Virtual Reality in Product Design: Researches between 1997 and 2021

Year 2021, Volume: 9 Issue: 4, 371 - 391, 31.12.2021

Damla Akdaş , Alper Çalgüner

Abstract

Virtual reality technologies, which provide an interactive and immersive 3D experience and visualization in real size, have currently spread to many fields like gaming, health, education, military, and also product design. Studies about applications of VR technologies in product design have begun to increase from year to year. This study aims to give suggestions about the topics that the next studies can focus on by scanning articles published between 1997 and 2021 systematically according to six macro-categories (early stages, co-design, 3D modeling, virtual assembly and prototyping, mechanical simulation, finite element method (FEM), product evaluation and education) and the technologies (HMD, desktop, and CAVE) used which is developed by Berni and Borgianni (2020).

Keywords

Virtual Reality, Product Design, macro-categories

References

• Abdelhameed, W.A. 2014. "Creativity and VR Use." In Rethinking Comprehensive Design: Speculative Counterculture, Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA), 719-728.
• Abulrub, A. H. G., Attridge, A. N., & Williams, M. A. (2011, April). Virtual reality in engineering education: The future of creative learning. In 2011 IEEE global engineering education conference (EDUCON) (pp. 751-757). IEEE.
• Achten, H., De Vries, B., Jessurun, J., & DDDOOLZ, A. (2000). Virtual Reality Sketch Tool for Early Design. In Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia, National University of Singapore, Singapore (pp. 451-460).
• Adenauer, J., Israel, J. H., & Stark, R. (2013). Virtual reality technologies for creative design. In CIRP Design 2012 (pp. 125-135). Springer, London.
• Aitoro, J. (2016, October 25). 30 Years: Virtual Reality — Training Transformation. DefenseNews. https://www.vrs.org.uk/virtual-reality/who-coined-the-term.html
• Anthes, C., García-Hernández, R. J., Wiedemann, M., & Kranzlmüller, D. (2016, March). State of the art of virtual reality technology. In 2016 IEEE Aerospace Conference (pp. 1-19). IEEE.
• Azuma, R. T. (1997). A survey of augmented reality. Presence: teleoperators & virtual environments, 6(4), 355-385.
• Backhaus, K., Jasper, J., Westhoff, K., Gausemeier, J., Grafe, M., & Stöcklein, J. (2014). Virtual reality based conjoint analysis for early customer integration in industrial product development. Procedia CIRP, 25, 61-68.
• Berg, L. P., & Vance, J. M. (2017). An industry case study: investigating early design decision making in virtual reality. Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering, 17(1).
• Berg, L. P., & Vance, J. M. (2017). Industry use of virtual reality in product design and manufacturing: a survey. Virtual reality, 21(1), 1-17.
• Berni, A., & Borgianni, Y. (2020). Applications of Virtual Reality in Engineering and Product Design: Why, What, How, When and Where. Electronics, 9(7), 1064.
• Bharathi, A. K. B. G., & Tucker, C. S. (2015, August). Investigating the impact of interactive immersive virtual reality environments in enhancing task performance in online engineering design activities. In International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference (Vol. 57106, p. V003T04A004). American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
• Bochenek, G. M., & Ragusa, J. M. (2004). Improving integrated project team interaction through virtual (3D) collaboration. Engineering Management Journal, 16(2), 3-12.
• Bordegoni, M., & Ferrise, F. (2013). Designing interaction with consumer products in a multisensory virtual reality environment: this paper shows how virtual reality technology can be used instead of physical artifacts or mock-ups for the new product and evaluation of its usage. Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 8(1), 51-64.
• Bordegoni, M., Colombo, G., & Formentini, L. (2006). Haptic technologies for the conceptual and validation phases of product design. Computers & Graphics, 30(3), 377-390.
• Bordegoni, M., Ferrise, F., Covarrubias, M., & Antolini, M. (2010). Haptic and sound interface for shape rendering. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 19(4), 341-363.
