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Uluslararası Hukukta Self-Determinasyona Yardım Gerekçesiyle Yapılan Tek Taraflı Askeri Müdahalelerin Kabul Edilebilirliği: Devlet Uygulamaları ve Birleşmiş Milletler’in Tepkileri

Year 2015, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 105 - 126, 01.06.2015

Müge Kınacıoğlu

Abstract

Bu makale, uluslararası hukukta ve politikada yüceltilen self-determinasyon hakkı ile uluslararası hukukun kuvvet kullanma yasağı ve iç işlerine karışmama ilkelerinin problemli çatışmasını inceleyip, analiz etmektedir. Makale, özellikle halkların dış self-determinasyon hakkı için mücadelesine yardım etme gerekçesiyle kuvvet kullanımını meşrulaştırma sorunsalını ele almakta, ve askeri müdahale için hukuki zemin olarak gösterildiği üç Soğuk Savaş dönemi vakasını ve bunlara Birleşmiş Milletlerin (BM) tepkilerini inceleyerek, dış self-determinasyonu desteklemek için yapılan tek taraflı askeri müdahalelerin kabul edilebilirliğini, analiz etmektedir. Bu makalenin temel argümanı, self-determinasyon hakkına verilen tartışmasız öneme rağmen, BMin bu gerekçeyle yapılmış askeri müdahalelere tepkilerinin, devletlere bu gerekçeyle tek taraflı askeri müdahalede bulunma ve diğer bir devletin iç işlerine karışma hakkı tanımadığını ortaya koyduğudur.

Keywords

Kuvvet kullanımı tek taraflı askeri müdahale self-determinasyon devlet uygulamaları Birleşmiş Milletler

