Yom Kippur 2.0: Askeri Düzlemde İsrail-Hamas Savaşı'na Dair İlk Gözlemler

Year 2023, , 105 - 124, 29.12.2023

Cenk Özgen

https://doi.org/10.46849/guiibd.1401052

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Hamas, Yom Kippur Savaşı’nın 50. yıl dönümünde İsrail’e yönelik Aksa Tufanı Operasyonu’nu başlatmıştır. Bu operasyonu daha öncekilerden farklı kılan, militanların İsrail topraklarına sızarak çok sayıda askerî üs ve yerleşim yerini hedef almış olmalarıdır. Saldırının ilk saatlerinde yaşanan kaos durumundan çıkılmasıyla harekete geçen İsrail, önce savaş hali ilan etmiş, ardından da Demir Kılıç Operasyonu’nu başlattığını duyurmuştur. Bu kapsamda, ilk safhada İsrail Savunma Kuvvetleri’nin; kara, deniz ve hava ateş destek vasıtalarıyla Gazze Şeridi’ni yoğun bombardıman altına almasına, müteakiben de manevra birlikleriyle üç ilerleme mihveri üzerinde bölgeye girmesine tanık olunmuştur. Mevcut durumda harekâtın sıklet merkezi Gazze Vadisi’nin kuzeyidir. İlerleyen süreçte kara birliklerinin Gazze Şeridi’nin güneyine de tevcih edilmesi ihtimal dahilindedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı İsrail-Hamas Savaşı’nın askerî-teknik düzlemde incelenmesi ve buradan hareketle modern muharebe ortamına, özellikle de meskûn mahal harekâtına dair tespitlerde bulunulmasıdır. Gazze’deki silahlı çatışmalar sona ermeden hazırlanan çalışma, esasen 24 Kasım 2023’te yürürlüğe giren geçici ateşkese kadar geçen sürece ilişkin ilk gözlemleri ihtiva etmektedir.

Keywords

İsrail-Hamas Savaşı, Gazze Şeridi, Kassam Tugayları, Aksa Tufanı Operasyonu, Demir Kubbe

Yom Kippur War 2.0: First Observations about the Israel-Hamas War in Terms of Military

Abstract

Hamas launched Operation Al-Aqsa Flood against Israel on the 50th anniversary of the Yom Kippur War. What makes this operation different from previous ones is that militants unusually infiltrated Israeli territory and targeted many military bases and settlements. Having recovered from the chaos experienced in the first hours of the attack, Israel first declared a state of war and then announced that it had launched Operation Iron Sword. In this context, it was witnessed that Israel Defence Forces, in the first stage, intensely bombarded the Gaza Strip with land, sea and air-based fire support systems, and subsequently, maneuver units entered the region on three axis of advance. Currently, the center of gravity of the operation is the north of the Gaza Valley. It is also possible that ground campaign will be directed to the south of the Gaza Strip in the future. The aim of this study is to examine the Israel-Hamas War at the military-technical level and, from this point of view, to make determinations about the modern combat environment, especially the urban warfare. The study, prepared before the armed conflict in Gaza ended, includes the first observations regarding the period until the temporary ceasefire that came into force on November 24, 2023.

Keywords

Israel-Hamas War, Gaza Strip, Al-Qassam Brigades, Operation Al-Aqsa Flood, Iron Dome