• Brockwell, H. (2016, April 03). Forgotten genius: the man who made a working VR machine in 1957. Techradar. https://www.techradar.com/news/wearables/forgotten-genius-the-man-who-made-a-working-vr-machine-in-1957-1318253/2
• Bruno, F., Caruso, F., Li, K., Milite, A., & Muzzupappa, M. (2009). Dynamic simulation of virtual prototypes in immersive environment. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 43(5), 620-630.
• Butterworth, J., Davidson, A., Hench, S., & Olano, M. T. (1992, June). 3DM: A three dimensional modeler using a head-mounted display. In Proceedings of the 1992 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics (pp. 135-138).
• Camburn, B., Viswanathan, V., Linsey, J., Anderson, D., Jensen, D., Crawford, R., ... & Wood, K. (2017). Design prototyping methods: state of the art in strategies, techniques, and guidelines. Design Science, 3.
• Cecil, J., & Kanchanapiboon, A. (2007). Virtual engineering approaches in product and process design. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 31(9-10), 846-856.
• Chen, L., Wang, K. Q., & Xu, R. P. (2011). The Study of Products Design & Developement Using Virtual Clay Modeling System. In Applied Mechanics and Materials (Vol. 44, pp. 2101-2105). Trans Tech Publications Ltd.
• Choi, S. H., & Chan, A. M. M. (2003). A layer-based virtual prototyping system for product development. Computers in Industry, 51(3), 237-256.
• Choi, S. H., & Chan, A. M. M. (2004). A virtual prototyping system for rapid product development. Computer-aided design, 36(5), 401-412.
• Choi, S. H., & Cheung, H. H. (2008). A versatile virtual prototyping system for rapid product development. Computers in Industry, 59(5), 477-488.
• Craig, A. B., Sherman, W. R., & Will, J. D. (2009). Developing virtual reality applications: Foundations of effective design. Morgan Kaufmann.
• Czernuszenko, M., Pape, D., Sandin, D., DeFanti, T., Dawe, G. L., & Brown, M. D. (1997). The ImmersaDesk and Infinity Wall projection-based virtual reality displays. ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, 31(2), 46-49.
• Dani, T. H., & Gadh, R. (1997). Creation of concept shape designs via a virtual reality interface. Computer-Aided Design, 29(8), 555-563.
• De Araùjo, B. R., Casiez, G., & Jorge, J. A. (2012). Mockup builder: direct 3D modeling on and above the surface in a continuous interaction space. In Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2012 (pp. 173-180).
• De Araújo, B. R., Casiez, G., Jorge, J. A., & Hachet, M. (2013). Mockup Builder: 3D modeling on and above the surface. Computers & Graphics, 37(3), 165-178.
• de Back, T. T., Tinga, A. M., Nguyen, P., & Louwerse, M. M. (2020). Benefits of immersive collaborative learning in CAVE-based virtual reality. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 17(1), 1-18.
• De Crescenzio, F., Bagassi, S., Asfaux, S., & Lawson, N. (2019). Human centred design and evaluation of cabin interiors for business jet aircraft in virtual reality. International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM), 13(2), 761-772.
• De Sa, A. G., & Zachmann, G. (1999). Virtual reality as a tool for verification of assembly and maintenance processes. Computers & Graphics, 23(3), 389-403.
• DeFanti, T., Acevedo, D., Ainsworth, R., Brown, M., Cutchin, S., Dawe, G., ... & Wickham, G. (2011). The future of the CAVE. Open Engineering, 1(1), 16-37.
• Dormehl, L. (2017, November 13). 8 virtual reality milestones that took it from sci-fi to your living room. Digitaltrends. https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/history-of-virtual-reality/
• Dorta, T. (2007). Implementing and assessing the hybrid ideation space: a cognitive artefact for conceptual design. Moon, 61, 77.