References

  • AKEHURST, Michael, A Modern Introduction to International Law, George Allen and Unwin, London, 1984.
  • AREND, Anthony Clark/BECK, Robert J., International Law and the Use of Force, Beyond the UN Charter Paradigm, Routledge, London, 1993.
  • BELOFF, Max, “Reflections on Intervention,” Journal of International Affairs, 1968, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 198-207.
  • BROWNLIE, Ian, International Law and the Use of Force by States, Oxford University Press, London, 1963.
  • CASSESE, Antonio, International Law in a Divided World, Oxford University Press, New York, 1994.
  • CASSESE, Antonio, Self-Determination of Peoples, A Legal Reappraisal, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995.
  • ÇELİK, Edip, Milletlerarası Hukuk, Filiz Kitabevi, İstanbul, 1982.
  • FALK, Richard, “Intervention and National Liberation”, Intervention in World Politics, (Hedley Bull, ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1984, pp. 119-133.
  • FALK, Richard A., “The Right of Self-Determination Under International Law: The Coherence of Doctrine Versus the Incoherence of Experience”, Self-Determination and Self-Administration:
  • A Sourcebook, (Wofgang Danspeckgruber and Arthur Watts, eds.), Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.,Boulder, 1997, pp. 47-63.
  • Helsinki Final Act, 1 August 1975.
  • HSIUNG, James C., Anarchy and Order: The Interplay of Politics and Law in International Relations, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., Boulder, 1997.
  • ICJ Reports, 1986, Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Merits.
  • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966.
  • International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 16 December 1966.
  • KARAOSMANOĞLU, Ali, İç Çatışmaların Çözümü ve Uluslararası Örgütler, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, İstanbul, 1981.
  • Keesing’s Record of World Events 8, March 1962, http://www.keesings.com (accessed 19 January 2014).
  • Keesing’s Record of World Events 22, January 1976, http://www.keesings.com (accessed 28 July 2014).
  • Keesing’s Record of World Events 22, August 1976, http://www.keesings.com (accessed 10 October 2014).
  • KELSEN, Hans, The Law of the United Nations, Stevens & Sons Limited, London, 1951.
  • LAUTERPACHT, Hersch, Lassa Francis Lawrence Oppenheim, International Law: A Treatise Vol. I, Longmans, Green & Co., London, 1955.
  • MERAY, Seha L., Devletler Hukukuna Giriş, İkinci Cilt, Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, Ankara, 1965.
  • PAZARCI, Hüseyin, Uluslararası Hukuk Dersleri, IV. Kitap, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara, 2000.
  • Press Release USUN-122, 1970, Statement by the US Alternate Representative in the Legal Committee of the General Assembly, 24 September 1970
  • SCHWEBEL, Stephen M., “Wars of Liberation as Fought in the UN Organs”, Law and Civil War in the Modern World, (John Norton Moore, ed.), The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1974, pp. 446-457.
  • SENESE, Salvatore, “External and Internal Self-Determination”, Social Justice, 1989, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 19-25.
  • SHAW, Malcolm N., International Law, Grotius Publications Limited, Cambridge, 1991.
  • SIMMA, Bruno, The Charter of the United Nations, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1994.
  • SLAUGHTER BURLEY, Anne-Marie/ KAYSEN, Carl, “Introductory Note: Emerging Norms of Justified Intervention”, Emerging Norms of Justified Intervention, (Laura W. Reed and Carl Kaysen, eds.), American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Cambridge, 1993, pp. 7-14.
  • SLOAN, Blaine, United Nations General Assembly Resolutions In Our Changing World, Transnational Publishers, Inc., New York, 1991.
  • TANCA, Antonio, Foreign Armed Intervention in Internal Conflict, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Netherlands, 1993. UN Charter
  • UN Doc. S/5032, 1961.
  • UN Doc. S/5033, 1961.
