Research Article
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The English School and Intervention: A Brief Overview

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 242 - 250, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.46849/guiibd.1828628

Abstract

This study provides an overview of the English School's approach to the concept of intervention. As a synthesis of the traditions of Realism, Rationalism and Revolutionism, the English School accepts that states are the main actors in the international system and that the system is anarchic; However, it recognizes that an international community can be formed around common interests and institutions. The English School examines interstate relations on the basis of both power politics and shared norms and institutions, attempting to find a balance between conflict and cooperation, sovereignty and intervention. While Pluralist writers within the English School prioritize the principles of sovereignty, non-intervention, and the maintenance of order, solidarists prioritize the individual and argue that intervention can be used against human rights violations when necessary. In this context, the study discusses the English School's position between order and justice on controversial concepts such as humanitarian intervention and the Responsibility to Protect (R2P), which involve the use of armed force against widespread human rights violations. In conclusion, in the English School's assessment of intervention: It is concluded that R2P can be a middle ground between the normative concerns of the international community and the sovereignty-based concerns of states.

References

  • Annan, K. (1999). Kofi Annan: “No government has the right to hide behind national sovereignty in order to violate human rights”. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/apr/07/balkans.unitednations
  • Bellamy, A. J. (2003). Humanitarian intervention and the three traditions. Global Society, 17(1), 3-20.
  • Bull, H. (1977). The Anarchical Society A Study of Order in World Politics (Third Edition 2002). Palgrave.
  • Butterfield, H., & Wight, M. (1966). Diplomatic Investigations. Harvard University Press.
  • Butterfield, H., & Wight, M. (2019). Diplomatic Investigations. Oxford University Press.
  • Buzan, B. (2004). From International to World Society? English School Theory and the Social Structure of Globalisation. Cambridge University Press.
  • Cambridge Dictionary. (2025, Kasım 18). Cambridge Dictionary. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/intervention
  • Deng, F. (2010). From “Sovereignty as Responsibility” to the “Responsibility to Protect”. Global Responsibility to Protect, 2(4), 353-370. https://doi.org/10.1163/187598410X519534
  • Devlen, B., & Özdamar, Ö. (2010). Uluslararası İlişkilerde İngiliz Okulu Kuramı: Kökenleri. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 7(25), Article 25.
  • Dunne, T. (1998). Inventing International Society A History of the English School (1. Baskı). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • ICISS. (2001). The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. IDRC.
  • ICISS, Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. (2001). ICISS. http://responsibilitytoprotect.org/ICISS%20Report.pdf.
  • Jones, R. E. (1981). The English School of International Relations: A Case for Closure. Review of International Studies, 7(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210500115086.
  • Kardaş, Ş. (2013). Humanitarian Intervention as a ‘Responsibility to Protect’: An International Society Approach. All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace, 2(1), 21-38. https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.167307
  • Keskin, F. (1998). Uluslararası Hukukta Kuvvet Kullanma: Savaş, Karışma ve Birleşmiş Milletler (C. 68). Mülkiyeliler Birliği Vakfı Yayınları Tezler Dizisi:4.
  • Nolte, G. (2005). Sovereignty as Responsibility? Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting, 99, 389-392. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272503700071986
  • Oxford Dictionary. (2025). Oxford Dictionary. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/intervention
  • United Nations Charter. (1945). https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/full-text
  • United Nations, 2005 UN World Summit Outcome. (2005). http://www.un.org/womenwatch/ods/A-RES-60-1-E.pdf
  • Wheeler, N. J. (2000). Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society. Oxford University Press.
  • Wheeler, N. J. (2008). Humanitarian Intervention in World Politics. İçinde The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations (ss. 522-539). Oxford University Press.
  • Wight, M. (1992). International Theory: The Three Traditions (G. Wight & B. Porter, Ed.). Holmes & Meier.