• Elbert, R., Knigge, J. K., Makhlouf, R., & Sarnow, T. (2019). Experimental study on user rating of virtual reality applications in manual order picking. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 52(13), 719-724.
• Eroglu, S., Gebhardt, S., Schmitz, P., Rausch, D., & Kuhlen, T. W. (2018, March). Fluid Sketching―Immersive Sketching Based on Fluid Flow. In 2018 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR) (pp. 475-482). IEEE.
• Evans, G., Hoover, M., & Winer, E. (2020). Development of a 3D Conceptual Design Environment Using a Head Mounted Display Virtual Reality System. Journal of Software Engineering and Applications, 13(10), 258.
• Evans, P. T., Vance, J. M., & Dark, V. J. (1999). Assessing the effectiveness of traditional and virtual reality interfaces in spherical mechanism design.
• Falcão, C. S., & Soares, M. M. (2013, July). Application of virtual reality technologies in consumer product usability. In International Conference of Design, User Experience, and Usability (pp. 342-351). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
• Fiorentino, M., De Amicis, R., Stork, A., & Monno, G. (2002). Surface design in virtual reality as industrial application. In DS 30: Proceedings of DESIGN 2002, the 7th International Design Conference, Dubrovnik (pp. 477-482).
• Freeman, I. J., Salmon, J. L., & Coburn, J. Q. (2016, November). CAD integration in virtual reality design reviews for improved engineering model interaction. In ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (Vol. 50657, p. V011T15A006). American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
• Geszten, D., Hámornik, B. P., Komlodi, A., Hercegfi, K., Szabó, B., & Young, A. (2015). Qualitative analysis of user experience in a 3D virtual environment. In Proceedings of the 78th ASIS&T Annual Meeting: Information Science with Impact: Research in and for the Community (p. 124). American Society for Information Science.
• Górski, F., Buń, P., Wichniarek, R., Zawadzki, P., & Hamrol, A. (2016). Design and implementation of a complex virtual reality system for product design with active participation of end user. In Advances in Human Factors, Software, and Systems Engineering (pp. 31-43). Springer, Cham.
• Gravity Sketch. (2021). Think in 3D. Create in 3D. https://www.gravitysketch.com/
• Guo, Z., Zhou, D., Chen, J., Geng, J., Lv, C., & Zeng, S. (2018). Using virtual reality to support the product’s maintainability design: Immersive maintainability verification and evaluation system. Computers in Industry, 101, 41-50.
• Guo, Z., Zhou, D., Zhou, Q., Mei, S., Zeng, S., Yu, D., & Chen, J. (2020). A hybrid method for evaluation of maintainability towards a design process using virtual reality. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 140, 106227.
• Gutierrez, M., Vexo, F., & Thalmann, D. (2008). Stepping into virtual reality. Springer Science & Business Media.
• Hale, K. S., & Stanney, K. M. (2014). Handbook of virtual environments: Design, implementation, and applications. CRC Press.
• Heim, S. (2007). The resonant interface: HCI foundations for interaction design. Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc.
• Hua, H. (2017). Enabling focus cues in head-mounted displays. Proceedings of the IEEE, 105(5), 805-824.
• Huang, H., & Lee, C. F. (2019). Factors affecting usability of 3D model learning in a virtual reality environment. Interactive Learning Environments, 1-14.
• Huang, H., Lin, C., & Cai, D. (2021). Enhancing the learning effect of virtual reality 3D modeling: a new model of learner’s design collaboration and a comparison of its field system usability. Universal Access in the Information Society, 20(3), 429-440.
• Hwang, J., Jung, J., Yim, S., Cheon, J., Lee, S., Choi, S., & Kim, G. J. (2006). Requirements, implementation and applications of hand-held virtual reality. International Journal of Virtual Reality, 5(2), 59-66.
• Impelluso, T., & Metoyer‐Guidry, T. (2001). Virtual reality and learning by design: Tools for integrating mechanical engineering concepts. Journal of Engineering Education, 90(4), 527-534.
