to be different when the 'high risk' and 'standard set' sections were marked, whereas this difference was not statistically significant (p> 0.05) none of the related factors were associated with an increase in DMFT index (p> 0.05). The difference between the caries risk groups after two years reveals that the efficiency of Cariogram is controversial in term of caries risk.

Keywords

Caries prediction, Risk, Assessment, Cariogram, Children

References

• Alaluusua, S., Kleemola-Kajula, E., Grönroos, L., & Evalahti, M. (1990). Salivary caries-related tests as predictors of future caries increment in teenagers. A three-year longitudinal study. Oral Microbial Immunology, 5(2), 77-81.
• Alaluusua, S., Kleemola-Kajula, E., Grönroos, L., & Evalahti, M. (1990). Salivary caries-related tests as predictors of future caries increment in teenagers. A three-year longitudinal study. Oral Microbial Immunology, 5(2), 77-81.
• Alaluusua, S., Sovalainen, J., Tuompo, H., & Grönroos, L. (1984). Slide-scoring method for estimation of Streptococcus mutans in saliva. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research, 92(2), 127-133.
• Alaluusua, S., Sovalainen, J., Tuompo, H., & Grönroos, L. (1984). Slide-scoring method for estimation of Streptococcus mutans in saliva. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research, 92(2), 127-133.
• Alanen, P. (1991). Remarks on the use of some basic epidemiological concepts in dentistry. Proceedings of Finnish Dental Society, 87(2), 209-215.
• Alanen, P. (1991). Remarks on the use of some basic epidemiological concepts in dentistry. Proceedings of Finnish Dental Society, 87(2), 209-215.
• Alian, A. Y., MacNally, M. E., Fure, S., & Birkhed, D. (2006). Assessment of caries risk in elderly patients using the Cariogram model. Journal of Canadian Dental Association, 72(5), 459-463.
• Alian, A. Y., MacNally, M. E., Fure, S., & Birkhed, D. (2006). Assessment of caries risk in elderly patients using the Cariogram model. Journal of Canadian Dental Association, 72(5), 459-463.
• Almosa, N. A., Lundgren, T., Al-Mulla, A., Birkhed, D., & Kjellberg, H. (2018). Caries risk profiles in orthodontic patients: A 4-year follow-up study using the Cariogram model in governmental vs. private clinics. Saudi Dental Journal, 30(2), 166-174.
• Almosa, N. A., Lundgren, T., Al-Mulla, A., Birkhed, D., & Kjellberg, H. (2018). Caries risk profiles in orthodontic patients: A 4-year follow-up study using the Cariogram model in governmental vs. private clinics. Saudi Dental Journal, 30(2), 166-174.
• American Dental Council on Scientific Affairs. (2006). Prefessionaly applied topical fluoride evidence-based clinical recommendations. Journal of American Dental Association, 137(8), 1151-1159.
• American Dental Council on Scientific Affairs. (2006). Prefessionaly applied topical fluoride evidence-based clinical recommendations. Journal of American Dental Association, 137(8), 1151-1159.
• Andersson, M. (2002). Risk assessment and epidemiology of dental caries: review of the literature. Pediatric Dentistry, 24(5), 377-385.
• Andersson, M. (2002). Risk assessment and epidemiology of dental caries: review of the literature. Pediatric Dentistry, 24(5), 377-385.
• Anusavice, K. (2001). Caries risk assessment. Operative Dentistry, 6, 19-26.
• Anusavice, K. (2001). Caries risk assessment. Operative Dentistry, 6, 19-26.
• Atabek, D., Sillelioğlu, H., Çinar, Ç., & Ölmez, A. (2015). Maturogenesis of an early erupted ımmature permanent tooth: A case report with 7-Year follow-up. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 39(3), 262-267.
• Atabek, D., Sillelioğlu, H., Çinar, Ç., & Ölmez, A. (2015). Maturogenesis of an early erupted ımmature permanent tooth: A case report with 7-Year follow-up. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 39(3), 262-267.
• Axelsson, P. (1999). An introduction to risk prediction and preventive dentistry. In B. B. Editor (Ed.) Benenson AS, Preventive Dentistry (pp.33-37). Quintessence Publishing Co Inc.
