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DİJİTAL BÖLÜNME: NEDENLERİ VE TÜRLERİ

Year 2017, Volume: 3 Issue: 5, 6 - 21, 01.06.2017

Abstract

Bugün dünyamızın her boyutta şekillenmesini büyük ölçüde etkileyen ve belirleyen unsurlardan birisi, küreselleşme ile birlikte bilgi toplumu ve bilgi ekonomisi süreçlerinde yaşanan gelişmelerdir. Sanayi toplumundaki maddi ürünlerin yerini bilgi üretimi almış olup, yeni teknolojilerin ve yeniliklerin yoğun olarak kullanıldığı, üretildiği ve süratle yayıldığı, bilginin kontrolü ve sahipliği için ulusal ve uluslararası örgütlerin kurumsallaştığı, bilgili ve nitelikli insanın merkez konumda olduğu bir dönemi yaşamaktayız. Ancak bilişim teknolojilerinin sağladığı olanaklardan yararlanamayanlar gelişmelerin gerisinde kalmakta ve sağlanan olanaklardan yararlanamamaktadır. Dijital bölünme olarak ifade edilen bu açıklık, ülke içinde ya da ülkeler arasında ortaya çıkabilmektedir ve sosyo-ekonomik, politik pek çok nedenden kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı; Dijital bölünme kavramını açıklayarak dijital bölünmenin türleri ve nedenleriyle ortaya koymaktır. Dijital bölünmenin türleri ve nedenleri buna yönelik politikaların şekillenmesi ve bu bölünmeyi ortadan kaldıracak stratejilerin izlenmesi açısından önem arz etmektedir