• Impelluso, T., & Metoyer‐Guidry, T. (2001). Virtual reality and learning by design: Tools for integrating mechanical engineering concepts. Journal of Engineering Education, 90(4), 527-534.
• Innes, D. (2018). Virtually Handcrafted: An Investigation of Immersive Architectural Design Processes.
• Irvine, K. 2017. XR: VR, AR, MR – What’s the Difference. Viget. https://www.viget.com/articles/xr-vr-ar-mr-whats-the-difference/
• Israel, J. H., Mauderli, L., & Greslin, L. (2013, July). Mastering digital materiality in immersive modelling. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling (pp. 15-22).
• Israel, J. H., Wiese, E., Mateescu, M., Zöllner, C., & Stark, R. (2009). Investigating three-dimensional sketching for early conceptual design—Results from expert discussions and user studies. Computers & Graphics, 33(4), 462-473.
• James E.. Melzer, & Moffitt, K. W. (1997). Head-mounted Displays: Designing for the User. McGraw-Hill.
• Jayaram, S., Connacher, H. I., & Lyons, K. W. (1997). Virtual assembly using virtual reality techniques. Computer-aided design, 29(8), 575-584.
• Jayaram, S., Jayaram, U., Wang, Y., Tirumali, H., Lyons, K., & Hart, P. (1999). VADE: a virtual assembly design environment. IEEE computer graphics and applications, 19(6), 44-50.
• Jayasekera, R. D. M. D., & Xu, X. (2019). Assembly validation in virtual reality—a demonstrative case. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 105(9), 3579-3592.
• Jimeno, A., & Puerta, A. (2007). State of the art of the virtual reality applied to design and manufacturing processes. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 33(9-10), 866-874.
• Kameyama, K. I. (1997, September). Virtual clay modeling system. In Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology (pp. 197-200). Keefe, D., Zeleznik, R., & Laidlaw, D. (2007). Drawing on air: Input techniques for controlled 3D line illustration. IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics, 13(5), 1067-1081.
• Kovar, J., Mouralova, K., Ksica, F., Kroupa, J., Andrs, O., & Hadas, Z. (2016, December). Virtual reality in context of Industry 4.0 proposed projects at Brno University of Technology. In 2016 17th International Conference on Mechatronics-Mechatronika (ME) (pp. 1-7). IEEE.
• Kraal, J. C., & Vance, J. M. (2001). VEMECS: A virtual reality interface for spherical mechanism design. Journal of Engineering Design, 12(3), 245-254.
• Krause, F. L., Göbel, M., Wesche, G., & Biahmou, T. (2004). A three-stage conceptual design process using virtual environments.
• Lanzotti, A., Di Gironimo, G., Matrone, G., Patalano, S., & Renno, F. (2009). Virtual concepts and experiments to improve quality of train interiors. International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM), 3(2), 65-79.
• Lau, K. W. (2012). A study of students’ learning experiences in creativity training in design education: An empirical research in virtual reality. Journal of Design Research, 10(3), 170-188.
• Lehner, V. D., & DeFanti, T. A. (1997). Distributed virtual reality: Supporting remote collaboration in vehicle design. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 17(2), 13-17.
• Liarokapis, F., & Anderson, E. F. (2010). Using augmented reality as a medium to assist teaching in higher education.
• Liu, Y., Castronovo, F., Messner, J., & Leicht, R. (2020). Evaluating the impact of virtual reality on design review meetings. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 34(1), 04019045.
• Lukačević, F., Škec, S., Törlind, P., & Štorga, M. (2021). Identifying subassemblies and understanding their functions during a design review in immersive and non-immersive virtual environments. Frontiers of Engineering Management, 8(3), 412-428.