• Axelsson, P. (1999). An introduction to risk prediction and preventive dentistry. In B. B. Editor (Ed.) Benenson AS, Preventive Dentistry (pp.33-37). Quintessence Publishing Co Inc.
• Axelsson, P. (2000). In Quintessence Publishing Co Editor (Ed.), Diagnosis and risk prediction of dental caries. (pp.151-174).
• Axelsson, P. (2000). In Quintessence Publishing Co Editor (Ed.), Diagnosis and risk prediction of dental caries. (pp.151-174).
• Birpou, E., Agouropoulos, A., Twetman, S., & Kavvadia, K. (2019). Validation of different Cariogram settings and factor combinations in preschool children from areas with high caries risk. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry, 29(4), 448-455.
• Birpou, E., Agouropoulos, A., Twetman, S., & Kavvadia, K. (2019). Validation of different Cariogram settings and factor combinations in preschool children from areas with high caries risk. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry, 29(4), 448-455.
• Bloemendal, E., de Vet, H. C. V., & Bouter, L. M. (2004). The value of bitewing radiographs in epidemiological caries research: a systemic rewiev of the literature. Journal of Dentistry, 32(4), 255-264.
• Bloemendal, E., de Vet, H. C. V., & Bouter, L. M. (2004). The value of bitewing radiographs in epidemiological caries research: a systemic rewiev of the literature. Journal of Dentistry, 32(4), 255-264.
• Bowden, G. H. (1997). Does microbial composition of plaque/saliva allow for diagnosis of disease activity of individuals? Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 25(1), 76-81.
• Bowden, G. H. (1997). Does microbial composition of plaque/saliva allow for diagnosis of disease activity of individuals? Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 25(1), 76-81.
• Bratthall, D., & Petersson, G. H. (2005). Cariogram-a multifactorial risk assessment model for a multifactorial disease. Community Dental Oral Epidemiology, 33(4), 256-264.
• Bratthall, D., & Petersson, G. H. (2005). Cariogram-a multifactorial risk assessment model for a multifactorial disease. Community Dental Oral Epidemiology, 33(4), 256-264.
• Bratthall, D., Petersson, G. H. , & Sternsward, J. R. (2019). Cariogram Manual. Retrieved from http://www.db.od.mah.se/car/cariogram/cariograminfo.html
• Bratthall, D., Petersson, G. H. , & Sternsward, J. R. (2019). Cariogram Manual. Retrieved from http://www.db.od.mah.se/car/cariogram/cariograminfo.html
• Brunton, P. A. (2002). Decision-making in operative dentistry. Quintessence Publishing Co.Ltd.
• Brunton, P. A. (2002). Decision-making in operative dentistry. Quintessence Publishing Co.Ltd.
• Cagetti, M. G., Bontà, G., Cocco, F., Lingstrom, P., Strohmenger, L., & Campus, G. (2018). Are standardized caries risk assessment models effective in assessing actual caries status and future caries increment? A systematic review. BMC Oral Health, 18(1), 123.
• Cagetti, M. G., Bontà, G., Cocco, F., Lingstrom, P., Strohmenger, L., & Campus, G. (2018). Are standardized caries risk assessment models effective in assessing actual caries status and future caries increment? A systematic review. BMC Oral Health, 18(1), 123.
• Christian, B., Armstrong, R., Calache, H., Carpenter, L., Gibbs, L., & Gussy, M. (2018). A systematic review to assess the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties for caries risk assessment tools for young children. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry, 9.
• Christian, B., Armstrong, R., Calache, H., Carpenter, L., Gibbs, L., & Gussy, M. (2018). A systematic review to assess the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties for caries risk assessment tools for young children. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry, 9.
• Çelik, E. U., Gokay, N., & Ates, M. (2012). Efficiency of caries risk assessment in young adults using Cariogram. European Journal of Dentistry, 6(3), 270-279.
• Çelik, E. U., Gokay, N., & Ates, M. (2012). Efficiency of caries risk assessment in young adults using Cariogram. European Journal of Dentistry, 6(3), 270-279.
