Consequence Analysis of An Industrial Accident at a Fuel Station

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 4, 378 - 391, 31.12.2023

Saliha Çetinyokuş , Ece Pamuk

https://doi.org/10.54287/gujsa.1328619

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Major industrial accident is a type of technological disaster that may require extraordinary intervention in areas outside the facility, in addition to those affected within the facility. It causes damage to the environment and loss of life at the time it occurs or afterward. Studies to be carried out to prevent these accidents Zor to reduce their effects are important. In this study, a case study for the consequences of an industrial accident that may occur in a fuel station was analyzed. Firstly, possible accident scenarios were created by obtaining chemical, atmospheric and source data. The LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) storage tank (40m3) was considered in modeling a fuel station in the Korfez district of Kocaeli province, where the industry is dense in Turkey. The average atmospheric data of the province for the months of August and January were used to represent summer and winter conditions, respectively. Threat zones were produced with ALOHA (Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres) software based on a release to atmosphere without burning, a jet fire as a result of a leak in the LPG tank and BLEVE scenarios. The two most dangerous scenarios were determined as a possible jet fire in August and a possible BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion) in January. Overpressure effects were also obtained using the BST (Baker-Strehlow-Tang) method, thus ensuring the validation. With the software, the vapor cloud explosion distance as a result of the leak in August was obtained as 456m and 268m for the yellow (6.89kPa) and orange (24.13kPa) threat zones, respectively. Overpressure in an area of 500 meters was calculated as 5.06kPa with BST method. This calculated overpressure has the potential for damage that can lead to glass and window breakage in parallel with the ALOHA output. It has been determined that indirect injuries may occur to living beings.

Keywords

Consequence Modelling, Model Validation, Hazard Identification, Risk Analysis, Fuel Station