  • UN Doc. A/5746, Report of the Special Committee on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States, 1964.
  • UN Doc. A/6230, Report of the Special Committee on Principles of International Law, 1966.
  • UN Doc. A/6799, Report of the Special Committee on Principles of International Law, 1967.
  • UN Doc. A/PV.2003, 1971.
  • UN Doc. S/PV.1608, 1971.
  • UN Doc. S/PV.1611, 1971.
  • UN GA Res. 375 (IV), Draft Declaration on the Rights and Duties of States, 6 December 1949.
  • UN GA Res. 380 (V), Peace Through Deeds, 17 November 1950.
  • UN GA Res. 1236 (XII), Peaceful and Neighbourly Relations among States, 14 December 1957.
  • UN GA Res. 1514 (XV), Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, 14 December 1960.
  • UN GA Res. 1542 (XV), Transmission of Information under Article 73e of the Charter, 15 December 1960.
  • UN GA Res. 1699 (XVI), Non-Compliance of the Government of Portugal with Chapter XI of the Charter of the United Nations with General Assembly Resolution 1542 (XV), 19 December 1961.
  • UN GA Res. 2105 (XX), Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, 20 December 1965.
  • UN GA Res. 2131 (XX), Declaration on the Inadmissibility of Intervention in the Domestic Affairs of States and the Protection of Their Independence and Sovereignty, 21 December 1965.
  • UN GA Res. 2625 (XXV), Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with Charter of the United Nations, 24 October 1970.
  • UN GA Res. 2734 (XXV), Declaration on the Strengthening of International Security, 16 December 1970.
  • UN GA Res. 2793 (XXVI), Question Considered by the Security Council at its 1606th, 1607th and 1608th Meetings on 4, 5 and 6 December 1971, 7 December 1971.
  • UN GA Res. 3103 (XXVIII), Basic Principles of the Legal Status of the Combatants Struggling Against Colonial and Alien Domination and Racist Regimes, 12 December 1973.
  • UN GA Res. 3314 (XXIX), Definition of Aggression, 14 December 1974.
  • UN GA Res. 3485 (XXX), Question of Timor, 12 December 1975.
  • UN GA Res. 31/29, Information From Non-Self Governing Territories Transmitted Under Article 73E of the Charter of the United Nations, 29 November 1976.
  • UN GA Res. 31/33, Adverse Consequences For the Enjoyment of Human Rights of Political, Military, Economic and Other Forms of Assistance Given to Colonial and Racist Regimes in Southern
  • Africa, 30 November 1976.
  • UN GA Res. 31/53, Question of East Timor, 1 December 1976.
  • UN GA Res. 31/92, Implementation of the Declaration on the Strengthening of International Security, 14 December 1976.
  • UN GA Res. 31/91, Non-Interference in the Internal Affairs of States, 14 December 1976.
  • UN GA Res. 32/10, Decade For Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination, 7 November 1977.
  • UN GA Res. 32/14, Implementation of the Universal Realization of the Right of Peoples to Self- Determination and of the Speedy Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples for the Effective Guarantee and Observance of Human Rights, 7 November 1977.
  • UN GA Res. 32/42, Implementation of the Declaration of the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, 7 December 1977.
  • UN GA Res. 32/154, Implementation of the Declaration on the Strengthening of International Security, 19 December 1977.
  • UN GA Res. 34/103, Inadmissibility of the Policy of Hegemonism in International Relations, 14 December 1979.
  • UN GA Res. 36/103, Declaration on the Inadmissibility of Intervention and Interference in the Internal Affairs of the States, 9 December 1981.
  • UN GA Res. 37/10, Manila Declaration on the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes, 15 November 1982.
  • UN GA Res.39/50, Question of Namibia, 12 December 1984.
  • UN GA Res. 39/72, Policies of Apartheid of the Government of South Africa, 13 December 1984.
  • UN SC Res. 307, 21 December 1971.
  • UN SC Res. 384, 22 December 1975.
  • UN SC Res. 389, 22 April 1976. UN Yearbook, 1961. UN Yearbook, 1965. UN Yearbook, 1971. UN Yearbook, 1975.