• Mahdjoub, M., Gomes, S., Sagot, J. C., & Bluntzer, J. B. (2007, September). Virtual Reality for a human-centered design methodology. In 6th Eurosim (federation of European simulation societies) congress on modeling and simulation (pp. 9-13).
• Mäkelä, W., Reunanen, M., & Takala, T. (2004, October). Possibilities and limitations of immersive free-hand expression: a case study with professional artists. In Proceedings of the 12th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia (pp. 504-507).
• Makris, S., Rentzos, L., Pintzos, G., Mavrikios, D., & Chryssolouris, G. (2012). Semantic-based taxonomy for immersive product design using VR techniques. CIRP annals, 61(1), 147-150.
• Marks, S., Estevez, J. E., & Connor, A. M. (2014, November). Towards the Holodeck: fully immersive virtual reality visualisation of scientific and engineering data. In Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Image and Vision Computing New Zealand (pp. 42-47).
• Mazuryk, T., & Gervautz, M. (1996). History, Applications, Technology and Future. Virtual Reality, 72.
• Moreau, G., Fuchs, P., & Stergiopoulos, P. (2004). Applications of Virtual Reality in the manufacturing industry: from design review to ergonomic studies. Mécanique & Industries, 5(2), 171-179.
• Muhanna, M. A. (2015). Virtual reality and the CAVE: Taxonomy, interaction challenges and research directions. Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences, 27(3), 344-361.
• Naef, M., & Payne, J. (2007, March). Autoeval mkII-interaction design for a VR design review system. In 2007 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces. IEEE.
• Naone, E. (2008, December 22). Déjà View. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2008/12/22/268046/d-j-view/
• Noon, C., Zhang, R., Winer, E., Oliver, J., Gilmore, B., & Duncan, J. (2012). A system for rapid creation and assessment of conceptual large vehicle designs using immersive virtual reality. Computers in Industry, 63(5), 500-512.
• Obeid, S., & Demirkan, H. (2020). The influence of virtual reality on design process creativity in basic design studios. Interactive Learning Environments, 1-19. Panzoli, D., Royeres, P., & Fedou, M. (2019, September). Hand-based interactions in Virtual Reality: No better feeling than the real thing!. In 2019 11th International Conference on Virtual Worlds and Games for Serious Applications (VS-Games) (pp. 1-2). IEEE.
• Pappas, M., Karabatsou, V., Mavrikios, D., & Chryssolouris, G. (2006). Development of a web-based collaboration platform for manufacturing product and process design evaluation using virtual reality techniques. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 19(8), 805-814.
• Park, H., Son, J. S., & Lee, K. H. (2008). Design evaluation of digital consumer products using virtual reality-based functional behaviour simulation. Journal of Engineering Design, 19(4), 359-375.
• Petiot, J. F., & Furet, B. (2010). Product, process and industrial system: innovative research tracks.
• Petrov, H. T. (2018). Use of Virtual Reality in designing urban furniture.
• Piumsomboon, T., Lee, G., Lindeman, R. W., & Billinghurst, M. (2017, March). Exploring natural eye-gaze-based interaction for immersive virtual reality. In 2017 IEEE symposium on 3D user interfaces (3DUI) (pp. 36-39). IEEE.
• Purschke, F., Schulze, M., & Zimmermann, P. (1998, June). Virtual reality-new methods for improving and accelerating the development process in vehicle styling and design. In Proceedings. Computer Graphics International (Cat. No. 98EX149) (pp. 789-797). IEEE.
• Qian, Y. Y., & Teather, R. J. (2017, October). The eyes don't have it: an empirical comparison of head-based and eye-based selection in virtual reality. In Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Spatial User Interaction (pp. 91-98).
• Raposo, A., Santos, I., Soares, L., Wagner, G., Corseuil, E., & Gattass, M. (2009). Environ: integrating VR and CAD in engineering projects. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 29(6), 91-95.
