Research Article
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Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 113 - 130, 27.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.54287/gujsa.1244790

Abstract

References

  • Akbaş, S. O., & Kulhawy, F. H. (2010). Characterization and estimation of geotechnical variability in Ankara clay: a case history. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 28(5), 619-631. doi:10.1007/s10706-010-9320-x
  • Bahadir, A. A., & Onur, M. İ. (2018). “Derin Kazı Analizlerinde Küçük Şekil Değiştirme Rijitliğinin Etkisi”. El-Cezeri, 5(1), 96-106. doi:10.31202/ecjse.364289
  • Bozkurt, S. (2017). Application of finite element method in geotechnical risk analysis: An application for supported deep excavations (in Turkish). MSc Thesis, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Bryson, L. S., & Zapata-Medina, D. G. (2012). Method for estimating system stiffness for excavation support walls. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 138(9), 1104-1115. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000683
  • Carswell, W., & Siebert, D. R. (2021, May 10-14). Factor of Safety against Basal Heave and the Evaluation of Global Soil Movements. In: C. E. Mohtar, S. Kulesza, T. Baser, & M. D. Venezia (Eds.), Selected Papers from the Sessions of the International Foundations Congress and Equipment, Earth Retention, Ground Improvement, and Seepage Control (IFCEE 2021), (pp. 123-132). doi:10.1061/9780784483411.012
  • Cavlaz, C. R. (2017). Comparison of the instrumentation results obtained from supported deep excavation case histories with finite element analyses (in Turkish). MSc Thesis, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Clough, G. W., Smith, E. M., & Sweeney, B. P. (1989, June 25-29). Movement Control of Excavation Support Systems by Iterative Design. In: F. H. Kulhawy (Eds.), Proceedings of the Foundation Engineering Congress on Current Principles and Practices, Vol. 2, (pp. 869-884), ASCE, New York.
  • Clough, G. W., & O’Rourke, T. D. (1990, June 18-21). Construction Induced Movements of Insitu walls. In: P. C. Lambe, & L. A. Hansen (Eds.), Proceedings of the Specialty Conference on Design and Performance of Earth Retaining Structures, (pp. 439-470), ASCE, New York.
  • Craig, R. F. (2004). Craig’s soil mechanics. CRC press.
  • Çalışan, O. (2009, September 23). “Ankara Kilinde Yapılan 20 m Derinliğindeki Bir Kazının Geri Analizi”, In: Proceedings of 5. METU Geotechnical Symposium, (pp. 1-12), Ankara.
  • Duncan, J. M., & Buchignani, A. L. (1976). An engineering manual for settlement studies. Berkeley: Department of Civil Engineering, University of California.
  • Engin, A. T. (2019). Finite element analysis of a deep excavation: A case study. MSc Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Harr, M. E. (1984). Reliability-based design in civil engineering (Vol. 20). Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, North Carolina State University.
  • Karatağ, H. (2012). The comparison of the calculated and observed behavior of an anchored retaining wall (in Turkish). MSc Thesis, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Kökten, Ö., & Yıldız, E. (2018). A study on the reliability analysis of a deep excavation supported with anchored pile walls. ce/papers, 2(2-3, Special Issue), 463-468. doi:10.1002/cepa.714
  • Kulhawy, F. H. (1992). On the evaluation of soil properties. ASCE Geotechnical Special Publications, Vol. 31, (pp. 95-115).
  • Long, M. (2001). Database for Retaining Wall and Ground Movements Due to Deep Excavations. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 127(3), 203-224. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:3(203)
  • Moormann, C. (2004). Analysis of Wall and Ground Movements Due to Deep Excavations in Soft Soil Based on a New Worldwide Database. Soils and Foundations, 44(1), 87-98. doi:10.3208/sandf.44.87
  • Özyürek, Y. E. (2019). Two dimensional finite element modeling for the multi tier pile wall with anchor shoring system. MSc Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • PLAXIS 2D Material Models Manual. (2022). PLAXIS BV. Delft, The Netherlands: P.O. Box 572, 2600 AN. https://communities.bentley.com/products/geotech-analysis/w/wiki/46137/manuals---plaxis
  • PLAXIS 2D Ultimate [Software]. (2022). PLAXIS BV. Delft, The Netherlands: P.O. Box 572, 2600 AN.
  • Python version 3.11 [Programing Language]. (2022, October 24). The Python Software Foundation. https://www.python.org/downloads/
  • Sabatini, P. J., Pass, D. G., & Bachus, R. C. (1999). Ground anchors and anchored systems (Report No. FHWA-IF-99-015). United States Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Bridge Technology.
  • Sorensen, K. K., & Okkels, N. (2013, September 2-6). Correlation between drained shear strength and plasticity index of undisturbed overconsolidated clays. In: P. Delage, J. Desrues, R. Frank, A. Puech, & F. Schlosser (Eds.), Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ICSMGE), Vol. 1, (pp. 423-428).
  • Şahin, M. (2017). The investigation of an instrumentally observed deep excavation by numerical analyses (in Turkish). MSc Thesis, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Türkiye.
  • Ünver, M., & Ünver, İ. S. (2022). Monitoring of a deep excavation supported by anchored retaining walls. Indian Geotechnical Journal, 52(1), 227-236. doi:10.1007/s40098-021-00544-5
  • Yeler, M. (2019). Comparison of design deformations calculated with finite element method an inclinometer measurement in excavation support system with bored pile (in Turkish). MSc Thesis, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Türkiye.