Permissibility of Unilateral Military Interventions to Assist Self-Determination in International Law: State Practice and United Nations’ Responses

Year 2015, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 105 - 126, 01.06.2015

Müge Kınacıoğlu

Abstract

Permissibility of Unilateral Military Interventions to Assist Self-Determination in International Law: State Practice and United Nations’ ResponsesT his article aims to examine and analyze the problematic clash of the most promoted right of selfdetermination with the most enshrined norms of non-use of force and non-intervention in domestic affairs in international law. It specifically addresses the question of justification of the use of force on the basis of assistance to peoples in their struggle for ‘external’ self-determination, and examine the permissibility of the state justifications for military intervention in support of external self-determination, by analyzing three Cold War cases where it was specifically invoked as the legal ground for military intervention and the United Nations (UN) reactions to them. The article’s main contention is that despite the incontestable significance attached to self-determination, the historical record of the UN responses to such military interventions demonstrates that the right of self-determination does not lend itself to an unquestionable legal right for a state to take a unilateral military action and intervene in domestic affairs of another state

Keywords

Use of force unilateral military intervention self-determination state practice United Nations

References

  • AKEHURST, Michael, A Modern Introduction to International Law, George Allen and Unwin, London, 1984.
  • AREND, Anthony Clark/BECK, Robert J., International Law and the Use of Force, Beyond the UN Charter Paradigm, Routledge, London, 1993.
  • BELOFF, Max, “Reflections on Intervention,” Journal of International Affairs, 1968, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 198-207.
  • BROWNLIE, Ian, International Law and the Use of Force by States, Oxford University Press, London, 1963.
  • CASSESE, Antonio, International Law in a Divided World, Oxford University Press, New York, 1994.
  • CASSESE, Antonio, Self-Determination of Peoples, A Legal Reappraisal, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995.
  • ÇELİK, Edip, Milletlerarası Hukuk, Filiz Kitabevi, İstanbul, 1982.
  • FALK, Richard, “Intervention and National Liberation”, Intervention in World Politics, (Hedley Bull, ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1984, pp. 119-133.
  • FALK, Richard A., “The Right of Self-Determination Under International Law: The Coherence of Doctrine Versus the Incoherence of Experience”, Self-Determination and Self-Administration:
  • A Sourcebook, (Wofgang Danspeckgruber and Arthur Watts, eds.), Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.,Boulder, 1997, pp. 47-63.
  • Helsinki Final Act, 1 August 1975.
  • HSIUNG, James C., Anarchy and Order: The Interplay of Politics and Law in International Relations, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., Boulder, 1997.
  • ICJ Reports, 1986, Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Merits.
  • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966.
  • International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 16 December 1966.
  • KARAOSMANOĞLU, Ali, İç Çatışmaların Çözümü ve Uluslararası Örgütler, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, İstanbul, 1981.
  • Keesing’s Record of World Events 8, March 1962, http://www.keesings.com (accessed 19 January 2014).
  • Keesing’s Record of World Events 22, January 1976, http://www.keesings.com (accessed 28 July 2014).
  • Keesing’s Record of World Events 22, August 1976, http://www.keesings.com (accessed 10 October 2014).
  • KELSEN, Hans, The Law of the United Nations, Stevens & Sons Limited, London, 1951.
  • LAUTERPACHT, Hersch, Lassa Francis Lawrence Oppenheim, International Law: A Treatise Vol. I, Longmans, Green & Co., London, 1955.
  • MERAY, Seha L., Devletler Hukukuna Giriş, İkinci Cilt, Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, Ankara, 1965.
  • PAZARCI, Hüseyin, Uluslararası Hukuk Dersleri, IV. Kitap, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara, 2000.
  • Press Release USUN-122, 1970, Statement by the US Alternate Representative in the Legal Committee of the General Assembly, 24 September 1970
  • SCHWEBEL, Stephen M., “Wars of Liberation as Fought in the UN Organs”, Law and Civil War in the Modern World, (John Norton Moore, ed.), The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1974, pp. 446-457.
  • SENESE, Salvatore, “External and Internal Self-Determination”, Social Justice, 1989, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 19-25.
  • SHAW, Malcolm N., International Law, Grotius Publications Limited, Cambridge, 1991.
  • SIMMA, Bruno, The Charter of the United Nations, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1994.
  • SLAUGHTER BURLEY, Anne-Marie/ KAYSEN, Carl, “Introductory Note: Emerging Norms of Justified Intervention”, Emerging Norms of Justified Intervention, (Laura W. Reed and Carl Kaysen, eds.), American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Cambridge, 1993, pp. 7-14.
  • SLOAN, Blaine, United Nations General Assembly Resolutions In Our Changing World, Transnational Publishers, Inc., New York, 1991.
  • TANCA, Antonio, Foreign Armed Intervention in Internal Conflict, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Netherlands, 1993. UN Charter
  • UN Doc. S/5032, 1961.
  • UN Doc. S/5033, 1961.
  • UN Doc. A/5746, Report of the Special Committee on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States, 1964.
  • UN Doc. A/6230, Report of the Special Committee on Principles of International Law, 1966.
  • UN Doc. A/6799, Report of the Special Committee on Principles of International Law, 1967.
  • UN Doc. A/PV.2003, 1971.
  • UN Doc. S/PV.1608, 1971.
  • UN Doc. S/PV.1611, 1971.
  • UN GA Res. 375 (IV), Draft Declaration on the Rights and Duties of States, 6 December 1949.