References

  • Adıgüzel Muhittin (2011), Bilgi Toplumu ve Küreselleşme Bağlamında Küresel Rekabet Ortamı, Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık
  • Andres ve diğerleri (2007), “Diffusion of the Internet, A Cross-Country Analysis”, Policy Research Working Paper, 4420, 323-340, http://www.ivie.es/downloads/docs/ wpasad/wpasad-2010-07.pdf (02.07.2012)
  • Bansode S.Y., Patil S.K. (2011), “Bridging Digital Divide in India: Some Initiatives”, Asia Pacific Journal of Library and Information Science. Vol.1(1), January-June, 58-68.
  • Beilocka, Richard ve Dimitrova, Daniela V. (2003), “ An Exploratory Model of Inter- Country Internet Diffusion”, Telecommunications Policy 27 (2003), 237–252
  • Belloc, Filippo (2012), “Corporate Governance and Innovation: A Survey”, Journal of Economic Surveys, 26(5), 835-86
  • Bouckaert, Jan vd (2010), “ “Access Regulation, Competition, and Broadband Penetration: An International Study,” Telecommunications Policy, 34(11), 661-671
  • Chinn, Menzie D. ve Fairlie, Robert W. (2007) , “The Determinants Of The Global Digital Divide: A Cross-Country Analysis Of Computer And İnternet Penetration”, Oxford Economic Papers, 59 (2007), 16–44
  • Church, J. & Gandal, N. (2005). Platform competition in telecommunications. In M., Cave, S., Majumdar & I. Vogelsang (Ed), The Handbook of Telecommunications vol. 2.: Technology evolution and the Internet., Armsterdam, The Netherlands: North- Holland.
  • Cooper J. (2006) The Digital Divide: The Special Case of Gender, Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 22, 320-334
  • Drake, Johnnie, E (2008), The Washington, DC Digital Divide: A States of Digital Disparity, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Capella University
  • Eurostat (2013), “Science, Technology and Innovation in Europe”, Eurostat pocketbooks, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/product_details/publication?p_produc t_code=KS-GN-13-001, (01.08.2013).
  • Eurostat, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database
  • Friedman Thomas L. (2000), Küreselleşmenin Geleceği, Lexus ve Zeytin Ağacı, (Çev. Elif Özsayar), İstanbul: Boyner Yayınları
  • Grosso, Marcello (2006), “Determinants of Broadband Penetration in OECD Nations”, http://www.networkinsight.org/verve/_resources/grossom.pdf (17.02.2011)
  • Gulati, Girish J., Yates, Daved J. (2011), “Strategy, Competition, and Investment: Explaining the Global Divide in E-Government Adoption with Policy Variables”, Electronic Government: An International Journal, 8 (2/3), 124-43.
  • Guillen, Mauro ve Sandra L., Suarez (2001), “Developing the Internet: Entrepreneurship and Public Policy in Ireland, Singapore, Argentina, and Spain” with Mauro Guillén, Telecommunications Policy, 25(5), 349-371
  • Güvel, Enver A ve Aytun, Cengiz (2009), “Sayısal Uçurum, Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği Üzerine Bir Endeks Uygulaması”, Çukurova Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 13(2), 33-54
  • Hargittai, E. (1999), “Weaving The Western Web: “Explaining Differences in Internet Connectivity among OECD Countries”, Telecommuniciations Policy, 23(10- 11) 18-701
  • James, Jeffrey (2004), “Reconstructing the Digital Divide from the Perspective of a Large, Poor, Developing Country”, Journal of Information Technology, 3(1) 172-177
  • Kalça Adem ve Akyazı Haydar, “Dijital Bölünme Fırsat mı Tehdit mi”, Nihal Kargı (Ed), Bilgi Ekonomisi, 1. Baskı içinde (239-263), Ankara:Başak Matbaacılık. Keniston Kennet (2003), “The Four Digital Divides”, http://dandelionpatch.mit.edu/people/kken/PDF/Intro_Sage_1_.pdf, (19.02.2010).
  • Kiiski, Sampsa ve Pohjola, Matti (2002), “ Cross-Country Diffusion of the Internet”, Information Economics and Policy 14, 297–310
  • Lee, Sangwon ve Marcu Mircea (2007), “ An Empirical Analysis of Fixed and Mobile (25.10.2014) Diffusion”
  • http://www.anacom.pt/streaming/estudo.pdf
  • Martin, S.P. ve Robinson, J. P. (2007), “The Income Digital Divide: Trends And PredBİTions For Level Of Internet Use”, Social Problems, 54(1), 1-22
  • Moghaddam B. Khalil, Khatoon, Abadi A. (2013), “ Factors Affecting BİT Adoption Among Rural Users: Acasestudy of BİT Center in Iran”, Telecommunications Policy 37, 1083–1094
  • Montagnier, Pierre ve Wirthmann, Albrecht (2011), “Digital Divide: From Computer Access to Online Activities – A Micro Data Analysis”, OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 189, OECD Publishing.
  • Norris, Pippa (2001), Digital Divide. Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and The Internet Worldwide, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Park, Hyung Lae (2007), Internet Effects on Political Participation: Digital Divide, Causality, and New Digital Divide, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Purdue Universitesi.
  • Riggins, Frederick J. ve Dewan, Sanjeev (2005) “The Digital Divide: Current and Future Research Directions,” Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 6(12), 298-337
  • Robinson ve diğerleri (2003), “New Social Survey Perspectives on the Digital Divide”, IT & Society, 1(5), 1-22
  • Rohlfs, J.H. (2001), Bandwagon Effects in High-Technology Industries, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Steyaert, Jan ve Gould, Nick (2009), “Social Work and the Changing Face of the Digital Divide”, British Journal of Social Work, 740-753.
  • Thomas, Chris S. ve Carvalho, Frederico (2012), “The Global Information Technology Report 2012” Dutta, Soumitta ve Bilbao, Benat editors, Reaching the Third Billion: Arriving at Affordable Broadband to Stimulate Economic Transformation in Emerging http://www3.weforum.org/docs/Global_IT_Report_2012.pdf (14.02.2014). (79-87), World Economic Forum
  • Wallsten, Scott (2005), ‘‘Regulation and Internet Use in Developing Countries.’’ Economic Development and Cultural Change, 53(2), 501–24.
  • Zhang Xiaoqun (2013), “ Income disparity and digital divide: The Internet Consumption Model and cross-country empirical research”, Telecommunications Policy, 37, 515-529.
  • Zhou, Jingye ve Lei Jing (2012), “Digital Divide: How Do Home Internet Access and Parental Support Affect Student Outcomes”, Education (Basel), 2, 45-53; doi:10.3390/educ2010045
  • Zhou Yan, Singh Nirvikar, Kaushik P.D. (2011), “ The digital divide in rural South Asia: Survey evidence from Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka”, IIMB Management Review, 23, 15-29
  • http://www internetworldstats.com/stats4.htm