Effect of Wall Stiffness on Excavation-Induced Horizontal Deformations in Stiff-Hard Clays

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 113 - 130, 27.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.54287/gujsa.1244790

Abstract

Excavation-induced ground movements are affected by the stiffness of the support system as well as the soil properties. Displacement estimations of deep excavations are generally made using the finite element method (FEM). However, the accuracy and reliability of the results obtained from the finite element calculations will change significantly in proportion with the quality of the parameters employed in the program, thus, the use of probabilistic analysis that considers soil variability’s impact has become a popular approach in recent studies. Based on these considerations, this study aims to investigate the influence of wall bending stiffness on excavation-induced lateral displacements for deep excavations in stiff to hard clays, and provide a practical methodology to be used in preliminary design. For this purpose, finite element analyses were carried out using various practically achievable support system stiffness values and soil parameters. Considering the inherent variability of the soil, effective stress friction angle and effective cohesion of the soil were randomly generated by Monte Carlo simulations to be used in the finite element analyses. The performance of the analyses was evaluated using results from 22 case histories from deep excavations in stiff-hard clays. The results indicate that, lateral movement in excavations in stiff-hard clays is minimally affected by the stiffness of the wall. Soil variability was found to have a significant impact on the outcome of Monte Carlo simulations, resulting in a wide range of normalized maximum lateral deformations for a given wall stiffness. A new stiffness factor has been proposed that incorporates the horizontal spacing of the support elements, which is capable of covering a wider range of excavation support system types, thus enhancing the accuracy of the analyses.

