Evaluation of Color Change and Hardness of Different Maxillofacial Silicone Elastomers after Natural Daylight Aging

Year 2021, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 59 - 69, 10.09.2021

Ceyda Başak İnal , Merve Bankoğlu Güngör , Meral Bağkur , Seçil Karakoca Nemli

Abstract

Facial prostheses used in aesthetic rehabilitation of facial defects contribute to socialization of patients and increase quality of life. Nowadays, maxillofacial silicone is the most widely used material for facial prosthesis. Maxillofacial silicone can be naturally colored to match with the skin but time-dependent discoloration occurs. Among various factors that cause discoloration, the importance of solar radiation has been revealed. The aim of this study was to evaluate color change and hardness of silicones with different physical properties. Three maxillofacial silicones (M511, Derma-sil 10, and Derma-sil 30) with different physical properties were used in the study. Disc-shaped specimens (n=10) were prepared in 15 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness from orange-brown and red colors. Then the specimens exposed to natural daylight. Color coordinates (L*, a*, b*) were determined using spectrophotometer and Shore A hardness values detected using hardness device before and after aging. The color change (ΔE) and hardness of the specimens were calculated and statistically analyzed (α=0.05). Color change of red specimens were significantly higher in M511 group and color change of orange-brown specimens were significantly higher in Derma-sil 30 group. Also aging significantly decreased the hardness values of M511 red and orange-brown groups than other groups. The color and hardness of the maxillofacial silicones are affected by daylight. It was observed that the color changes of 3 different maxillofacial silicones were in acceptable limits (ΔE<3) at the end of aging period.

Keywords

Maxillofacial silicone, color change, hardness, aging

References

• Akash, R., & Guttal, S. S. (2015). Effect of incorporation of nano-oxides on color stability of maxillofacial silicone elastomer subjected to outdoor weathering. Journal of Prosthodontics, 24 (7), 569-575.
• Al-Harbi, F. A., Ayad, N. M., Saber, M. A., ArRejaie, A. S., & Morgano, S. M. (2015). Mechanical behavior and color change of facial prosthetic elastomers after outdoor weathering in a hot and humid climate. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 113 (2), 146-151.
• Anderson, J. D., & Szalai, J. P. (2003). The Toronto outcome measure for craniofacial prosthetics: a condition-specific quality-of-life instrument. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, 18 (4), 531-538.
• ASTM D2240, Standard Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hardness, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2005
• Bal, B. T., Yılmaz, H., Aydın, C., Karakoca, S., & Yılmaz, Ş. (2009). In vitro cytotoxicity of maxillofacial silicone elastomers: Effect of accelerated aging. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 89 (1), 122-126.
• Bangera, B. S., & Guttal, S. S. (2014). Evaluation of varying concentrations of nano-oxides as ultraviolet protective agents when incorporated in maxillofacial silicones: An in vitro study. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 112 (6), 1567-1572.
• Bankoglu, M., Oral, I., Gül, E. B., & Yilmaz, H. (2013). Influence of pigments and pigmenting methods on color stability of different silicone maxillofacial elastomers after 1-year dark storage. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 24 (3), 720-724.
• Beatty, M. W., Mahanna, G. K., & Jia, W. (1999). Ultraviolet radiation-induced color shifts occurring in oil-pigmented maxillofacial elastomers. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 82 (4), 441-446.
• Chang, T.-L., Garrett, N., Roumanas, E., & Beumer III, J. (2005). Treatment satisfaction with facial prostheses. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 94 (3), 275-280.
• Cifter, E. D., Ozdemir-Karatas, M., Cinarli, A., Sancakli, E., Balik, A., & Evlioglu, G. (2019). In vitro study of effects of aging and processing conditions on colour change in maxillofacial silicone elastomers. BMC Oral Health, 19 (1), 1-10.
• Dos Santos, D. M., Goiato, M. C., Moreno, A., Pesqueira, A. A., & Haddad, M. F. (2011). Influence of pigments and opacifiers on color stability of an artificially aged facial silicone. Journal of Prosthodontics: Implant, Esthetic and Reconstructive Dentistry, 20 (3), 205-208.
• Dos Santos, D., Goiato, M. C., Sinhoreti, M., Moreno, A., Dekon, S. F. d. C., Haddad, M., & Pesqueira, A. A. (2012). Influence of natural weathering on colour stability of materials used for facial prosthesis. Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology, 36 (5), 267-270.
• Dos Santos, D. M., Paulini, M. B., Faria, T. G. S., Neto, C. L. d. M. M., da Silva, E. V. F., de Caxias, F. P., de Magalhães Bertoz, A. P., Goiato, M. C. (2020). Analysis of color and hardness of a medical silicone with extrinsic pigmentation after accelerated aging. European Journal of Dentistry, 14 (4), 634-638.
• Eleni, P. N., Katsavou, I., Krokida, M. K., & Polyzois, G. L. (2008). Color stability of facial silicone prosthetic elastomers after artificial weathering. Dental Research Journal, 5 (2), 71-79.
• Eleni, P., Katsavou, I., Krokida, M., Polyzois, G., & Gettleman, L. (2009). Mechanical behavior of facial prosthetic elastomers after outdoor weathering. Dental Materials, 25 (12), 1493-1502.
• Farah, A., Sherriff, M., & Coward, T. (2018). Color stability of nonpigmented and pigmented maxillofacial silicone elastomer exposed to 3 different environments. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 120 (3), 476-482.
• Haddad, M. F., Goiato, M. C., Dos Santos, D. M., Moreno, A., Pesqueira, A. A., & D'almeida, N. F. (2011). Color stability of maxillofacial silicone with nanoparticle pigment and opacifier submitted to disinfection and artificial aging. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 16 (9), 095004. doi: 10.1117/1.3625401
• Hatamleh, M. M., Polyzois, G. L., Silikas, N., & Watts, D. C. (2010). Effect of extraoral aging conditions on mechanical properties of maxillofacial silicone elastomer. Journal of Prosthodontics: Implant, Esthetic and Reconstructive Dentistry, 20 (6), 439-446.
• Haug, S. P., Andres, C. J., & Moore, B. K. (1999). Color stability and colorant effect on maxillofacial elastomers. Part III: weathering effect on color. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 81 (4), 431-438.
• Johnston, W. M. (2009). Color measurement in dentistry. Journal of Dentistry, 37, e2-e6.
• Kiat-Amnuay, S., Lemon, J. C., & Powers, J. M. (2002). Effect of opacifiers on color stability of pigmented maxillofacial silicone A-2186 subjected to artificial aging. Journal of Prosthodontics, 11 (2), 109-116.
• Leow, M. E., Ow, R. K., Lee, M. H., Huak, C. Y., & Pho, R. W. (2006). Assessment of colour differences in silicone hand and digit prostheses: perceptible and acceptable thresholds for fair and dark skin shades. Prosthetics and Orthotics International, 30 (1), 5-16.
• Mancuso, D. N., Goiato, M. C., & Santos, D. M. d. (2009). Color stability after accelerated aging of two silicones, pigmented or not, for use in facial prostheses. Brazilian Oral Research, 23 (2), 144-148.
• McHutchion, L., Zhao, L., Dixon, S., & Seelaus, R. (2020). Thresholds of perceivable color difference in silicone: A pilot study. International Journal of Maxillofacial Prosthetics, 3, 12-22.
• Meszároš, O., Schmidt, P., Pospíšil, J., & Nešpůrek, S. (2006). Photooxidation of poly [methyl (phenyl) silylene] and effect of photostabilizers. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 91 (3), 573-578.
• Nemli, S. K., Güngör, M. B., Bağkur, M., Bal, B. T., & Arıcı, Y. K. (2018). In vitro evaluation of color and translucency reproduction of maxillofacial prostheses using a computerized system. The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics, 10 (6), 422-429.
• Nobrega, A. S., Andreotti, A. M., Moreno, A., Sinhoreti, M. A., Dos Santos, D. M., & Goiato, M. C. (2016). Influence of adding nanoparticles on the hardness, tear strength, and permanent deformation of facial silicone subjected to accelerated aging. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 116 (4), 623-629.
• Paravina, R. D., Majkic, G., del Mar Perez, M., & Kiat-amnuay, S. (2009). Color difference thresholds of maxillofacial skin replications. Journal of Prosthodontics: Implant, Esthetic and Reconstructive Dentistry, 18 (7), 618-625.
• Polyzois, G. L. (1999). Color stability of facial silicone prosthetic polymers after outdoor weathering. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 82 (4), 447-450.
• Rahman, A. M., Jamayet, N. B., Nizami, M. M. U. I., Johari, Y., Husein, A., & Alam, M. K. (2019). Effect of aging and weathering on the physical properties of maxillofacial silicone elastomers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Prosthodontics, 28 (1), 36-48.
• Rahman, A. M., Jamayet, N. B., Nizami, M. M. U. I., Johari, Y., Husein, A., & Alam, M. K. (2021). Effect of tropical outdoor weathering on the surface roughness and mechanical properties of maxillofacial silicones. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2020. 07.026.
• Rashid, F., Barman, A., Farook, T. H., Jamayet, N. B., Yhaya, M. F. B., & Alam, M. K. (2020). Factors affecting color stability of maxillofacial prosthetic silicone elastomer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Elastomers & Plastics, 12 (7), 1536. doi:10.1177/0095244320946790
• Tetteh, S., Bibb, R. J., & Martin, S. J. (2018). Mechanical and morphological effect of plant based antimicrobial solutions on maxillofacial silicone elastomer. Materials, 11 (6), 925. doi:10.3390/ma11060925
• Yeh H-C. (2014). Effect of Silica Filler on the Mechanical Properties of Silicone Maxillofacial Prothesis. PhD, Indiana University, Indiana, USA.