Quadratic Relationship Between Tool Angle of Lift and Draught in an Inclined Narrow Model Chisel Blade: A Soil Bin Parametric Study and Empirical Model Development

Murtala Iyanda; Abdulgafar Usman; Timothy Denen Akpenpuun

doi:10.54287/gujsa.1979438

Quadratic Relationship Between Tool Angle of Lift and Draught in an Inclined Narrow Model Chisel Blade: A Soil Bin Parametric Study and Empirical Model Development

Abstract

Tool geometry is an underused lever for trimming tillage energy, yet the lift angle that minimizes draught for inclined narrow tools in tropical loamy sand has rarely been quantified. This study established the relationship between the tool angle of lift (β) and draught for an inclined narrow model chisel blade and located the angle of least draught. An instrumented laboratory soil bin was used with a loamy-sand soil (cohesion 16.67 kPa; internal-friction angle 26.6°; soil–metal friction angle 29.8°) at 10–12% moisture, testing five lift angles (20, 30, 40, 50, 60°) within a five-level full factorial in a randomised complete block design, with the tool reaction resolved by three orthogonal load cells. Mean draught traced a shallow U-shape, falling from 125.47 N at 20° to a minimum of 114.63 N at 40° before rising to 119.32 N at 60°; fitting a quadratic to the marginal means placed the turning point at β = 42°. The lift-angle effect was highly significant (F = 555.089, p < 0.001), and its interaction with depth was the most significant two-way interaction in the experiment (F = 97.271). A free-body analysis of the cutting forces accounts for the existence of an interior optimum, while classical frictional formulae locate the idealized optimum well below 42° (16.8–31.7° for the measured φ and δ), indicating that the inclined, cohesive–frictional system shifts the practical optimum to a higher angle. The four-factor model (= 0.998) is recommended for prediction. Setting β = 42° in place of a conventional 20° lowered mean draught by about 8.6%, a worthwhile saving for energy-constrained West African smallholdings.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Agricultural Land Management

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Murtala Iyanda
0009-0001-1427-8463
Nigeria

Abdulgafar Usman
0009-0002-4061-427X
Nigeria

Timothy Denen Akpenpuun ^*
0000-0002-3211-3005
Nigeria

Early Pub Date

September 27, 2026

Publication Date

September 30, 2026

Submission Date

June 27, 2026

Acceptance Date

September 2, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 13 Number: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.54287/gujsa.1979438

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA72GC95YB

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Iyanda, M., Usman, A., & Akpenpuun, T. D. (2026). Quadratic Relationship Between Tool Angle of Lift and Draught in an Inclined Narrow Model Chisel Blade: A Soil Bin Parametric Study and Empirical Model Development. Gazi University Journal of Science Part A: Engineering and Innovation, 13(3), 1224-1238. https://doi.org/10.54287/gujsa.1979438

AMA

1.Iyanda M, Usman A, Akpenpuun TD. Quadratic Relationship Between Tool Angle of Lift and Draught in an Inclined Narrow Model Chisel Blade: A Soil Bin Parametric Study and Empirical Model Development. GU J Sci, Part A. 2026;13(3):1224-1238. doi:10.54287/gujsa.1979438

Chicago

Iyanda, Murtala, Abdulgafar Usman, and Timothy Denen Akpenpuun. 2026. “Quadratic Relationship Between Tool Angle of Lift and Draught in an Inclined Narrow Model Chisel Blade: A Soil Bin Parametric Study and Empirical Model Development”. Gazi University Journal of Science Part A: Engineering and Innovation 13 (3): 1224-38. https://doi.org/10.54287/gujsa.1979438.

EndNote

Iyanda M, Usman A, Akpenpuun TD (September 1, 2026) Quadratic Relationship Between Tool Angle of Lift and Draught in an Inclined Narrow Model Chisel Blade: A Soil Bin Parametric Study and Empirical Model Development. Gazi University Journal of Science Part A: Engineering and Innovation 13 3 1224–1238.

IEEE

[1]M. Iyanda, A. Usman, and T. D. Akpenpuun, “Quadratic Relationship Between Tool Angle of Lift and Draught in an Inclined Narrow Model Chisel Blade: A Soil Bin Parametric Study and Empirical Model Development”, GU J Sci, Part A, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 1224–1238, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.54287/gujsa.1979438.

ISNAD

Iyanda, Murtala - Usman, Abdulgafar - Akpenpuun, Timothy Denen. “Quadratic Relationship Between Tool Angle of Lift and Draught in an Inclined Narrow Model Chisel Blade: A Soil Bin Parametric Study and Empirical Model Development”. Gazi University Journal of Science Part A: Engineering and Innovation 13/3 (September 1, 2026): 1224-1238. https://doi.org/10.54287/gujsa.1979438.

JAMA

1.Iyanda M, Usman A, Akpenpuun TD. Quadratic Relationship Between Tool Angle of Lift and Draught in an Inclined Narrow Model Chisel Blade: A Soil Bin Parametric Study and Empirical Model Development. GU J Sci, Part A. 2026;13:1224–1238.

MLA

Iyanda, Murtala, et al. “Quadratic Relationship Between Tool Angle of Lift and Draught in an Inclined Narrow Model Chisel Blade: A Soil Bin Parametric Study and Empirical Model Development”. Gazi University Journal of Science Part A: Engineering and Innovation, vol. 13, no. 3, Sept. 2026, pp. 1224-38, doi:10.54287/gujsa.1979438.

Vancouver

1.Murtala Iyanda, Abdulgafar Usman, Timothy Denen Akpenpuun. Quadratic Relationship Between Tool Angle of Lift and Draught in an Inclined Narrow Model Chisel Blade: A Soil Bin Parametric Study and Empirical Model Development. GU J Sci, Part A. 2026 Sep. 1;13(3):1224-38. doi:10.54287/gujsa.1979438