• Di Pierro, F., Zanvit, A., Nobili, P., Risso, P., & Fornaini, C. (2015). Cariogram outcome after 90 days of oral treatment with Streptococcus salivarius M18 in children at high risk for dental caries: results of a randomized, controlled study. Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry, 7, 107-113.
• Di Pierro, F., Zanvit, A., Nobili, P., Risso, P., & Fornaini, C. (2015). Cariogram outcome after 90 days of oral treatment with Streptococcus salivarius M18 in children at high risk for dental caries: results of a randomized, controlled study. Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry, 7, 107-113.
• Disney, J. A., Bohannan, H., Klein, S. P., & Bell, R. M. (1990). A case study in contesting the conventional wisdom: school-based fluoride mouthrinse programs in the USA. Community of Dental Oral Epidemiology, 18(1), 46-54.
• Disney, J. A., Bohannan, H., Klein, S. P., & Bell, R. M. (1990). A case study in contesting the conventional wisdom: school-based fluoride mouthrinse programs in the USA. Community of Dental Oral Epidemiology, 18(1), 46-54.
• Disney, J. A., Graves, R. C., Stamm, J. W., Bohannan, H. M., Abernathy, J. R., & Zack, D. (1992). The University of North Carolina caries risk assessment study: Further developments in caries risk prediction Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 20(2), 64-75.
• Disney, J. A., Graves, R. C., Stamm, J. W., Bohannan, H. M., Abernathy, J. R., & Zack, D. (1992). The University of North Carolina caries risk assessment study: Further developments in caries risk prediction Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 20(2), 64-75.
• Dou, L., Luo J., Fu, X., Tang, Y., Gao, J., & Yang, D. (2018). The validity of caries risk assessment in young adults with past caries experience using a screening Cariogram model without saliva tests. International Dental Journal, 68(4), 221-226.
• Dou, L., Luo J., Fu, X., Tang, Y., Gao, J., & Yang, D. (2018). The validity of caries risk assessment in young adults with past caries experience using a screening Cariogram model without saliva tests. International Dental Journal, 68(4), 221-226.
• Eronat, N., & Koparal, E. (1997). Dental caries prevalance, dietary habits, tooth brushing and mother’s education in 500 urban Turkish children. Journal of Marmara University Dental Faculty, 2(4), 599-604.
• Eronat, N., & Koparal, E. (1997). Dental caries prevalance, dietary habits, tooth brushing and mother’s education in 500 urban Turkish children. Journal of Marmara University Dental Faculty, 2(4), 599-604.
• Gabris, K., Nagy, G., Madlena, M., Denes, Z. S., Marton, S., & Keszthelyi, G. (1999). Associatons between microbiological and salivary caries activity tests and caries experience in Hungarian adolescents. Caries Research, 33, 191-195.
• Gabris, K., Nagy, G., Madlena, M., Denes, Z. S., Marton, S., & Keszthelyi, G. (1999). Associatons between microbiological and salivary caries activity tests and caries experience in Hungarian adolescents. Caries Research, 33, 191-195.
• Garg, A., Madan, M., Dua, P., Saini, S., Mangla, R., Singhal, P., & Dupper, A. (2018). Validating the usage of Cariogram in 5- and 12-year-old school-going children in Paonta Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, India: A 12-month prospective study. International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 11(2), 110-115.
• Garg, A., Madan, M., Dua, P., Saini, S., Mangla, R., Singhal, P., & Dupper, A. (2018). Validating the usage of Cariogram in 5- and 12-year-old school-going children in Paonta Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, India: A 12-month prospective study. International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 11(2), 110-115.
• Graves, R. C., Abernathy, J. R., Disney, J. A., Stamm, J. W., & Bohannan, H. M. (1991). University of North Carolina caries risk assessment study. III.multiple factors in caries prevalence. Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 51(3), 134-143.
• Graves, R. C., Abernathy, J. R., Disney, J. A., Stamm, J. W., & Bohannan, H. M. (1991). University of North Carolina caries risk assessment study. III.multiple factors in caries prevalence. Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 51(3), 134-143.