İNGİLİZ OKULU VE MÜDAHALE: KISA BİR BAKIŞ

Year 2025, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 242 - 250, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.46849/guiibd.1828628

Abstract

Bu çalışma, İngiliz Okulu’nun müdahale kavramına yaklaşımının genel bir değerlendirmesini yapmaktadır. İngiliz Okulu; Realizm, Rasyonalizm ve Devrimcilik geleneklerinin bir sentezi olarak, uluslararası sistemin temel aktörünün devletler olduğunu, sistemin anarşik olduğunu; bununla birlikte ortak çıkarlar ve kurumlar etrafında bir uluslararası toplumun oluşabileceğini kabul etmektedir. İngiliz Okulu, devletlerarası ilişkileri hem güç politikası hem de ortak norm ve kurumlar temelinde inceleyerek, çatışma ve iş birliği; egemenlik ve müdahale arasında bir denge bulmaya çalışır. İngiliz Okulu içindeki çoğulcu yazarlar; egemenlik ve müdahale etmeme ilkelerine ve düzenin korunmasına öncelik verirken; Dayanışmacılar bireyi önceleyen bir yaklaşımla, insan hakları ihlallerine karşı gereken durumlarda müdahaleye başvurulabileceğini savunur. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, geniş ve kapsamlı insan hakları ihlallerine karşı silahlı kuvvet kullanımını içeren; insani müdahale ve Koruma Sorumluluğu (Responsibility to Protect- R2P) gibi tartışmalı kavramlar karşısında İngiliz Okulu’nun düzen ve adalet arasındaki konumu tartışılmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, İngiliz Okulu’nun müdahaleye ilişkin değerlendirmesinde; uluslararası toplumun normatif kaygıları ile devletlerin egemenlik temelli kaygılarını giderme noktasında R2P’nin bir orta yol olabileceği çıkarımı yapılmaktadır.

References

  • Annan, K. (1999). Kofi Annan: “No government has the right to hide behind national sovereignty in order to violate human rights”. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/apr/07/balkans.unitednations
  • Bellamy, A. J. (2003). Humanitarian intervention and the three traditions. Global Society, 17(1), 3-20.
  • Bull, H. (1977). The Anarchical Society A Study of Order in World Politics (Third Edition 2002). Palgrave.
  • Butterfield, H., & Wight, M. (1966). Diplomatic Investigations. Harvard University Press.
  • Butterfield, H., & Wight, M. (2019). Diplomatic Investigations. Oxford University Press.
  • Buzan, B. (2004). From International to World Society? English School Theory and the Social Structure of Globalisation. Cambridge University Press.
  • Cambridge Dictionary. (2025, Kasım 18). Cambridge Dictionary. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/intervention
  • Deng, F. (2010). From “Sovereignty as Responsibility” to the “Responsibility to Protect”. Global Responsibility to Protect, 2(4), 353-370. https://doi.org/10.1163/187598410X519534
  • Devlen, B., & Özdamar, Ö. (2010). Uluslararası İlişkilerde İngiliz Okulu Kuramı: Kökenleri. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 7(25), Article 25.
  • Dunne, T. (1998). Inventing International Society A History of the English School (1. Baskı). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • ICISS. (2001). The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. IDRC.
  • ICISS, Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. (2001). ICISS. http://responsibilitytoprotect.org/ICISS%20Report.pdf.
  • Jones, R. E. (1981). The English School of International Relations: A Case for Closure. Review of International Studies, 7(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210500115086.
  • Kardaş, Ş. (2013). Humanitarian Intervention as a ‘Responsibility to Protect’: An International Society Approach. All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace, 2(1), 21-38. https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.167307
  • Keskin, F. (1998). Uluslararası Hukukta Kuvvet Kullanma: Savaş, Karışma ve Birleşmiş Milletler (C. 68). Mülkiyeliler Birliği Vakfı Yayınları Tezler Dizisi:4.
  • Nolte, G. (2005). Sovereignty as Responsibility? Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting, 99, 389-392. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272503700071986
  • Oxford Dictionary. (2025). Oxford Dictionary. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/intervention
  • United Nations Charter. (1945). https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/full-text
  • United Nations, 2005 UN World Summit Outcome. (2005). http://www.un.org/womenwatch/ods/A-RES-60-1-E.pdf
  • Wheeler, N. J. (2000). Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society. Oxford University Press.
  • Wheeler, N. J. (2008). Humanitarian Intervention in World Politics. İçinde The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations (ss. 522-539). Oxford University Press.
  • Wight, M. (1992). International Theory: The Three Traditions (G. Wight & B. Porter, Ed.). Holmes & Meier.
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Relations (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Fecra Akca Moran 0000-0002-2568-5574

Submission Date November 22, 2025
Acceptance Date December 22, 2025
Publication Date December 31, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Akca Moran, F. (2025). İNGİLİZ OKULU VE MÜDAHALE: KISA BİR BAKIŞ. Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 11(2), 242-250. https://doi.org/10.46849/guiibd.1828628
  • Giresun University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences