Journal of Gazi University Health Sciences Institute

Journal of Gazi University Health Sciences Institute (GUHES) is the publication organ of the Gazi University Institute of Health Sciences and is published three times a year as an online open access journal in English language.

Our journal aims to present original and scientific studies to national and international academicians, researchers, students and scientists. Great sensitivity is shown in the processes of informing the authors, reviewing and accepting the article. It is aimed to increase the quality level in each issue.

GUHES publishes qualified clinical and experimental research, case reports and letters to the editor related to health sciences; medicine, dentistry, nutrition, dietetics, nursing, audiology, biochemistry, microbiology, physiology, pharmacy and all other fields in health sciences.

WRITING RULES

Manuscripts submitted for publication should not be published elsewhere or reviewed by another journal at the time of submission. Papers presented at congresses are accepted provided that they are mentioned in the article. If there are some topics in the article that are included in a previously published article of the author(s), this should be indicated and a copy of the previous article should be sent with the new article.

The similarity percentage of the article to be submitted to the journal should not exceed 20%. In accordance with the agreement made with DergiPark and Intihal.Net, authors will be able to receive the similarity report automatically when uploading the article to the system. The similarity report is uploaded to the system by the author.

The Editor or Editorial Board Member has the authority to reject articles that do not comply with the publication requirements. The editor may request corrections from the author(s). Correction request from the author does not mean that the article will be published.

The ethical, scientific and legal responsibility for the articles published in the journal belongs to the author(s) and does not reflect the views of the Editors and Editorial Board members. No royalties are paid for the articles published in the journal.

For each Digital Object Identifier (DOI), a fee is paid to Crossref by ULAKBIM. For this reason, our journal receives DOI numbers only for research articles, reviews and case reports.

TRANSFER OF PUBLICATION RIGHTS
For a manuscript to be accepted and published, all authors must sign the 'Copyright Transfer Agreement.' This form should be uploaded to the system along with the manuscript. The form is available in the system and can be downloaded and used.

ETHICS COMMITTEE/COMMITTEE APPROVAL
Ethics committee permission information (name of the committee, date and number) for research article type studies should be included in the method section and also on the last page of the article. When uploading your study to the journal system, you must also upload your Ethics Committee document.

Studies that do not require Ethics Committee permission should be stated in the method section. For example; “There is no need to obtain ethics committee permission for this study due to …… reasons. However, the study was conducted in accordance with ethical principles.” This statement should also be included in the relevant section on the title page.

For case report type studies, information that the informed consent/assent form was signed by the patient or patient representative should be included in the method section of the article.

• Situations that do not require ethical permission:

o Analysis of Existing Data: They can analyze existing data that has been previously collected and does not contain personal identification information. Ethics committee permission is generally not required for such analyses.

o Educational Research: Educational research may examine issues such as student performance, learning methods, or the effectiveness of educational programs. This type of research is generally not subject to ethics committee approval, but it is important to respect students' rights during the data collection process.

o Public Health and Epidemiological Studies: Public health and epidemiology studies often involve large-scale data analysis. In particular, ethics committee permission may not be needed for studies that evaluate the health status and risk factors of a large population.

o Anonymous Surveys: Researchers can conduct research without obtaining ethics committee permission on surveys that do not contain personal information and are presented anonymously. However, the voluntariness of the participants and the confidentiality of the data must be ensured.

o Literature Reviews and Meta-analyses: Literature reviews and meta-analyses in the field of healthcare concern the compilation and analysis of previously published research. Such studies are generally not subject to ethics committee permission.

o Other: Except for the cases mentioned above, ethical clearance may not be required for field-specific reasons. In this case, the information that ethical permission is not required should be given in the method section along with its justification.

TITLE PAGE

The title page includes the title, authors' names, ORCID numbers, e-mail addresses, institutional affiliations, contact information and correspondence addresses of the corresponding author. The corresponding author will handle correspondence at all stages from submission to publication and post-publication. Therefore, it is important that the contact information is correct.

The title page also contains the author's note. The author's note should include grant/funding information, information on the previous presentation of the study in a scientific activity, author contributions, ethical approval statement, informed consent statement, and acknowledgments. This form should be uploaded to the system with the manuscript. The sample form is available in the system and can be downloaded and used.

COVER LETTER
This section provides some basic information about your article. Date, name and title of the editor-in-chief, name of the journal, highlights (the most critical findings. It should consist of a maximum of 5 items and 120 characters), why your article is important for the readers, the fact that the article has not been published in another journal before and that it is not under review in more than one journal at the same time should be stated in the cover letter. At the end of the cover letter, the name, surname, full address and contact information of the corresponding author should be included. The sample form is available in the system and can be downloaded and used.

WRITING LANGUAGE
The written language of the journal is English.
Authors can make an appointment with Gazi University Academic Writing Center for English consultancy. Accepted manuscripts are evaluated by our language editor.

ARTICLE TEMPLATE
For general article format, the article template uploaded to the system can be used. 

Research Article: The article should not exceed 3500 words excluding abstract. Abstract should not exceed 250 words. Article Sections; Title, Author Information, Institutions, Summary, Keywords, Introduction, Material and Method, Findings, Discussion, Conclusion, Ethical Statement, Financial Support for the Study (Funding), Presentation Information, Conflicts of Interest, Author Contributions, Acknowledgment (optional), References, Tables/Figures/Pictures/Graphs.

Case Report: The article should not exceed 1500 words excluding the abstract. Abstract should not exceed 250 words. Article Sections; Title, Author Information, Institutions, Summary, Keywords, Introduction, Case Presentation, Discussion, Conclusion, Ethical Statement, Financial Support for the Study (Funding), Presentation Information, Conflicts of Interest, Author Contributions, Acknowledgment (optional), References, Tables/Figures/Pictures/Graphs. 

Review: The article should not exceed 2500 words excluding the abstract. Abstract should not exceed 250 words. Article Sections; Title Author Information, Institutions, Summary, Keywords, Introduction, Topic title and content, Conclusion, Ethical Statement, Financial Support for the Study (Funding), Presentation Information, Conflicts of Interest, Author Contributions, Acknowledgment (optional), References, Tables/Figures/Pictures/Graphs.

CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE SECTIONS TO BE INCLUDED IN THE ARTICLE

1. Title
• The title text should be in Times New Roman font, 12-point font size and bold.
• Each word should be capitalized (except of, in, and, etc.) and center-aligned.
• It should clearly describe the content of the manuscript in a maximum of 20 words.

2. Author Information
• The full name and surname of each author must be written correctly. The first letters of the first name and surname should be capitalized, other letters should be lowercase.
• The sequence number should be added after the surname. In order to indicate the corresponding author, it should be indicated with an asterisk after the sequence number.
• Immediately below the author information, the institutions to which the authors are affiliated should be indicated with the same sequence numbers.
• All authors must have ORCID numbers and be registered in the DergiPark system. The names of the authors in the article and the authors registered in the DergiPark system must be the same.
• The institutional affiliations, contact information, ORCID numbers of all authors should be indicated on the title page and this title page should be uploaded to the system with the article.

3. Summary
• The abstract section should include the aim, material, method, findings and conclusion. However, it should be written in paragraphs without being divided into headings.
• The aim, processes, observational and analytical methods and main results of the study should be stated.
• References should not be used in the abstract.
• Letters to the editor do not require an abstract.
• The abstract should not exceed 250 words and should be in English.

4. Keywords
• A maximum of 5 keywords from the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH index) should be specified. For keyword selection: https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/
• The words should be listed in alphabetical order and each word should begin with a capital letter.

5. Introduction
• In the introduction section, the subject and purpose of the article should be presented clearly by including current information on the subject and related current research.
• The contribution of the study should be included in this section.

6. Material and Method
• In this section, the type of the study, the sample, the measurement tools used and the implementation should be briefly mentioned. Long and detailed description of the method should be avoided.
• Ethics committee approval must be obtained for clinical, experimental human and animal studies that require ethics committee approval. Information on the ethics committee/commission approval obtained for the study (name of the committee, date and number) should be given in this section. In addition, the approval document should be uploaded to the system with the manuscript. The authors of the manuscript should be the same as the people in the ethical approval. In case of a change of surname or authors, it should be indicated on the Ethics Committee approval page.
• In studies that do not require any ethical permission, "there is no need to obtain ethics committee permission for this study ...... reasons. However, the study was conducted in accordance with ethical principles." should be included.
• In human research and case presentations, it should be stated in the method section that the "Informed consent/assent form" must be signed by the participants and consent must be obtained from the participant.
• The identity of the participant should not be revealed without his/her written consent (or permission from his/her legal guardian).
• For the use of scales, questionnaires and photographs belonging to others in the study, permission must be obtained from the owners and the permission document must be uploaded to the system with the article. For the scales etc. used, it should be stated in the method section that permission was obtained from the person or persons who developed the scale.
• In addition to mentioning the ethical issues mentioned above in the method section, the statement that Research and Publication Ethics is complied with should also be included in the method section.
• For randomized controlled trials, protocol registration should be made and the protocol number should be specified in the method section.
• It should be stated that copyright regulations are complied with for the intellectual and artistic works used.
• Statistical Evaluation: Statistical evaluation should be included as a subheading in the method section. All statistical methods used in the study, the name and version numbers of the software used for analysis should be briefly and clearly stated.

