Examination Study for the Traditional Houses of the Black Sea Region

Year 2022, Volume: 10 Issue: 4, 427 - 442, 30.12.2022

Filiz Karakuş , Ekrem Bahadır Çalışkan

Abstract

People have solved the need for shelter in different ways depending on the conditions of the region they live in. The Turkish house is a type of house with its own characteristics, which was formed in the Anatolian and Rumeli regions. These houses, which have similar characteristics in terms of their main lines, have undergone some changes over a period of approximately five hundred years and different types have been revealed in different countries and regions. The aim of the study is to determine the change in the traditional house typology on the line from the Middle Black Sea to the East Black Sea and to reveal the reasons for this change. The determined buildings were examined in terms of plan type, construction techniques, land layout, protrusion features, whether there is a garden and main entrance/secondary entrance features. These detected features were analyzed by creating various combinations and using the K-means clustering algorithm method to search patterns, which is the most widely used machine learning algorithm for descriptive analysis. With the evaluation and interpretation of the clusters obtained by this method, data on the differences seen in the traditional Black Sea Region houses on the line starting from Samsun to Artvin were obtained. In addition, it has been observed that there are regional plan types and structural systems in the examined areas. Afterwards, an evaluation was made regarding the reasons for these differences. Although various research has been made on the traditional houses of the Black Sea Region, the absence of an analysis comparing the building typology on this line makes this study important.

