Meşruiyet, Yasallık Ve Hukuka Uygunluk: Değişen Uluslararası Politik Ortamda İnsancıl Askeri Müdahalenin Sorgulanması

Year 2013, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 9 - 30, 01.06.2013

Pınar Gözen Ercan

Abstract

Her ne kadar insancıl sebeplerle güç kullanımı (diğer bir deyişle insancıl askeri müdahale) üzerine tartışmalar yeni olmasa da, bunlar Soğuk Savaş döneminden bu yana insan haklarının uluslararası boyutta korunmasına verilen önemin artmasıyla zenginleşmiştir. 1990larda yaşanan büyük ölçekli insan hakları ihlalleri karşısında yapılan müdahaleler ve zaman zaman tepkisiz kalınması sonucunda uluslararası hukuk ve politika literatürlerinde önemli bir yer edinen insancıl müdahale tartışmaları koruma sorumluluğu kavramının ortaya çıkmasıyla yeni bir yön kazanmıştır. Halihazırda koruma sorumluluğu çerçevesinde Güvenlik Konseyi yetkilendirmesiyle ve son çare olarak uygulanacak bir yöntem olarak nitelendirilen insancıl müdahale hala devletlerce bireysel ya da kolektif olarak uluslararası platformda bir araç olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda gerek akademik gerekse de siyasi platformda tek taraflı olarak ya da Güvenlik Konseyi yetkilendirmesi olmaksızın gerçekleştirilen insancıl müdahaleler ikilik yaratmaya devam etmektedir. İlk olarak Bosna-Herseke ve Kosovaya, yakın zamanda da Libyaya yapılan müdahaleler sonucunda insancıl müdahale doktrininin meşruiyeti, yasallığı ve hukuka uygunluğuna dair tartışmalar hız kazanmıştır. Tüm bu gelişmeler ışığında, bu makalede insancıl müdahale doktrini uluslararası hukuk çerçevesinde, hukuka uygunluk ile yasallık yönünden analiz etmektedir. Bu amaçla ilk olarak insancıl sebeplerle askeri müdahale yapma fikrinin normatif kökenleri sorgulanmakta, daha sonra da mevcut uluslararası hukuki düzen incelenmektedir. Son olarak Birleşmiş Milletler Sözleşmesi sonrasındaki dönem esas alınarak ortaya çıkan olayların genel bir resmi çerçevesinde devlet uygulamalarının ve mevcut hukuki anlayış ve tartışmaların koruma sorumluluğunun inşasına nasıl yön verdiği ortaya konmaya çalışılmaktadır.

Keywords

Meşruiyet, yasallık, hukuka uygunluk, insancıl müdahale, koruma sorumluluğu

Legitimacy, Legality and Lawfulness: Questioning Humanitarian Military Intervention in a Changing International Political Milieu

Abstract

A lbeit the debate on the use of force for humanitarian purposes (i.e. humanitarian military intervention) is not new, it has been flourishing since the early years of the Cold War as a result of the increasing importance placed on the international protection of human rights. After gaining a prominent place in the international law and politics literatures, with cases of action and inaction/indifference in the 1990s, the question of (and the need for) undertaking intervention to stop mass atrocities took a new turn with the introduction of the “responsibility to protect” (RtoP) understanding. Now also enlisted as a measure within the RtoP framework but only as a last resort and to be undertaken with Security Council authorisation, humanitarian (military) intervention continues to be adopted individually or collectively by states in their international conduct. In this vein, its unilateral or unauthorised practices continue to create controversy in the political and academic platforms. Primarily with the military interventions in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo, then most recently with the intervention in Libya, the debates on the legitimacy, legality and lawfulness of the controversial doctrine of humanitarian intervention once again gained momentum. In the light of these developments, this article analyses the doctrine of humanitarian intervention in relation to international law with a specific focus on the questions of lawfulness and legality. To this end, it first traces the normative roots of the idea of undertaking military intervention on humanitarian grounds, and then, analyses the current legal framework. Finally, through an overview of cases in the post-Charter era, it tries to reveal how state practice alongside the legal understandings and debates led to the construction of the RtoP norm

Keywords

Legitimacy, legality, lawfulness, humanitarian intervention, responsibility to protect

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