• Gülhan, A., Akıncı, T., & Uz, M. (1991). 7-15 yaşlar arasındaki çocuklarda çürük sıklığı ve ağız hijyeni. İstanbul Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(2), 101-105.
• Gülhan, A., Akıncı, T., & Uz, M. (1991). 7-15 yaşlar arasındaki çocuklarda çürük sıklığı ve ağız hijyeni. İstanbul Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(2), 101-105.
• Hayes, M., Da Mata, C., McKenna, G., Burke, F. M., & Allen, P. F. (2017). Evaluation of the Cariogram for root caries prediction. Journal of Dentistry, 62, 25-30.
• Hayes, M., Da Mata, C., McKenna, G., Burke, F. M., & Allen, P. F. (2017). Evaluation of the Cariogram for root caries prediction. Journal of Dentistry, 62, 25-30.
• Haussen, H. (1997). Caries risk prediction-state of art. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 25(1), 87-96.
• Haussen, H. (1997). Caries risk prediction-state of art. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 25(1), 87-96.
• Haussen, H. (2004). In B. B Editor (Ed.), Fejeskov O, Kidd EAM, editors. Dental caries the disease and its clinical management Caries prediction (pp. 327-339). Blackwell: Munksgaard.
• Haussen, H. (2004). In B. B Editor (Ed.), Fejeskov O, Kidd EAM, editors. Dental caries the disease and its clinical management Caries prediction (pp. 327-339). Blackwell: Munksgaard.
• Haussen, H., Karkkainen, S., & Seppa, L. (2000). Application of the high-risk strategy to control dental caries. Community Dental Oral Epidemiology, 28(1), 26-34.
• Haussen, H., Karkkainen, S., & Seppa, L. (2000). Application of the high-risk strategy to control dental caries. Community Dental Oral Epidemiology, 28(1), 26-34.
• Hintze, H., & Wanzel, A. (2003). Diagnostic outcome of methods frequently used for caries validation. Caries Research, 37, 115-124.
• Hintze, H., & Wanzel, A. (2003). Diagnostic outcome of methods frequently used for caries validation. Caries Research, 37, 115-124.
• Karabekiroğlu, S., & Ünlü, N. (2017). Effectiveness of different preventive programs in Cariogram parameters of young adults at high caries risk. Int J Dent. May:1-11.
• Karabekiroğlu, S., & Ünlü, N. (2017). Effectiveness of different preventive programs in Cariogram parameters of young adults at high caries risk. Int J Dent. May:1-11.
• Karjalainen, S., Eriksson, A. L., & Ruokola, M. (1994). Caries development after substitution of supervised fluoride rinses and tooth brushings by unsupervised use of fluoride toothpaste. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 22(6), 421-424.Kidd, E. A. (1999).
• Karjalainen, S., Eriksson, A. L., & Ruokola, M. (1994). Caries development after substitution of supervised fluoride rinses and tooth brushings by unsupervised use of fluoride toothpaste. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 22(6), 421-424.Kidd, E. A. (1999).
• Kidd, E. A. (1999). Caries management. Dental Clinics of North America, 3(4), 743-764. https://www.elsevier.com/books/caries-management-an-issue-of-dental-clinics-of-north-america/guzman-armstrong/978-0-323-67337-2
• Kidd, E. A. (1999). Caries management. Dental Clinics of North America, 3(4), 743-764. https://www.elsevier.com/books/caries-management-an-issue-of-dental-clinics-of-north-america/guzman-armstrong/978-0-323-67337-2
• Kim, J. M., Choi, J. S., Choi, Y. H., & Kim, H. E. (2018) Simplified prediction model for accurate assessment of dental caries risk among participants aged 10-18 years. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 246(2), 81-86.
• Kim, J. M., Choi, J. S., Choi, Y. H., & Kim, H. E. (2018) Simplified prediction model for accurate assessment of dental caries risk among participants aged 10-18 years. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 246(2), 81-86.
• Kingman, A. (1990). Statistical issues in risk models for caries. In B.B. Editor (Ed.) Bader JD, Risk assessment in dentistry (pp.193-200). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Dental Ecology.
• Kingman, A. (1990). Statistical issues in risk models for caries. In B.B. Editor (Ed.) Bader JD, Risk assessment in dentistry (pp.193-200). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Dental Ecology.
• Kulak-Özkan, Y., Ozkan, Y., Kazazoğlu, E., & Arikan, A. (2001). Dental caries prevalence, tooth brushing and periodontal status in 150 young people in İstanbul: a pilot study. International Dental Journal, 51(6), 451-456.
• Kulak-Özkan, Y., Ozkan, Y., Kazazoğlu, E., & Arikan, A. (2001). Dental caries prevalence, tooth brushing and periodontal status in 150 young people in İstanbul: a pilot study. International Dental Journal, 51(6), 451-456.
• Leal, S. C. (2018). Are standardised caries risk assessment models effective? Evidince Based Dentistry, 19(4), 102-103.
• Leal, S. C. (2018). Are standardised caries risk assessment models effective? Evidince Based Dentistry, 19(4), 102-103.
• Machiulskiene, V., Nyvad, B., & Baelum, V. (1999). A comparision of clinical and radiographic caries diagnosis in posterior teeth of 12-year-old Lithuanian children. Caries Research, 33, 340-348.
• Machiulskiene, V., Nyvad, B., & Baelum, V. (1999). A comparision of clinical and radiographic caries diagnosis in posterior teeth of 12-year-old Lithuanian children. Caries Research, 33, 340-348.
• Malmö University, Faculty of Odontology, Department Cariology. (2019). Retrieved from http://www.db.od.mah.se/car/data/basic.html
• Malmö University, Faculty of Odontology, Department Cariology. (2019). Retrieved from http://www.db.od.mah.se/car/data/basic.html
• Masser, L. B. (2000). Assessing caries risk in children. Australian Dental Journal, 45(1), 10-16.
• Masser, L. B. (2000). Assessing caries risk in children. Australian Dental Journal, 45(1), 10-16.
• Mueller, W. A. (2003). Evidence-based restorative dental care for high-risk children. Journal of Dentistry for Children, 70, 61-62.
• Mueller, W. A. (2003). Evidence-based restorative dental care for high-risk children. Journal of Dentistry for Children, 70, 61-62.
• Naik, S. P., Moyin, S., Patel, B., Warad, L. P., Punathil, S., & Sudeep, C. B. (2018). Caries risk assessment of 12-13-year-old government and private school going children of Mysore City using Cariogram: A comparative study. Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry, 8(2), 160-167.
• Naik, S. P., Moyin, S., Patel, B., Warad, L. P., Punathil, S., & Sudeep, C. B. (2018). Caries risk assessment of 12-13-year-old government and private school going children of Mysore City using Cariogram: A comparative study. Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry, 8(2), 160-167.
• Öter, B., Ulukapı, I., Topçuoğlu, N., & Çıldır, Ş. (2011). The relation between 6-n-Propylthiouracil sensitivity and caries activity in school-children. Caries Res;45:556-60.
• Öter, B., Ulukapı, I., Topçuoğlu, N., & Çıldır, Ş. (2011). The relation between 6-n-Propylthiouracil sensitivity and caries activity in school-children. Caries Res;45:556-60.
• Özer, L., Bilgin, Z., Özalp, N., & Sarı, Ş. (2003). Ankara İl’inde 5-11 yaş grubu okul çocuklarında çürük prevalansının değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(2), 133-139.
• Özer, L., Bilgin, Z., Özalp, N., & Sarı, Ş. (2003). Ankara İl’inde 5-11 yaş grubu okul çocuklarında çürük prevalansının değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(2), 133-139.
• Petersson, G. H. (2003). Assessing caries risk using the Cariogram model. Swedish Dental Journal, 158, 1-65.
• Petersson, G. H. (2003). Assessing caries risk using the Cariogram model. Swedish Dental Journal, 158, 1-65.
• Petersson, G.H., Åkerman, S., Isberg, P.E., & Ericson, D. (2017). Comparison of risk assessment based on clinical judgement and Cariogram in addition to patient perceived treatment need. BMC Oral Health, 17(1), 13.