References

• Alarabiya News. (2023). Israel Palestine Conflict. https://english.alarabiya.net/News/ middle-east/2023/10/07/Army-says-it-is-fighting-Gaza-militants-who-entered-Israel-by-land-sea-and-air-.
• Aljazeera. (2023a). Israel, Hezbollah Exchange Fire, Raising Regional Tensions. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/8/israel-hezbollah-exchange-fire-raising-regional-tensions.
• Aljazeera. (2023b). Israel Announces Total Blockade on Gaza. https://www.aljazeera. com/news/2023/10/9/israel-announces-total-blockade-on-gaza.
• Aljazeera. (2023c). How Big is Israel’s Military and How much Funding does It Get from the US?. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/11/how-big-is-israels-military-and-how-much-funding-does-it-get-from-the-us.
• Asmar, A. ve Kouachi, I.. (2023). Israeli Helicopter Opened Fire on Israelis in Festival During Hamas Attack on Oct. 7: Report. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/ middle-east/israeli-helicopter-opened-fire-on-israelis-in-festival-during-hamas-attack-on-oct-7-report/3058257.
• Arnaout, A. R. (2023a). Hamas Launches Longest-Range Missile Attacking Northern Israel. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/hamas-launches-longest-range-missile-attacking-northern-israel-/3018936.
• Arnaout, A. R. (2023b). Premier Netanyahu Says Israel at War. https://www.aa. com.tr/en/middle-east/premier-netanyahu-says-israel-at-war-/3010318.
• Axe, D.. (2023). Hamas Distributed a Handy Guide toDestroyingIsraeliTanks. https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2023/10/15/hamas-distributed-a-handy-guide-to-destroying-israeli-tanks/?sh=1a3bca4f34e1.
• Bachner, M. vd. (2023). Forces Continue to Battle Terrorists in Gaza Border Area After Devastating Assault. https://www.timesofisrael.com/forces-continue-to-battle-terrorists-in-gaza-border-area-after-devastating-assault/.
• Beaule, V. (2023). A Detailed Look at How Hamas Secretly Crossed into Israel. https://abcnews.go.com/International/detailed-hamas-secretly-crossed-israel/story?id=103917182.
• Beckett, T.. (2023). Israel’s Military Options. https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/ online-analysis/2023/10/Hamas-attack-and-Israeli-military-options/.
• Boyd, I.. (2023). Israel’s Iron Dome Air Defense System Works Well - Here’s How Hamas Got Around It. https://theconversation.com/israels-iron-dome-air-defense-system-works-well-heres-how-hamas-got-around-it-215512.
• Boyraz, T. A. (2023). Hizbullah’ın Savaşa Girmeden İsrail Ordusu’nu Kuzeyde Meşgul Etme Taktiğinin Sürmesi Bekleniyor. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/ hizbullahin-savasa-girmeden-israil-ordusunu-kuzeyde-mesgul-etme-taktiginin-surmesi-bekleniyor/3041492.
• Breiner, J. (2023). National Security Minister Declares State of National Emergency Across Israel as Dozens Killed, Hundreds Wounded. https://www.haaretz.com/ israel-news/2023-10-07/ty-article/.premium/ben-gvir-declares-state-of-national-emergency-across-israel-as-22-killed-hundreds-wounded/0000018b-09ba-dae9-adcb-abbf4c0b0000.
• Chavez, K ve Swed, O. (2023). How Hamas Innovated with Drones to Operate Like an Army. https://thebulletin.org/2023/11/how-hamas-innovated-with-drones-to-operate-like-an-army/.
• Cheslow, D. (2023). Israel and the West Reck on with a High-Tech Failure. https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/10/israel-hamas-technology-failure-00120667.
• CIA The World Fact Book. (2023). Explore All Countries - Gaza Strip. https://www.cia. gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gaza-strip/.
• Cohen, Y ve White, J. (2009). Hamas in Combat The Military Performance of the Palestinian Islamic Resistance Movement, Washington: Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
• Deeb, S E. (2023). What is Hamas? The Rules the Gaza Strip has Fought Several Rounds of War with Israel. https://apnews.com/article/hamas-gaza-palestinian-authority-israel-war-ed7018dbaae09b81513daf3bda38109a.
• Egozi, A. (2020). IsraelisCrafting Counter DroneSystemtoTrack, KillOperators. https://breakingdefense.com/2020/07/israelis-crafting-counter-drone-system-to-track-kill-operators/.
• Engel, R. vd. (2023). Israel Says It Killed 1,500 Hamas Terrorists, Pointing to a Brutal Fight Ahead in Gaza. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/hamas-fighters-bodies-israel-toll-gaza-ground-invasion-rcna119640.