DIGITAL DIVIDE: TYPES AND CAUSES

Year 2017, Volume: 3 Issue: 5, 6 - 21, 01.06.2017

Abstract

One of the most significant factors that influence and determine the shaping of our world in all aspects today is the globalization-related progress experienced in the processes of information society and information economy. Information production has now replaced the material products in an industrious society and we currently live in a period where new technologies and innovations are intensely used, produced and spread fast, where national and international entities have become institutionalized for the control and possession of information and where the knowledgeable and qualified human being has taken the central position. However; individuals who cannot benefit from the opportunities provided by information technologies fall behind the advancements, being deprived of them. This gap called digital divide, arises from various socio-economic and political reasons and can appear at intrastate or interstate level. The purpose of this research is to explain the digital divide concept by presenting its types and causes. Types and causes of digital divide are significant for shaping relevant policies and following strategies to eliminate digital divide

References

  • Adıgüzel Muhittin (2011), Bilgi Toplumu ve Küreselleşme Bağlamında Küresel Rekabet Ortamı, Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık
  • Andres ve diğerleri (2007), “Diffusion of the Internet, A Cross-Country Analysis”, Policy Research Working Paper, 4420, 323-340, http://www.ivie.es/downloads/docs/ wpasad/wpasad-2010-07.pdf (02.07.2012)
  • Bansode S.Y., Patil S.K. (2011), “Bridging Digital Divide in India: Some Initiatives”, Asia Pacific Journal of Library and Information Science. Vol.1(1), January-June, 58-68.
  • Beilocka, Richard ve Dimitrova, Daniela V. (2003), “ An Exploratory Model of Inter- Country Internet Diffusion”, Telecommunications Policy 27 (2003), 237–252
  • Belloc, Filippo (2012), “Corporate Governance and Innovation: A Survey”, Journal of Economic Surveys, 26(5), 835-86
  • Bouckaert, Jan vd (2010), “ “Access Regulation, Competition, and Broadband Penetration: An International Study,” Telecommunications Policy, 34(11), 661-671
  • Chinn, Menzie D. ve Fairlie, Robert W. (2007) , “The Determinants Of The Global Digital Divide: A Cross-Country Analysis Of Computer And İnternet Penetration”, Oxford Economic Papers, 59 (2007), 16–44
  • Church, J. & Gandal, N. (2005). Platform competition in telecommunications. In M., Cave, S., Majumdar & I. Vogelsang (Ed), The Handbook of Telecommunications vol. 2.: Technology evolution and the Internet., Armsterdam, The Netherlands: North- Holland.
  • Cooper J. (2006) The Digital Divide: The Special Case of Gender, Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 22, 320-334
  • Drake, Johnnie, E (2008), The Washington, DC Digital Divide: A States of Digital Disparity, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Capella University
  • Eurostat (2013), “Science, Technology and Innovation in Europe”, Eurostat pocketbooks, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/product_details/publication?p_produc t_code=KS-GN-13-001, (01.08.2013).
  • Eurostat, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database
  • Friedman Thomas L. (2000), Küreselleşmenin Geleceği, Lexus ve Zeytin Ağacı, (Çev. Elif Özsayar), İstanbul: Boyner Yayınları
  • Grosso, Marcello (2006), “Determinants of Broadband Penetration in OECD Nations”, http://www.networkinsight.org/verve/_resources/grossom.pdf (17.02.2011)
  • Gulati, Girish J., Yates, Daved J. (2011), “Strategy, Competition, and Investment: Explaining the Global Divide in E-Government Adoption with Policy Variables”, Electronic Government: An International Journal, 8 (2/3), 124-43.
  • Guillen, Mauro ve Sandra L., Suarez (2001), “Developing the Internet: Entrepreneurship and Public Policy in Ireland, Singapore, Argentina, and Spain” with Mauro Guillén, Telecommunications Policy, 25(5), 349-371