• Reality. (n.d.). In Oxford learners dictionaries. Retrieved from https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/reality?q=reality
• Rebelo, F., Duarte, E., Noriega, P., & Soares, M. M. (2011). Virtual reality in consumer product design: methods and applications. In Human factors and ergonomics in consumer product design (pp. 381-402). CRC Press.
• Rentzos, L., Vourtsis, C., Mavrikios, D., & Chryssolouris, G. (2014, June). Using VR for complex product design. In International conference on virtual, augmented and mixed reality (pp. 455-464). Springer, Cham.
• Riegler, A., Riener, A., & Holzmann, C. (2019). AutoWSD: Virtual Reality Automated Driving Simulator for Rapid HCI Prototyping. In Proceedings of Mensch und Computer 2019 (pp. 853-857).
• Rieuf, V., Bouchard, C., & Aoussat, A. (2015). Immersive moodboards, a comparative study of industrial design inspiration material. Journal of Design Research, 13(1), 78-106.
• Rieuf, V., Bouchard, C., Meyrueis, V., & Omhover, J. F. (2017). Emotional activity in early immersive design: Sketches and moodboards in virtual reality. Design Studies, 48, 43-75.
• Rogers, J., Schnabel, M. A., & Lo, T. T. (2018). Digital Culture-An Interconnective Design Methodology Ecosystem.
• Rojas, J. C., Contero, M., Bartomeu, N., & Guixeres, J. (2015). Using combined bipolar semantic scales and eye‐tracking metrics to compare consumer perception of real and virtual bottles. Packaging technology and science, 28(12), 1047-1056.
• Rubin R. (2019, April 8). Want to Know the Real Future of AR/VR? Ask Their Devs. Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/future-ar-vr-survey/
• Ryken, M. J., & Vance, J. M. (2000). Applying virtual reality techniques to the interactive stress analysis of a tractor lift arm. Finite elements in analysis and design, 35(2), 141-155.
• Schilling, A., Kim, S., Weissmann, D., Tang, Z., & Choi, S. (2006). CAD-VR geometry and meta data synchronization for design review applications. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A, 7(9), 1482-1491.
• Schnabel, M. A., & Kvan, T. (2003). Spatial understanding in immersive virtual environments. International Journal of Architectural Computing, 1(4), 435-448.
• Sherman, W. R., & Craig, A. B. (2019). Chapter 1-introduction to virtual reality. Understanding Virtual Reality, 4-58.
• Song, H., Chen, F., Peng, Q., Zhang, J., & Gu, P. (2018). Improvement of user experience using virtual reality in open-architecture product design. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 232(13), 2264-2275.
• Söderman, M. (2005). Virtual reality in product evaluations with potential customers: An exploratory study comparing virtual reality with conventional product representations. Journal of engineering design, 16(3), 311-328.
• Stark, R., Krause, F. L., Kind, C., Rothenburg, U., Müller, P., Hayka, H., & Stöckert, H. (2010). Competing in engineering design—The role of Virtual Product Creation. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 3(3), 175-184.
• Stickland, J. (n.d.). How Virtual Reality Works. How stuff Works. Retrieved August 15, 2021, from https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/other-gadgets/virtual-reality.htm#pt8
• Sung, R. C., Ritchie, J. M., Robinson, G., Day, P. N., Corney, J. R., & Lim, T. (2009). Automated design process modelling and analysis using immersive virtual reality. Computer-Aided Design, 41(12), 1082-1094.
• Tideman, M., van der Voort, M. C., & van Houten, F. J. (2008). A new product design method based on virtual reality, gaming and scenarios. International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM), 2(4), 195-205.
• Toma, M. I., Gîrbacia, F., & Antonya, C. (2012). A comparative evaluation of human interaction for design and assembly of 3D CAD models in desktop and immersive environments. International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM), 6(3), 179-193.
• Valencia-Romero, A., & Lugo, J. E. (2017). An immersive virtual discrete choice experiment for elicitation of product aesthetics using Gestalt principles. Design Science, 3.