  • UN GA Res. 380 (V), Peace Through Deeds, 17 November 1950.
  • UN GA Res. 1236 (XII), Peaceful and Neighbourly Relations among States, 14 December 1957.
  • UN GA Res. 1514 (XV), Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, 14 December 1960.
  • UN GA Res. 1542 (XV), Transmission of Information under Article 73e of the Charter, 15 December 1960.
  • UN GA Res. 1699 (XVI), Non-Compliance of the Government of Portugal with Chapter XI of the Charter of the United Nations with General Assembly Resolution 1542 (XV), 19 December 1961.
  • UN GA Res. 2105 (XX), Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, 20 December 1965.
  • UN GA Res. 2131 (XX), Declaration on the Inadmissibility of Intervention in the Domestic Affairs of States and the Protection of Their Independence and Sovereignty, 21 December 1965.
  • UN GA Res. 2625 (XXV), Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with Charter of the United Nations, 24 October 1970.
  • UN GA Res. 2734 (XXV), Declaration on the Strengthening of International Security, 16 December 1970.
  • UN GA Res. 2793 (XXVI), Question Considered by the Security Council at its 1606th, 1607th and 1608th Meetings on 4, 5 and 6 December 1971, 7 December 1971.
  • UN GA Res. 3103 (XXVIII), Basic Principles of the Legal Status of the Combatants Struggling Against Colonial and Alien Domination and Racist Regimes, 12 December 1973.
  • UN GA Res. 3314 (XXIX), Definition of Aggression, 14 December 1974.
  • UN GA Res. 3485 (XXX), Question of Timor, 12 December 1975.
  • UN GA Res. 31/29, Information From Non-Self Governing Territories Transmitted Under Article 73E of the Charter of the United Nations, 29 November 1976.
  • UN GA Res. 31/33, Adverse Consequences For the Enjoyment of Human Rights of Political, Military, Economic and Other Forms of Assistance Given to Colonial and Racist Regimes in Southern
  • Africa, 30 November 1976.
  • UN GA Res. 31/53, Question of East Timor, 1 December 1976.
  • UN GA Res. 31/92, Implementation of the Declaration on the Strengthening of International Security, 14 December 1976.
  • UN GA Res. 31/91, Non-Interference in the Internal Affairs of States, 14 December 1976.
  • UN GA Res. 32/10, Decade For Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination, 7 November 1977.
  • UN GA Res. 32/14, Implementation of the Universal Realization of the Right of Peoples to Self- Determination and of the Speedy Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples for the Effective Guarantee and Observance of Human Rights, 7 November 1977.
  • UN GA Res. 32/42, Implementation of the Declaration of the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, 7 December 1977.
  • UN GA Res. 32/154, Implementation of the Declaration on the Strengthening of International Security, 19 December 1977.
  • UN GA Res. 34/103, Inadmissibility of the Policy of Hegemonism in International Relations, 14 December 1979.
  • UN GA Res. 36/103, Declaration on the Inadmissibility of Intervention and Interference in the Internal Affairs of the States, 9 December 1981.
  • UN GA Res. 37/10, Manila Declaration on the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes, 15 November 1982.
  • UN GA Res.39/50, Question of Namibia, 12 December 1984.
  • UN GA Res. 39/72, Policies of Apartheid of the Government of South Africa, 13 December 1984.
  • UN SC Res. 307, 21 December 1971.
  • UN SC Res. 384, 22 December 1975.
  • UN SC Res. 389, 22 April 1976. UN Yearbook, 1961. UN Yearbook, 1965. UN Yearbook, 1971. UN Yearbook, 1975.
There are 71 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA27DZ39DH
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Müge Kınacıoğlu This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kınacıoğlu, M. (2015). Uluslararası Hukukta Self-Determinasyona Yardım Gerekçesiyle Yapılan Tek Taraflı Askeri Müdahalelerin Kabul Edilebilirliği: Devlet Uygulamaları ve Birleşmiş Milletler’in Tepkileri. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 105-126.
AMA Kınacıoğlu M. Uluslararası Hukukta Self-Determinasyona Yardım Gerekçesiyle Yapılan Tek Taraflı Askeri Müdahalelerin Kabul Edilebilirliği: Devlet Uygulamaları ve Birleşmiş Milletler’in Tepkileri. HHFD. June 2015;5(1):105-126.
Chicago Kınacıoğlu, Müge. “Uluslararası Hukukta Self-Determinasyona Yardım Gerekçesiyle Yapılan Tek Taraflı Askeri Müdahalelerin Kabul Edilebilirliği: Devlet Uygulamaları Ve Birleşmiş Milletler’in Tepkileri”. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 5, no. 1 (June 2015): 105-26.
EndNote Kınacıoğlu M (June 1, 2015) Uluslararası Hukukta Self-Determinasyona Yardım Gerekçesiyle Yapılan Tek Taraflı Askeri Müdahalelerin Kabul Edilebilirliği: Devlet Uygulamaları ve Birleşmiş Milletler’in Tepkileri. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 5 1 105–126.
IEEE M. Kınacıoğlu, “Uluslararası Hukukta Self-Determinasyona Yardım Gerekçesiyle Yapılan Tek Taraflı Askeri Müdahalelerin Kabul Edilebilirliği: Devlet Uygulamaları ve Birleşmiş Milletler’in Tepkileri”, HHFD, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 105–126, 2015.
ISNAD Kınacıoğlu, Müge. “Uluslararası Hukukta Self-Determinasyona Yardım Gerekçesiyle Yapılan Tek Taraflı Askeri Müdahalelerin Kabul Edilebilirliği: Devlet Uygulamaları Ve Birleşmiş Milletler’in Tepkileri”. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 5/1 (June 2015), 105-126.
JAMA Kınacıoğlu M. Uluslararası Hukukta Self-Determinasyona Yardım Gerekçesiyle Yapılan Tek Taraflı Askeri Müdahalelerin Kabul Edilebilirliği: Devlet Uygulamaları ve Birleşmiş Milletler’in Tepkileri. HHFD. 2015;5:105–126.
MLA Kınacıoğlu, Müge. “Uluslararası Hukukta Self-Determinasyona Yardım Gerekçesiyle Yapılan Tek Taraflı Askeri Müdahalelerin Kabul Edilebilirliği: Devlet Uygulamaları Ve Birleşmiş Milletler’in Tepkileri”. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 5, no. 1, 2015, pp. 105-26.
Vancouver Kınacıoğlu M. Uluslararası Hukukta Self-Determinasyona Yardım Gerekçesiyle Yapılan Tek Taraflı Askeri Müdahalelerin Kabul Edilebilirliği: Devlet Uygulamaları ve Birleşmiş Milletler’in Tepkileri. HHFD. 2015;5(1):105-26.