• Petersson, G.H., Åkerman, S., Isberg, P.E., & Ericson, D. (2017). Comparison of risk assessment based on clinical judgement and Cariogram in addition to patient perceived treatment need. BMC Oral Health, 17(1), 13.
• Petersson, G. H., & Bratthall, D. (2000). Caries risk assessment: a comparision between the computer program ‘Cariogram’, dental hygienist and dentists. Swedish Dental Journal, 24(4), 129-137.
• Petersson, G. H., & Bratthall, D. (2000). Caries risk assessment: a comparision between the computer program ‘Cariogram’, dental hygienist and dentists. Swedish Dental Journal, 24(4), 129-137.
• Petersson, G. H., Fure, S., & Bratthall, D. (2003). Evaluation of a computer-based caries risk assessment program in an elderly group of individuals. Acta Odontalogica Scandinavia, 61(3), 64-71.
• Petersson, G. H., Fure, S., & Bratthall, D. (2003). Evaluation of a computer-based caries risk assessment program in an elderly group of individuals. Acta Odontalogica Scandinavia, 61(3), 64-71.
• Petersson, G. H., Fure, S., Twetman, S., & Bratthall, D. (2004). Comparing caries risk factors and risk profiles between children and elderly. Swedish Dental Journal, 28(3), 19-28.
• Petersson, G. H., Fure, S., Twetman, S., & Bratthall, D. (2004). Comparing caries risk factors and risk profiles between children and elderly. Swedish Dental Journal, 28(3), 19-28.
• Petersson, G. H., & Twetman, S. (2015). Caries risk assessment in young adults: a 3 year validation of the Cariogram model. BMC Oral Health, 15, 17.
• Petersson, G. H., & Twetman, S. (2015). Caries risk assessment in young adults: a 3 year validation of the Cariogram model. BMC Oral Health, 15, 17.
• Petersson, G. H., Twetman, S., & Bratthall, D. (2002). Evaluation of a computer program for caries risk assessment in school children. Caries Research, 36(5), 327-340.
• Petersson, G. H., Twetman, S., & Bratthall, D. (2002). Evaluation of a computer program for caries risk assessment in school children. Caries Research, 36(5), 327-340.
• Pitts, N. B., & Stamm, J. W. (2004). International consensus workshop on caries clinical trials (ıcw-cct)-final consensus statement: agreeing where the evidence leads. Journal of Dental Research, 83, 125-128.
• Pitts, N. B., & Stamm, J. W. (2004). International consensus workshop on caries clinical trials (ıcw-cct)-final consensus statement: agreeing where the evidence leads. Journal of Dental Research, 83, 125-128.
• Powell, L. V. (1998). Caries prediction: a review of the literature. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 26(6), 361-371.
• Powell, L. V. (1998). Caries prediction: a review of the literature. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 26(6), 361-371.
• Powell, L. V. (1998). Caries risk assessment: relevance to the practitoner. Journal of American Dental Associattion, 129(3), 349-353.
• Powell, L. V. (1998). Caries risk assessment: relevance to the practitoner. Journal of American Dental Associattion, 129(3), 349-353.
• Ratio, M., Pienihakkinen, K., & Scheinin, A. (1996). Assessment of single risk indicators in relation to caries increment in adolescents. Acta Odontalogica Scandinavia, 54(2), 113-117.
• Ratio, M., Pienihakkinen, K., & Scheinin, A. (1996). Assessment of single risk indicators in relation to caries increment in adolescents. Acta Odontalogica Scandinavia, 54(2), 113-117.
• Reich, E., Lussi, A., & Newbrun, E. (1999). Caries risk assesment. International Dental Journal, 49(1), 15-26.
• Reich, E., Lussi, A., & Newbrun, E. (1999). Caries risk assesment. International Dental Journal, 49(1), 15-26.
• Rethman, J. (2000). Trends in preventive care: Caries risk assessment and indications for sealants. Journal of American Dental Association, 131,8-12.
• Rethman, J. (2000). Trends in preventive care: Caries risk assessment and indications for sealants. Journal of American Dental Association, 131,8-12.
• Saemundsson, S. R. (1997). The basis for clinicians caries risk grouping in children. Pediatric Dentistry, 19, 331-338. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13960451_The_basis_for_clinicians'_caries_risk_grouping_in_children
• Saemundsson, S. R. (1997). The basis for clinicians caries risk grouping in children. Pediatric Dentistry, 19, 331-338. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13960451_The_basis_for_clinicians'_caries_risk_grouping_in_children
• Sen, N., Bathija, P., Chakravarty, T., Das, D., Baghel, N. S., & Khan, T. A. (2019). Caries risk assessment using Cariogram model among smokeless tobacco users in India. Medicine and Pharmacy Reports, 92(2), 165-171.
• Sen, N., Bathija, P., Chakravarty, T., Das, D., Baghel, N. S., & Khan, T. A. (2019). Caries risk assessment using Cariogram model among smokeless tobacco users in India. Medicine and Pharmacy Reports, 92(2), 165-171.
• Stamm, J. W., Stewart, P. W., Bohannan, H. M,. Disney, J. A., Graves, R. C., & Abernathy, J. R. (1991). Risk assessment for oral diseases. Advances in Dental Research, 5, 4-17.
• Stamm, J. W., Stewart, P. W., Bohannan, H. M,. Disney, J. A., Graves, R. C., & Abernathy, J. R. (1991). Risk assessment for oral diseases. Advances in Dental Research, 5, 4-17.
• Steward, P. W., & Stamm, J. W. (1991). Classification three prediction models for dental caries from clinical, microbiological and interview data. J Dent Res. Sep;70:1239-51.
• Steward, P. W., & Stamm, J. W. (1991). Classification three prediction models for dental caries from clinical, microbiological and interview data. J Dent Res. Sep;70:1239-51.
• Sudhir, K. M., Kanupuru, K. K., Nusrath, F., Embeti, S., & Chaitra, N. T. (2017). Validation of Cariogram as a tool for caries prediction among 12-year-old institutionalized children-A longitidunal follow-up study. Oral Health and Dental Management, 16(4),1-8.
• Sudhir, K. M., Kanupuru, K. K., Nusrath, F., Embeti, S., & Chaitra, N. T. (2017). Validation of Cariogram as a tool for caries prediction among 12-year-old institutionalized children-A longitidunal follow-up study. Oral Health and Dental Management, 16(4),1-8.
• T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Tedavi Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü. Türkiye Ağız-diş Sağlığı Profili 2004. (2006) Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
• T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Tedavi Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü. Türkiye Ağız-diş Sağlığı Profili 2004. (2006) Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
• Tinanof, N. (1995). Dental caries risk assessment and prevention. Dental Clinics of North America, 39(4), 709-719.
• Tinanof, N. (1995). Dental caries risk assessment and prevention. Dental Clinics of North America, 39(4), 709-719.
• Twetman, S. Caries risk assessment in children: how accurate are we? (2016). European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry, 17(1), 27-32.
• Twetman, S. Caries risk assessment in children: how accurate are we? (2016). European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry, 17(1), 27-32.
• Twetman, S., & Garcia-Godoy, F. (2004). Caries risk assessment and caries activity testing. In: Harris NO, Garcia-Godoy F, editors. Primary preventive dentistry. Julie Levin Alexander; p.337-366.
• Twetman, S., & Garcia-Godoy, F. (2004). Caries risk assessment and caries activity testing. In: Harris NO, Garcia-Godoy F, editors. Primary preventive dentistry. Julie Levin Alexander; p.337-366.
• Wandera, A., Bhakta, S., & Barker, T. (2000). Caries prediction and indicators using a pediatric risk assessment teaching tool. ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children, 67(6), 408-412.
• Wandera, A., Bhakta, S., & Barker, T. (2000). Caries prediction and indicators using a pediatric risk assessment teaching tool. ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children, 67(6), 408-412.
• WHO: Oral health country/area profile (2019) Retrieved from http://www.whocollab.od.mah.se/index.html
• WHO: Oral health country/area profile (2019) Retrieved from http://www.whocollab.od.mah.se/index.html