• Van Der Voort, M. C., & Tideman, M. (2008). Combining scenarios and virtual reality into a new approach to including users in product design processes. Journal of design research, 7(4), 393-410.
• Velasquez, A. C. (2020). Examining Virtual Reality As An Empathizing Tool For Early Ideation Stage in Design.
• Violante, M. G., Vezzetti, E., & Piazzolla, P. (2019). How to design a virtual reality experience that impacts the consumer engagement: the case of the virtual supermarket. International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM), 13(1), 243-262.
• Virtual Reality Society. (n.d.). Who Coined the Term “Virtual Reality”?. Retrieved August 15, 2021, from https://www.vrs.org.uk/virtual-reality/who-coined-the-term.html
• Virtual Reality. (n.d.) In Collins Dictionary. Retrieved from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/virtual-reality
• Virtual. (n.d.). In Cambridge online dictionary. Retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/tr/s%C3%B6zl%C3%BCk/ingilizce-t%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e/virtual
• VR, AR, MR, XR – What are all these?. (n.d.). Valmet. Retrieved August 15, 2021, from https://www.valmet.com/media/articles/all-articles/vr-ar-mr-xr-what-are-all-these/
• Wang, X., & Schnabel, M. A. (2009). Mixed Reality In Architecture, Design, And Construction.-Springer Science+ Business Media B.
• Wang, Z., & Dumont, G. (2011). Haptic manipulation of deformable CAD parts with a two-stage method. International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM), 5(4), 255-270.
• Weidlich, D., Cser, L., Polzin, T., Cristiano, D., & Zickner, H. (2009). Virtual reality approaches for immersive design. International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM), 3(2), 103-108.
• Wickman, C., & Söderberg, R. (2003). Increased concurrency between industrial and engineering design using CAT technology combined with virtual reality. Concurrent Engineering, 11(1), 7-15.
• Wingler, D., Joseph, A., Bayramzadeh, S., & Robb, A. (2020). Using virtual reality to compare design alternatives using subjective and objective evaluation methods. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 13(1), 129-144.
• Wolfartsberger, J. (2019). Analyzing the potential of Virtual Reality for engineering design review. Automation in Construction, 104, 27-37.
• Yan, F. X., Hou, Z. X., Zhang, D. H., & Kang, W. K. (2009). Virtual clay modeling system with 6-DOF haptic feedback. In Materials Science Forum (Vol. 628, pp. 155-160). Trans Tech Publications Ltd.
• Yang, E. K., & Lee, J. H. (2020). Cognitive impact of virtual reality sketching on designers’ concept generation. Digital Creativity, 31(2), 82-97.
• Ye, J., Badiyani, S., Raja, V., & Schlegel, T. (2007, July). Applications of virtual reality in product design evaluation. In International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (pp. 1190-1199). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
• Ye, J., Campbell, R. I., Page, T., & Badni, K. S. (2006). An investigation into the implementation of virtual reality technologies in support of conceptual design. Design Studies, 27(1), 77-97.
• Yeh, T. P., & Vance, J. M. (1998). Applying virtual reality techniques to sensitivity-based structural shape design.
• Zhang, R., Noon, C., Winer, E., Oliver, J. H., Gilmore, B., & Duncan, J. (2007, January). Immersive product configurator for conceptual design. In International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference (Vol. 48078, pp. 1403-1413).
• Zhang, Z., Peng, Q., & Gu, P. (2015). Improvement of user involvement in product design. Procedia Cirp, 36, 267-272.
• Zignego, M. I., & Gemelli, P. (2020). A smart mockup for a small habitat. International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM), 14(2), 467-479.
• Zorriassatine, F., Wykes, C., Parkin, R., & Gindy, N. (2003). A survey of virtual prototyping techniques for mechanical product development. Proceedings of the institution of mechanical engineers, Part B: Journal of engineering manufacture, 217(4), 513-530.