References

  • Akbaş, S. O., & Kulhawy, F. H. (2010). Characterization and estimation of geotechnical variability in Ankara clay: a case history. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 28(5), 619-631. doi:10.1007/s10706-010-9320-x
  • Bahadir, A. A., & Onur, M. İ. (2018). “Derin Kazı Analizlerinde Küçük Şekil Değiştirme Rijitliğinin Etkisi”. El-Cezeri, 5(1), 96-106. doi:10.31202/ecjse.364289
  • Bozkurt, S. (2017). Application of finite element method in geotechnical risk analysis: An application for supported deep excavations (in Turkish). MSc Thesis, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Bryson, L. S., & Zapata-Medina, D. G. (2012). Method for estimating system stiffness for excavation support walls. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 138(9), 1104-1115. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000683
  • Carswell, W., & Siebert, D. R. (2021, May 10-14). Factor of Safety against Basal Heave and the Evaluation of Global Soil Movements. In: C. E. Mohtar, S. Kulesza, T. Baser, & M. D. Venezia (Eds.), Selected Papers from the Sessions of the International Foundations Congress and Equipment, Earth Retention, Ground Improvement, and Seepage Control (IFCEE 2021), (pp. 123-132). doi:10.1061/9780784483411.012
  • Cavlaz, C. R. (2017). Comparison of the instrumentation results obtained from supported deep excavation case histories with finite element analyses (in Turkish). MSc Thesis, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Clough, G. W., Smith, E. M., & Sweeney, B. P. (1989, June 25-29). Movement Control of Excavation Support Systems by Iterative Design. In: F. H. Kulhawy (Eds.), Proceedings of the Foundation Engineering Congress on Current Principles and Practices, Vol. 2, (pp. 869-884), ASCE, New York.
  • Clough, G. W., & O’Rourke, T. D. (1990, June 18-21). Construction Induced Movements of Insitu walls. In: P. C. Lambe, & L. A. Hansen (Eds.), Proceedings of the Specialty Conference on Design and Performance of Earth Retaining Structures, (pp. 439-470), ASCE, New York.
  • Craig, R. F. (2004). Craig’s soil mechanics. CRC press.
  • Çalışan, O. (2009, September 23). “Ankara Kilinde Yapılan 20 m Derinliğindeki Bir Kazının Geri Analizi”, In: Proceedings of 5. METU Geotechnical Symposium, (pp. 1-12), Ankara.
  • Duncan, J. M., & Buchignani, A. L. (1976). An engineering manual for settlement studies. Berkeley: Department of Civil Engineering, University of California.
  • Engin, A. T. (2019). Finite element analysis of a deep excavation: A case study. MSc Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Harr, M. E. (1984). Reliability-based design in civil engineering (Vol. 20). Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, North Carolina State University.
  • Karatağ, H. (2012). The comparison of the calculated and observed behavior of an anchored retaining wall (in Turkish). MSc Thesis, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Kökten, Ö., & Yıldız, E. (2018). A study on the reliability analysis of a deep excavation supported with anchored pile walls. ce/papers, 2(2-3, Special Issue), 463-468. doi:10.1002/cepa.714
  • Kulhawy, F. H. (1992). On the evaluation of soil properties. ASCE Geotechnical Special Publications, Vol. 31, (pp. 95-115).
  • Long, M. (2001). Database for Retaining Wall and Ground Movements Due to Deep Excavations. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 127(3), 203-224. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:3(203)
  • Moormann, C. (2004). Analysis of Wall and Ground Movements Due to Deep Excavations in Soft Soil Based on a New Worldwide Database. Soils and Foundations, 44(1), 87-98. doi:10.3208/sandf.44.87
  • Özyürek, Y. E. (2019). Two dimensional finite element modeling for the multi tier pile wall with anchor shoring system. MSc Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • PLAXIS 2D Material Models Manual. (2022). PLAXIS BV. Delft, The Netherlands: P.O. Box 572, 2600 AN. https://communities.bentley.com/products/geotech-analysis/w/wiki/46137/manuals---plaxis
  • PLAXIS 2D Ultimate [Software]. (2022). PLAXIS BV. Delft, The Netherlands: P.O. Box 572, 2600 AN.
  • Python version 3.11 [Programing Language]. (2022, October 24). The Python Software Foundation. https://www.python.org/downloads/
  • Sabatini, P. J., Pass, D. G., & Bachus, R. C. (1999). Ground anchors and anchored systems (Report No. FHWA-IF-99-015). United States Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Bridge Technology.
  • Sorensen, K. K., & Okkels, N. (2013, September 2-6). Correlation between drained shear strength and plasticity index of undisturbed overconsolidated clays. In: P. Delage, J. Desrues, R. Frank, A. Puech, & F. Schlosser (Eds.), Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ICSMGE), Vol. 1, (pp. 423-428).
  • Şahin, M. (2017). The investigation of an instrumentally observed deep excavation by numerical analyses (in Turkish). MSc Thesis, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Türkiye.
  • Ünver, M., & Ünver, İ. S. (2022). Monitoring of a deep excavation supported by anchored retaining walls. Indian Geotechnical Journal, 52(1), 227-236. doi:10.1007/s40098-021-00544-5
  • Yeler, M. (2019). Comparison of design deformations calculated with finite element method an inclinometer measurement in excavation support system with bored pile (in Turkish). MSc Thesis, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Türkiye.
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Civil Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Civil Engineering
Authors

Gamze Üçdemir 0000-0002-4274-5823

Sami Akbaş 0000-0002-7872-1604

Early Pub Date May 3, 2023
Publication Date June 27, 2023
Submission Date January 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Üçdemir, G., & Akbaş, S. (2023). Effect of Wall Stiffness on Excavation-Induced Horizontal Deformations in Stiff-Hard Clays. Gazi University Journal of Science Part A: Engineering and Innovation, 10(2), 113-130. https://doi.org/10.54287/gujsa.1244790