Keywords

Black Sea Region, K-Means Clustering, Traditional Houses, Typology

References

• [1] Maslow, A. H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation, Psychological Review, 50, 370-396.
• [2] Hasol, D. (1990). Ansiklopedik Mimarlık Sözlüğü (Encyclopedic Dictionary of Architecture). İstanbul: YEM Publications. (in Turkish).
• [3] Karpuz, H. (1993). Erzurum Evleri (Erzurum Houses). Ankara: Ministry of Culture Publications. (in Turkish)
• [4] Sezgin, H. (1984). Vernaküler Mimari ve Günümüz Koşullarındaki Durumu (Vernacular Architecture and Its Current Conditions). Mimarlık Dergisi, (201/22), 44-47. (in Turkish).
• [5] Kuban, D. (1995). Türk Hayatlı Evi (Turkish Hause with Hayat). İstanbul: TC. Ziraat Bank Publications. (in Turkish).
• [6] Asatekin, G. (2005). Understanding traditional architecture in Anatolia, The Journal of Architecture, 10:4, 189-414.
• [7] Eldem, S.H. (1954). Türk Evi Plan Tipleri (Turkish House Plan Types). İstanbul: Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Architecture Publications. (in Turkish).
• [8] Küçükerman, Ö. (1973). Anadolu’daki Geleneksel Türk Evinde Mekân Organizasyonu Açısından Odalar (Rooms in terms of Space Organization in Traditional Turkish House in Anatolia.). İstanbul: Turing and Automobile Corporation Publication. (in Turkish).
• [9] Eruzun, C. (1989). Kültürel Süreklilik içinde Türk Evi (Turkish House in Cultural Continuity). Mimarlık Dergisi, 236: 68-71. (in Turkish).
• [10] Eldem, S.H. (1984). Türk Evi I (Turkish House 1). 1. edt. İstanbul: Crown Foundation Publications. (in Turkish).
• [11] Bektaş, C. (2001). Halk Yapı Sanatı (Folk Building Art). İstanbul: Literature Publications. (in Turkish).
• [12] Kuban, D. (1975). Sanat tarihimizin sorunları: Anadolu-Türk sanatı, mimarisi, kenti üzerine denemeler (Problems of our art history: Essays on Anatolian-Turkish art, architecture, city). İstanbul: Contemporary Publications. (in Turkish)
• [13] Eruzun, C. & Sözen, M. (1992). Anadolu’da Ev ve İnsan (Home and Human in Anatolia). İstanbul: Real Estate Bank Publications. (in Turkish).
• [14] Eriç, M. (1979). Geleneksel Türk Mimarisinde Malzeme Seçim ve Kullanımı (Material Selection and Use in Traditional Turkish Architecture). Yapı Dergisi, 33: 42-45. (in Turkish).
• [15] Günay, R. 1999. Türk Ev Geleneği ve Safranbolu Evleri (Turkish House Tradition and Safranbolu Houses). İstanbul: YEM Publications. (in Turkish)
• [16] Aksoy, E. (1963). Orta Mekân: Türk Sivil Mimarisinde Temel Kuruluş Prensibi (Middle Space: The Basic Establishment Principle in Turkish Civil Architecture). Mimarlık ve Sanat, 20: 39-92. (in Turkish)
• [17] TDK Büyük Sözlük (TDK Big Dictionary) (2005). Ankara: Turkish Historical Society Publications.
• [18] Sümerkan, M., R. (1991). Karadeniz’de Kırsal Kesim Geleneksel Ev Plan Tiplerinin Yöresel Dağılımı (Regional Distribution of Rural Traditional House Plan Types in the Black Sea Region). Turkish Folk Architecture Symposium Proceedings, (5-7 Mart 1990, Konya). Ankara: Publications of Ministry of Culture Folk Culture Research Department. (in Turkish).
• [19] Bayram, Ö. F. (2014). Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesinde Geçmişten Günümüze Vernaküler Mimari (Vernacular Architecture from Past to Present in the Eastern Black Sea Region). Unpublished Master Thesis, Yıldız Technical University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, İstanbul.
• [20] Sümerkan, M. R. (1989). Doğu Karadeniz Geleneksel Yapı Sanatında İlginç Çözümler (Interesting Solutions in Eastern Black Sea Traditional Building Art). Trabzon 1988-89 Culture and Art Yearbook, İstanbul: Trabzon People's Culture and Solidarity Association Publications. (in Turkish).
• [21] Géron, A. (2017). Hands-on Machine Learning. In O'Reilly Media, Inc.
• [22] Quinlan, J. R. (1986). Induction of decision trees. Machine Learning, 1(1), 81–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00116251
• [23] Dwivedi, S., & P.Bhaiya, L. K. (2019). A Systematic Review on K-Means Clustering Techniques. International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering Trends (IJSRET), 5(3), 624–627
• [24] Kodinariya, T. M., & Makwana, P. R. (2013). Review on determining of cluster in K-means. International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies, 1(6), 90–95. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313554124
• [25] Sinaga, K. P., & Yang, M. S. (2020). Unsupervised K-means clustering algorithm. IEEE Access, 8, 80716–80727. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2988796
• [26] Awad, F. H., & Hamad, M. M. (2022). Improved k-Means Clustering Algorithm for Big Data Based on Distributed Smartphone Neural Engine Processor. Electronics (Switzerland), 11(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11060883
• [27] Fahim, A. (2021). K and starting means for k-means algorithm. Journal of Computational Science, 55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2021.101445
• [28] Jain, V., Sharma, Y., Bhatia, A., & Arora, V. (2017). Crime Prediction using K-means Algorithm. GRD Journals - Global Research and Development Journal for Engineering, 2(5), 206–209.
• [29] Nie, F., Wang, C. L., & Li, X. (2019). K-multiple-means: A multiple-means clustering method with specified K clusters. Proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 19, 959–967. https://doi.org/10.1145/3292500.3330846
• [30] Özmerdivenli, N. M., Taşyürek, M., & Daşbaşı, B. (2022). Determining the Best Location for a Religious Build bu K-means Clustering Methods, European Journal of Science and Technology, 32, 424–430. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1037519
• [31] Qi, J., Yu, Y., Wang, L., & Liu, J. (2016). K-means: An effective and efficient k-means clustering algorithm. Proceedings - 2016 IEEE International Conferences on Big Data and Cloud Computing, BDCloud 2016, Social Computing and Networking, SocialCom 2016 and Sustainable Computing and Communications, SustainCom 2016, 242–249. https://doi.org/10.1109/BDCloud-SocialCom-SustainCom.2016.46
• [32] Sarıman, G. (2011). A Study of Clustering Techniques in Data Mining: Comparison of the K-means and K-Medoids Clustering Algorithms. SDÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15(3), 192–202.
• [33] Cui, M. (2020). Introduction to the K-Means Clustering Algorithm Based on the Elbow Method. Accounting, Auditing and Finance, 1, 5–8. https://doi.org/10.23977/accaf.2020.010102
• [34] The jamovi project. (2021). jamovi (Version 2.2). https://www.jamovi.org.
• [35] Seol, H. (2022). SnowCluster: Cluster Analysis. https://github.com/hyunsooseol/snowCluster
• Endnotes References
• [36] Özgüner, O. (1970). Köyde Mimari Doğu Karadeniz (Architecture in the Village East Black Sea), Ankara: Middle East Technical University Publications. (in Turkish).
• [37] Sümerkan, M., R. (1990). Biçimlendiren Etkenler Açısından Doğu Karadeniz Kırsal Kesiminde Geleneksel Evlerin Yapı Özellikleri (Structural Characteristics of Traditional Houses in the Eastern Black Sea Region in Terms of Forming Factors), Unpublished Master Thesis, Karadeniz Technical University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Trabzon.
• [38] Gür, Ş. Ö. (2000). Doğu Karadeniz Örneğinde Konut Kültürü (Housing Culture in the Example of the Eastern Black Sea Region). İstanbul: YEM Publications. (in Turkish).
• [39] İvgin, C., E. (2019). Vezirköprü Ganioğlu Mahallesi Geleneksel Konutları (Traditional Houses in Vezirköprü Ganioğlu Neighborhood). Unpublished Master Thesis, Hacı Bayram Veli University, Graduate School of Education, Department of Art History, Ankara.
• [40] Saka, B., D. (2020). Geleneksel Türk Evi İnce Yapı Elemanları; Trabzon-Akçaabat İlçesi, Orta Mahalle Evleri İncelenmes (Traditional Turkish House Fine Building Elements; Investigation of Orta Neighborhood Houses in Trabzon-Akçaabat District). Unpublished Master Thesis, Afyon Kocatepe University, Institute of Social Sciences, Art and Design Department, Afyon.
• [41] Okyakmaz, M., A. (2019). Rize-İkizdere-Dereköy Köyü Geleneksel Konutları İncelenmesi ve Asım Ekşi Konutu Restorasyon Önerisi (Rize-İkizdere-Dereköy Village Traditional Houses Investigation and Asım Ekşi House Restoration Proposal). Unpublished Master Thesis, Karadeniz Technical University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Trabzon.
• [42] Aydemir, E. (2010). Yöresel Mimarinin ve Kırsal Dokunun Korunması: Artvin Şavşat Balıklı Mahallesi Örneği (Preservation of Local Architecture and Rural Texture: The Case of Artvin Şavşat Balıklı District). İstanbul Technical University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, İstanbul.