7. Findings

• In this section, the findings of the study should be presented without comment.
• Relevant tables, figures and graphs can be given in this section or they can be cited in the text and given after the references section.

8. Discussion
• Without repeating the statements in the findings section, the results that emerged during the study can be presented in this section together with the current literature.

9. Conclusion
• The results obtained from the study and recommendations for future studies can be included in this section.

10. Ethical Statement
• As stated in the method section, the ethics committee/commission permission obtained for the study (committee name, date and number) should be given in this section.
• In studies that do not require any ethical permission, the statement "There is no need to obtain ethics committee permission for this study for ...... reasons. However, the study was conducted in accordance with ethical principles." should be included.

11. Financial Support for the Study (Funding)
• Authors may indicate in this section what kind of relationship they have with the commercial product, cosmetic product or company, etc., or with the organization providing business and financial support. If there is no connection, it should be stated in this section that there is no commercial connection.
• Any financial support from national (BAP, TUBITAK, etc.) or international organizations (EU, NIH, etc.) should be clearly indicated. If financial support has been received or is within the scope of the project, which support and project information should be given in this section. For example; “This research was conducted with financial support from [Research Institution/Company Name]. The financial support was utilized in the processes of data collection, analysis, and publication.”

12. Presentation Information
• If the study has been presented in any scientific activity before, the presentation information should be given in this section. For example; “The data from this study were presented at [Conference Name/Location] conference/[Journal Name] journal. The presentation date was [Date]”.

13. Conflicts of Interest
• Any conflict of interest between the authors should be indicated in this section. If there is no conflict of interest, sample sentence; “The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this study. Any institution or organization providing funding for this research did not have any role in the design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, or publication to influence or distort the findings.”

14. Author Contributions
• How and to what extent all authors contributed should be clearly stated in this section.

15. Acknowledgment (optional)

• It can be optionally added by the authors.

16. Bibliography
• References should be written in accordance with the most current citation rules of the American Psychological Association (APA). 
https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-examples.pdf
• References should not be numbered. References should be listed alphabetically according to the surname of the first author. The second line of each reference should start indented by 5 units.

Display of references in the text:
• During pregnancy, many anatomical, physiological, and metabolic changes occur in the mother's body (Ypsilantis et al., 2009).
• In 2009, Ypsilantis et al. assumed that during pregnancy, many anatomical, physiological, and metabolic changes occur in the mother's body.
• Ypsilantis et al. (2009) assumed that during pregnancy, many anatomical, physiological, and metabolic changes occur in the mother's body.

Use of more than one source in the text:
• If more than one source is used, the authors should be listed in alphabetical order and a semicolon should be used between two sources.
• During pregnancy, many anatomical, physiological, and metabolic changes occur in the mother's body (Kirberger et al., 2019; Ypsilantis et al., 2009).

In-text citation according to the number of authors:
• In-text citation in single-author studies: (Alinia-Ahandani, 2018)
• In studies with two authors, the conjunction "and" between authors should be indicated with "&" in parenthetical notation and "and" in narrative citations.
• End-of-sentence notation: The activation of ............the insulin hormone (Shilling & Raphael, 2008).
• Notation within a sentence: Shilling and Raphael (2008), expresses that the activation of ............the insulin hormone.
• In studies with three or more authors, "et al." should be used after the first author, followed by the year. Example: (Liang et al., 2021)

Representation of institutions and organizations:
• Institutions and organizations with abbreviation
• First citation at the end of the sentence: (World Health Organization [WHO], 2020)
• First quote at the beginning of a sentence: World Health Organization (WHO, 2020)
• In subsequent quotations at the end of the sentence: (WHO, 2020), at the beginning of the sentence WHO (2020).....
• For institutions and organizations without abbreviations, at the end of the sentence: (Gazi University, 2020), in the sentence: Gazi University (2020).

Names of institutions and organizations without English names:
• For institutions and organizations that do not have English names, the English expression should be written first in the text and then the name in the mother tongue in parentheses. Example: According to a report by the Turkish Ministry of Health .......