• Euronews. (2023). Hamas, İsrail İstihbaratını Nasıl Gafil Avladı: Taş Devri Yöntemleri Teknolojiyi Aştı. https://tr.euronews.com/2023/10/09/hamas-israil-istihbaratini-nasil-gafil-avladi-tas-devri-yontemleri-teknolojiyi-asti.
• Fabian, E.. (2023a). IDF Details Significant Blows It’s Dealtto Hamas’s Northern Gaza Forces, Commanders. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-details-significant-blows-its-dealt-to-hamass-northern-gaza-forces-commanders/.
• Fabian, E.. (2023b). IDF Regains Control of Re’im Military Base from Hamas Terrorists in SouthernIsrael. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-regains-control-of-reim-military-base-from-hamas-terrorists-in-southern-israel/.
• Fabian, E.. (2023c). Authorities Name 392 Soldiers, 59 Police Officers Killed in Gaza War. https://www.timesofisrael.com/authorities-name-44-soldiers-30-police-officers-killed-in-hamas-attack/.
• Fabian, E. ve Pacchiani, G. (2023). IDF Estimates 3,000 Hamas Terrorists Invaded Israel in Oct. 7 on Slaught. https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-estimates-3000-hamas-terrorists-invaded-israel-in-oct-7-onslaught/.
• Fars Haber Ajansı. (2023). İsrail’in Demir Kubbe’si Yine Fos Çıktı. https://www. farsnews.ir/tr/news/14020601000950/%C4%B0srail%E2%80%99in-%E2%80%9CDemir-Kbbe%E2%80%9D-si-yine-fs-%C3%A7%C4%B1k%C4%B1.
• Federman, J.ve Adwan, I.. (2023). Hamas Surprise Attack out of Gaza Stuns Israel and Leaves Hundreds Dead in Fighting, Retaliation. https://apnews.com/ article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2
• Gross, J. A. (2021). ‘A Wall of Iron, Sensors and Concrete’: IDF Completes Tunnel-Busting Gaza Barrier. https://www.timesofisrael.com/a-wall-of-iron-sensors-and-concrete-idf-completes-tunnel-busting-gaza-barrier/.
• Hussein, A. Q. (2021). The Evolution of the Military Action of the Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades: How Hamas Established its Army in Gaza. Doha: Arab Center for Research & Policy Studies.
• Hutchinson, B. (2023). Israel-HamasWar: Timeline and Key Developments in Month of War. https://abcnews.go.com/International/timeline-surprise-rocket-attack-hamas-israel/story?id=103816006.
• I24News. (2023). IDF Spokes person: Israel Regained Full Control of Gaza Border Villages. https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel-at-war/1696843879-idf-spokesperson-israel-regained-full-control-of-gaza-border-villages.
• IISS. (2023). The Military Balance 2023 –The Annual Assessment of Global Military Capabilities and Defence Economics. London: The International Institute for Strategic Studies.
• Jager, A. (2021). Transformation of the Israel Defense Forces. Naval War College Review. 74 (2), 13-36.
• Jeffery, J. (2023). Yemen’s Houthis have Launched Strikes at Israel During the War in Gaza. What Threat do They Pose?. https://apnews.com/article/yemen-israeli-houthi-gaza-war-3e48ff43f1225ccd98c9a56929 fb8f57.
• Keller-Lynn, C. (2023). Knesset Okays War Cabinet; PM: Saturday Most Horrible Day for Jewish since Hollocaust. https://www.timesofisrael.com/knesset-okays-war-cabinet-pm-saturday-most-horrible-day-for-jews-since-holocaust/.
• Kennard, M ve Curtis, M. (2023). U.S. Military ise Secretly Supplying Weapons to Israel Using UK Base on Cyprus. https://www.declassifieduk.org/u-s-military-is-secretly-supplying-weapons-to-israel-using-uk-base-on-cyprus/.
• Kristensen, H. M. ve Korda, M. (2023). The SIPRI Year Book 2023: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Solna: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
• Lappin, Y. (2023). Some 10 out of 24 Hamas Battalions Significantly Damaged. https://www.jns.org/over-10-of-24-hamas-battalions-significantly-damaged/.
• Le Monde. (2023). Israel Minister Reprimanded over Gaza Nuclear 'Option' Comment. ttps://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/11/05/israel-minister-reprimanded-over-gaza-nuclear-option-comment_6229042_4.html.
• Majed, M. (2023). Hamas Targets 2 Israeli Military Bases with Drones. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/hamas-targets-2-israeli-military-bases-with-drones/3030212.
• Marbuta. (2023). Filistinli Gruplardan Koordinasyonu Artırma Kararı. https://www. marbutahaber.com/ ortadogu/filistin/filistinli-gruplardan-koordinasyonu-artirma-karari/.
• Marcus, J. (2013). Israel’s Iron Dome: Doubts over Success Rate. https://www. bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-21751766.
• Marcus, J. (2021). Israel-Gaza Violence: The Strength and Limitations of Hamas Arsenal. https://www.bbc.com /news/world-middle-east-57092245.
• Margulies, J. (2023). IDF Regains Control over Sderot Police Station. https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/defense-news/article-763198.
• Martinez, L. (2023). US Navy Destroyer in Red Sea Shoots Down Cruise Missiles Potentially Headed Toward Israel: Pentagon. https://abcnews.go.com/ International/security-incident-involving-us-navy-destroyer-red-sea/story?id=104147141.
• Mas, L. vd. (2023). Israel-Hamas War: Images Reveal the Strategy Behind the Militant Group's Attack. https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/ 10/14/israel-hamas-war-images-reveal-the-strategy-behind-the-militant-group-s-attack_6173112_4.html.
• MEHR News Agency. (2023). 335 Israeli Military Vehicle Destroyed in 48 Days: Qassam. https://en.mehrnews.com/news/208738/335-Israeli-military-vehicles-destroyed-in-48-days-Qassam
• Mevlütoğlu, A. (2021). Demir Kubbe ve Sürdürülebilir Asimetri. https://www. siyahgribeyaz.com/2021/05/ demir-kubbe-ve-surdurulebilir-asimetri.html.
• MTV Lebanon. (2023). Israel Deploys 100,000 Soldiers Along Lebanase Frontier. https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/News/Local/1405296/israel-deploys-100-000-soldiers-along-lebanese-frontier.
• Nakhoul, S. (2023). How Hamas Secretly Built a 'Mini-Army' to Fight Israel. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-hamas-secretly-built-mini-army-fight-israel-2023-10-13/
• NWE. (t.y.). Gaza Strip. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/ entry/Gaza_Strip.
• Özgen, C. (2019). İsrail’in Nükleer Belirsizlik Programı. II. Uluslararası Giresun Güvenlik Sempozyumu Bildiri E-Kitabı. https://iibf.giresun.edu.tr/Files/ckFiles/ iibf-giresun-edu-tr/G%C3%BCvenlik%202/guvenlik1501.pdf.
• PBS News Hour. (2023). Hamas and Israel Exchange more Hostages for Prisoners on 5th Day of Fragile Cease-Fire. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/hamas-and-israel-exchange-more-hostages-for-prisoners-on-5th-day-of-fragile-cease-fire.
• Peck, M. (2023). Israel’s Military has Tools to Take down Hamas New Drone Arsenal, But Actually Using Them May not be Easy. https://www. businessinsider.com/israel-has-tools-to-counter-hamas-drones-but-may-struggle-2023-10.
• Robinson, J. (2023). Militants on Paragliders and '5,000' Rockets: How Hamas Carried out Deadly Israel Attack. https://news.sky.com/story/rockets-boats-and-militants-on-paragliders-how-hamas-carried-out-deadly-attack-on-israel-12978931.
• Roblin, S. (2023). How Many Armored Vehicles has Israel Lost Fighting Hamas?. https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a45783283/how-many-armored-vehicles-has-israel-lost-fighting-hamas-gaza/.
• Saul, J ve Farrell, S. (2023). The Hamas Tunnel City Beneath Gaza - A Hidden Frontline for Israel. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-tunnel-city-beneath-gaza-hidden-frontline-israel-2023-10-26/.
• Schmitt, E. (2023). American Commandos are in Israel Helping the Locate Hostages, Pentagon Says. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/31/us/politics/us-israel-hostages.html.
• Staff, T. (2023). Many Israelis Accuse Government’s of Inept, Chaotic Response to October 7 Massacre. https://www.timesofisrael.com/many-israelis-accuse-governments-of-inept-chaotic-response-to-october-7-massacre/.
• The Economist. (2023). Israel’s Tank Commanders are Studying Russia’s Mistakes. https://www.economist.com/briefing/2023/10/16/israels-tank-commanders-are-studying-russias-mistakes.
• The Telegraph. (2023). Hamas Use Rockets and Explosives Against IDF Tanks. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClLHBWOL5dQ.
• The Times of Israel. (2023). Fresh Infiltration Alarm Sounds in Zikim After Sea-Borne Attack. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/fresh-infiltration-alarm-sounds-in-zikim-after-sea-borne-attack/.
• Ubeid, K. F. (2013). The Origin, Nature and Stratigraphy of Pleistocene-Holocene Palaeosols in Wadi Es-Salqa (Gaza Strip, Palestine), Serie Correlacion Geologica, 29 (2), 63-78.
• UNEP. (2009). Environmental Assessment of the Gaza Strip. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme. Weitz, R. (2007). The Reserve Policies of Nations: A Comparative Analysis. Pennslyvania: Strategic Studies Institute-US ArmyWar College.
• WSJ. (2023). How the Hamas Attack on Israel Unfolded. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=KjhMAMAPgeM. Yeni Akit. (2023). İsrail’in Demir Kubbe Sistemi Çöktü. https://www.yeniakit.com.tr/ haber/israilin-demir-kubbe-sistemi-coktu-1793816.html.