References

• Acikgoz, V. (2012). Modeling of Fire and Explosion Conditions in LPG Storage Tanks. MSc Thesis, Yildiz Technical University Institute of Science and Technology, İstanbul.
• Ahn, M. S., Lee, H. E., Cheon, K. S., Joo, H. G., Ochang Chemical Safety Community, & Son, B.-S. (2020). Feasibility Evaluation of Designated Quantities for Chemicals Requiring Preparation for Accidents in the Korean Chemical Accident Prevention System. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Healty, 17(6), 1927. https://www.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061927
• Bai, Y., Xin, B., Yu, J., Dang, W., Yan, X., & Yu, A. (2021). Risk-based quantitative method for determining blast-resistant and defense loads of petrochemical buildings. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 70, 104407. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2021.104407
• Barjoee, S. S., Elmi, M. R., Varaoon, V. T., Keykhosravi, S. S., & Karimi, F. (2022). Hazards of toluene storage tanks in a petrochemical plant: modeling effects, consequence analysis, and comparison of two modeling programs. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(3), 4587-4615. https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15864-5
• BP Group (2021). Safety Data Sheet, BP Butane, BP Australia. (Accessed:18/09/2023) PDF:https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/country-sites/en_au/australia/home/products-services/data-sheets/bp-butane.pdf
• Casal, J. (2018). Evaluation of the effects and consequences of major accidents in industrial plants (Second Edition). Elsevier. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/C2016-0-00740-4
• Cetinyokus, S. (2017). Determination of explosion, fire and toxic emission physical effect areas. Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 23(7), 845-853. https://www.doi.org/10.5505/pajes.2016.90093
• Demircan, Y. (2010). Determination of Risks in Storage of Flammable, Explosive and Toxic Substances in Industrial Facilities. MSc Thesis, Sakarya University, Institute of Science and Technology, Sakarya.
• Fitzgerald, G. A. (2001, October 30-31). A comparison of simple vapor cloud explosion prediction methodologies. In: 2nd Annual Symposium Beyond Regulatory Compliance: Making Safety Second Nature (pp. 1-46). Texas.
• GBS (2019). Horizontal LPG Storage Tank Technical Specifications. GBS Pressure Vessels Inc. (Accessed:18/09/2023) URL:http://www.guvenbombe.com.tr/yatay_lpg_depolama_tanki.asp
• Directorate General of Spatial Planning (2018). Basiskele district, 1/5000 Master and 1/1000 scale Implementation Plans for Harbor Area. Republic of Türkiye, Minister of Environment, Urbanisation and Climate Change.
• Guan, W., Liu, Q., & Dong, C. (2022). Risk assessment method for industrial accident consequences and human vulnerability in urban areas. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 76, 104745. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2022.104745
• Huang, Y., & Ma, G. (2018). A grid-based risk screening method for fire and explosion events of hydrogen refuelling stations. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 43(1), 442-454. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.10.153
• Jones, R., Lehr, W., Simecek-Beatty, D., & Reynolds, M. (2013). ALOHA® (Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres) 5.4. 4. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS OR&R 43. Technical Documentation. (Accessed:18/09/2023) PDF:https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/ALOHA_Tech_Doc.pdf
• Lee, H., Yoon, S., Sohn, J.-R., Huh, D.-A., Lee, B., & Moon, K. (2019). Flammable Substances in Korea Considering the Domino Effect: Assessment of Safety Distance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(6), 969. https://www.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16060969
• Liu, C., Wang, Z., Ma, C., & Wang, X. (2020). Influencing factors of the chain effect of spherical gas cloud explosion. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 142, 359-369. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.06.007
• Ma, G., & Huang, Y. (2019). Safety assessment of explosions during gas stations refilling process. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 60, 133-144. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2019.04.012
• Nakayama, J., Suzuki, T., Owada, S., Shiota, K., Izato, Y., Noguchi, K., & Miyake, A. (2022). Qualitative risk analysis of the overhead hydrogen piping at the conceptual process design stage. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 47, 11725-11738. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.01.199
• Rocourt, X., Sochet, I., & Pellegrinelli, B. (2023). Application of the TNO multi-energy and Baker-Strehlow-Tang methods to predict hydrogen explosion effects from small-scale experiments. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 81, 104976. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2023.104976
• Shi, Y., Xie, C., Li, Z., & Ding, Y. (2021). A quantitative correlation of evaluating the flame speed for the BST method in vapor cloud explosions. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 73, 104622. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2021.104622
• Shi, J., Zhang, H., Li, J., Xie, W., Zhao, W., Usmani, A. S., & Chen, G. (2023). Real-time natural gas explosion modeling of offshore platforms by using deep learning probability approach. Ocean Engineering, 276, 114244. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.114244
• Sierra, D., Montecchi, L., & Mura, I. (2019). Stochastic modeling and analysis of vapor cloud explosions domino effects in chemical plants. Journal of the Brazilian Computer Society, 25(1), 11. https://www.doi.org/10.1186/s13173-019-0092-8
• Sun, J., Sun, D., Asif, M., Fang, B., Bai, Y., Qin, W., Pan, T., Jiang, J., Zhang, M., & Wang, Z. (2021). Insight into the safety distance of ground and underground installations in typical petrochemical plant. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 69, 104355. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2020.104355
• TS 12820 (2006). Fuel Stations Safety Requirements Standard, TSE. (Accessed:18/09/2023) URL:https://intweb.tse.org.tr/Standard/Standard/Standard.aspx?081118051115108051104119110104055047105102120088111043113104073099079049085089117102109072082080
• Tuncay, H. S. (2014). Investigation of Explosive Environments Specific to Fuel Stations and Preparation of Occupational Health and Safety Guide in Explosive Environments. Occupational Health and Safety Specialization Thesis, Ministry of Labor and Social Security Directorate General of Occupational Health and Safety, Ankara.
• Wang, X., Shen, X., Qian, X., Hu, Q., Yuan, M., Li, M., & Jiang, J. (2023). Case study of fire and explosion accident based on damage consequence and numerical results: Explosion medium traceability. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 49, 103171. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2023.103171
• Witlox, H. W. M., Fernandez, M., Harper, M., Oke, A., Stene, J., & Xu, Y. (2018). Verification and validation of PHAST consequence models for accidental releases of toxic or flammable chemicals to the atmosphere. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 55, 457-470. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2018.07.014
• Wu, M., Zhang, G.-W., An, Z.-Y., & Liu, X.-P. (2023). Modelling of hazardous chemical gas building ingress and consequence analysis during a leak accident, Indoor and Built Environment, 32(4), 783-796. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/1420326X221137244
• Yu, X., Kong, D., He, X., & Ping, P. (2023). Risk Analysis of Fire and Explosion of Hydrogen-Gasoline Hybrid Refueling Station Based on Accident Risk Assessment Method for Industrial System. Fire, 6(5), 181. https://www.doi.org/10.3390/fire6050181