Use of secondary sources:
• The primary source is given in the text and the quoted part is enclosed in quotation marks. At the end of the sentence, the phrase "as cited" is added between the quoted secondary source and the primary source. Example: (Liang 2021 as cited in Molin, 2014)

Displaying the sources in the References section:
• Periodicals single-author article:
• Potts, G. F. (2011). Impact of reward and punishment motivation on behavior monitoring as indexed by the error-related negativity. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 81(3), 324-331. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.07.020
• Periodicals articles with two authors: "&" between authors:
• Martin, L. E., & Potts, G. F. (2004). Reward sensitivity in impulsivity. Neuroreport, 15(9), 1519-1522. http://doi.org/10.1097/01.wnr.0000132920.12990.b9
• Periodicals Articles with 3 to 20 authors: "&" before the last author:
• Maner, J. K., Gailliot, M. T., Rouby, D. A., & Miller, S. L. (2007). Can't take my eyes off you: Attentional adhesion to mates and rivals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(3), 389-401. http://doi.org:/10.1037/0022-3514.93.3.389
• In articles with 21 or more authors. The names of the first 19 authors are given, followed by an ellipsis, and the last author is written:
• Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., . . Joseph, D. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40- year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77(3), 437-471. http://doi.org/fg6rf9

• In references, Doi numbers should be given as URL with "https". There should be no abbreviation in the journal name.

Book reference citation:
• Karakaş, S. (2006). Bilnot Battery Handbook: Research and Development Studies for Neuropsychological Tests (2nd Edition). Dizayn Ofset.

Book chapter:
• Luck, S. J. (2014). A Broad Overview of the Event-Related Potential Technique. In An introduction to event related potential technique (2nd ed., pp. 1-34). The MIT Press.

Edited book:
• Stuss, D. T., & Knight, R. T. (Eds). (2002). Principles of frontal lobe functions. Oxford University Press.

Book chapter in edited book:
• Posner, M. I. (1995). Attention in cognitive neuroscience: An overview. In M. S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The cognitive neurosciences (pp. 615-624). The MIT Press.

17. Tables/Figures/Pictures/Graphs
• Tables, figures, pictures, graphics, etc. should be numbered and have titles and descriptions. It should be ensured that the tables, figures, pictures and graphics are cited in the text, and the abbreviations used should be given as an explanation just below the image.

Display of tables:
• Tables should be complementary to the text and should not contain information repeated in the text.

• The table should be created in a Word file that allows font changes. The table should not be created in another file and added to the article as an image.

Figures/Pictures/Graphics
• All figures, illustrations, graphics and photographs should be indicated as "Figure" and attached to the system as a separate jpg or gif file (approximately 500x400 pixels, 8 cm wide and at least 300 dpi resolution).
• If figures, pictures, graphics are taken from another source, the author must have permission from the owner of this source and document this situation by indicating it under the image.

Units and Abbreviations;
• All measurements should be written according to the metric system (International Units System, SI) (Example: mg, kg, g, mL, h, mL, min, mmHg, etc.).
• Abbreviations in the text should be explained in parentheses where they are first used.
• Generic names should be used when specifying drugs.

SUBMISSION PRE-CHECKLİST

 The study is novel and has not been published previously in any journal.
 The manuscript is new and has not been published in any journal before.
 The manuscript complies with the aim and scope of the journal.
 The manuscript complies with the journal's writing rules.
 The manuscript fits in the format of the journal.
 All references cited in the manuscript text are listed in the reference list.
 References have been prepared in accordance with the latest version of the APA guide.
 The manuscript contains the necessary explanations in accordance with the ethical rules of the journal.
 All the necessary information names, address, e-mails must be involved.
 The tables/figures are provided in accordance with the journal's writing rules for manuscript preparation.
 The Publication Right Transfer Form has been signed by all authors.
 Cover letter has been prepared.
 The title page should include necessary information.
 The similarity rate was checked. (A similarity report can be obtained automatically when the article is uploaded to the journal system.)
 Ethics committee approval document was uploaded to the system. If ethical approval is not required, It should be stated in the manuscript.

CONTACT

GAZI UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES

Emniyet Mah.Abant.Sok. No:10/2 E Blok  Kat :9 

Yenimahalle /ANKARA

Tel : 03122023387 -03122023390 
Faks : 0 03122028220 
E-mail : guhes@gazi.edu.tr   
Web: http://guhes.gazi.edu.tr

ETHICAL PRINCIPLES AND PUBLICATION POLICY

Gazi University Journal of Graduate School of Health Sciences has adopted ethical policies in accordance with ethical and scientific standards. Articles are published in line with these standards. Researchers are expected to act in accordance with ethical standards. Authors are responsible for the compliance of the articles with ethical rules. The basic principles in terms of scientific research and publication ethics are listed as follows:

• Avoiding Plagiarism: Not using the ideas, methods, data or works of others without attribution.
• Avoiding Data Fraud: Not manipulating, fabricating or misrepresenting the accuracy of data.
• Correct Attribution of Contributions: Accurately naming everyone who contributed to the research.
• Disclosure of Conflicts of Interest: Researchers or publication owners clearly state any conflicts of interest.
• Protecting the Rights of Human and Animal Subjects: Complying with ethical standards in studies on humans and animals and  protecting the rights of subjects.
• Scientific Soundness and Transparency: Transparently reporting the research process and results and ensuring compliance with scientific principles.
 • Compliance with Ethical Rules in Medical Research: Taking special precautions in medical research, especially with regard to the rights, privacy and safety of participants.
 • Effective Use of Public Resources: Using public resources effectively and efficiently and not wasting them.
 • Social Responsibility: Conducting research to benefit society and sharing the results with the public.
 • Consideration of Environmental Impacts: Considering the environmental impacts of research and publication activities and complying with sustainability principles.

According to the Directive on Scientific Research and Publication Ethics of Higher Education Institutions, behaviors contrary to scientific research and publication ethics are listed as follows;

• Plagiarism: Presenting the ideas, methods, data or works of others as one's own work in whole or in part without citation in accordance with scientific rules,
• Forgery: Using non-existent or altered data in scientific research,
• Distortion: Changing research records or data obtained, presenting devices or materials that were not used in the research as if they had been used, changing and shaping the results of the research in line with the interests of the people and organizations receiving support,
• Republishing: Submitting or publishing the same research results to more than one journal for publication,
• Slicing: Inappropriately and inappropriately dividing the results of the research into parts in a way that disrupts the integrity of the research and publishing them in more than one issue and presenting these publications as separate publications in academic appointments and promotions,
• Unfair authorship: Including or excluding people who have not actively contributed, changing the author ranking in an unjustified and inappropriate manner, removing the names of active contributors from the work in subsequent editions, using one's influence to have one's name included among the authors even though one has not actively contributed,

Ethics Committee approval for all prospective studies to be submitted to our journal must be obtained from the institution where the study is conducted and must be stated in the manuscript. Case reports; due to ethical and legal rules, care should be taken to protect the patient's privacy. The patient's identity should not be published without the written consent of the patient (or permission from the legal guardian).

Gazi University Journal of Graduate School of Health Sciences reminds the need to comply with generally accepted ethical rules in studies with experimental animals. Ethics Committee approval must be uploaded to the system with the manuscript. In the presence of such studies, the authors must indicate in the materials and methods section of the article that they have conducted the study in accordance with these principles and that they have obtained "informed consent" from the ethics committees of their institutions and from the people who participated in the study.

The ethical policy of our journal has been established in accordance with the recommendations of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) and the International Standards of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) for editors, reviewers and authors. Fulfillment of these responsibilities is important to ensure credibility, integrity and quality in scientific publications.

Ethical Responsibilities of Editors

• Fair Evaluation Process: EdFair Evaluation Process: icles in a fair and impartial manner and determine the content to be published according to objective criteria.
• Application of Ethical Rules: Editors should confirm that the articles to be published comply with research ethics standards.
• Management of Conflicts of Interest: Editors should effectively manage conflicts of interest for themselves or the journal.
• Credibility and Quality: Editors should ensure the publication of reliable and high quality content to protect the reputation of the journal.
• Author and Reviewer Feedback: Editors should take into account feedback to authors and reviewers and take necessary measures to improve the process.

Ethical Responsibilities of Authors

• Application of Research Ethics and Standards: Authors should consider ethical standards in the design, conduct and reporting of their work. Scientific research must comply with the necessary ethical rules.
• Presentation of Original and Accurate Information: It is unacceptable to intentionally alter or misrepresent study data. Authors must ensure that the information presented is original and accurate.
• Conflict of Interest Disclosure: Authors must clearly indicate any conflict of interest. This could be financial, commercial, political or personal interests.
• Author Contributions: All authors' contributions to the article should be clearly stated. This includes contributions such as research design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, or drafting the manuscript.
• Correct Use of Sources and References: Authors should accurately cite and reference the sources they have used.
• Approval of Relevant Ethics Committees: Approval must be obtained from the relevant ethics committees for research on humans or animals.

Ethical Responsibilities of Referees

• Confidentiality: Reviewers must keep the content of the manuscripts they review confidential and disclose any conflict of interest.
• Research Ethics: Reviewers should assess that the research they review conforms to ethical standards.
• Accuracy and Quality: Reviewers should rigorously assess the scientific accuracy and quality of the articles they review.
• Interpretation and Feedback: Reviewers should provide objective and constructive feedback on manuscripts. This helps authors to improve their manuscripts.

No publication fee is charged from the authors for the publications.