  • Güvel, Enver A ve Aytun, Cengiz (2009), “Sayısal Uçurum, Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği Üzerine Bir Endeks Uygulaması”, Çukurova Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 13(2), 33-54
  • Hargittai, E. (1999), “Weaving The Western Web: “Explaining Differences in Internet Connectivity among OECD Countries”, Telecommuniciations Policy, 23(10- 11) 18-701
  • James, Jeffrey (2004), “Reconstructing the Digital Divide from the Perspective of a Large, Poor, Developing Country”, Journal of Information Technology, 3(1) 172-177
  • Kalça Adem ve Akyazı Haydar, “Dijital Bölünme Fırsat mı Tehdit mi”, Nihal Kargı (Ed), Bilgi Ekonomisi, 1. Baskı içinde (239-263), Ankara:Başak Matbaacılık. Keniston Kennet (2003), “The Four Digital Divides”, http://dandelionpatch.mit.edu/people/kken/PDF/Intro_Sage_1_.pdf, (19.02.2010).
  • Kiiski, Sampsa ve Pohjola, Matti (2002), “ Cross-Country Diffusion of the Internet”, Information Economics and Policy 14, 297–310
  • Lee, Sangwon ve Marcu Mircea (2007), “ An Empirical Analysis of Fixed and Mobile (25.10.2014) Diffusion”
  • http://www.anacom.pt/streaming/estudo.pdf
  • Martin, S.P. ve Robinson, J. P. (2007), “The Income Digital Divide: Trends And PredBİTions For Level Of Internet Use”, Social Problems, 54(1), 1-22
  • Moghaddam B. Khalil, Khatoon, Abadi A. (2013), “ Factors Affecting BİT Adoption Among Rural Users: Acasestudy of BİT Center in Iran”, Telecommunications Policy 37, 1083–1094
  • Montagnier, Pierre ve Wirthmann, Albrecht (2011), “Digital Divide: From Computer Access to Online Activities – A Micro Data Analysis”, OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 189, OECD Publishing.
  • Norris, Pippa (2001), Digital Divide. Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and The Internet Worldwide, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Park, Hyung Lae (2007), Internet Effects on Political Participation: Digital Divide, Causality, and New Digital Divide, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Purdue Universitesi.
  • Riggins, Frederick J. ve Dewan, Sanjeev (2005) “The Digital Divide: Current and Future Research Directions,” Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 6(12), 298-337
  • Robinson ve diğerleri (2003), “New Social Survey Perspectives on the Digital Divide”, IT & Society, 1(5), 1-22
  • Rohlfs, J.H. (2001), Bandwagon Effects in High-Technology Industries, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Steyaert, Jan ve Gould, Nick (2009), “Social Work and the Changing Face of the Digital Divide”, British Journal of Social Work, 740-753.
  • Thomas, Chris S. ve Carvalho, Frederico (2012), “The Global Information Technology Report 2012” Dutta, Soumitta ve Bilbao, Benat editors, Reaching the Third Billion: Arriving at Affordable Broadband to Stimulate Economic Transformation in Emerging http://www3.weforum.org/docs/Global_IT_Report_2012.pdf (14.02.2014). (79-87), World Economic Forum
  • Wallsten, Scott (2005), ‘‘Regulation and Internet Use in Developing Countries.’’ Economic Development and Cultural Change, 53(2), 501–24.
  • Zhang Xiaoqun (2013), “ Income disparity and digital divide: The Internet Consumption Model and cross-country empirical research”, Telecommunications Policy, 37, 515-529.
  • Zhou, Jingye ve Lei Jing (2012), “Digital Divide: How Do Home Internet Access and Parental Support Affect Student Outcomes”, Education (Basel), 2, 45-53; doi:10.3390/educ2010045
  • Zhou Yan, Singh Nirvikar, Kaushik P.D. (2011), “ The digital divide in rural South Asia: Survey evidence from Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka”, IIMB Management Review, 23, 15-29
  • http://www internetworldstats.com/stats4.htm
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Nadide Hüsnüoğlu

Lütfü Öztürk

Publication Date June 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 3 Issue: 5

Cite

APA Hüsnüoğlu, N., & Öztürk, L. (2017). DİJİTAL BÖLÜNME: NEDENLERİ VE TÜRLERİ. Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 3(5), 6-21.
  • Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences