Exception Provisions To Avoid The Obligations In The WTO Agreements

Year 2017, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 169 - 192, 01.12.2017

Talat Kaya

Abstract

S ince the establishment of the World trade Organization (WtO) in 1995, the multilateral trading system has been developed under the Agreements annexed to the Agreement Establishing the WtO. WtO basically envisages establishment of a free trade system based on principles like nondiscrimination, market access and transparency. However, in some cases, free trade system, that the WtO aims to establish, may conflict with some social values and interests. Grounded on some economic realities and rationales, besides social values and interests, Member states may need to adopt practices and policies deviating from the WtO rules. WtO Agreements provide rules that reconcile economic and social values with rules aiming liberalization of trade. In general terms, under certain conditions and procedures, the so-called exception provisions allow deviation from the provisions envisaging the establishment of free trade. In this context, it is possible to avoid the obligations contained in the WtO Agreements provided that conditions and procedures under the exception provisions are met

Keywords

WTO, Exception Rules, GATT, GATS, International Trade

DTÖ Anlaşmalarındaki Yükümlülüklerden Kaçınmaya Olanak Sağlayan İstisna Hükümleri

Abstract

Dünya ticaret örgütü (DTÖ)nün 1995 yılında kurulması ile birlikte, çok taraflı uluslararası ticaret sistemi; DTÖ Kuruluş Anlaşması ekinde yer verilen Anlaşmalar çerçevesinde gelişmiştir. DTÖ, ayrımcılık yapmama, pazara giriş ve şeffaflık gibi ilkeler temelinde serbest bir ticaret sistemi kurmayı öngörmektedir. DTÖnün kurmayı amaçladığı serbest ticaret sistemi bazı hallerde ticaret dışındaki toplumsal değer ve menfaatler ile çelişebilmektedir. toplumsal değer ve menfaatler yanında, ekonomik bazı gerçeklikler ve gerekçeler de, üye ülkelerin DTÖ kurallarından sapan uygulama ve politikalar benimsemek istemelerine neden olmaktadır. DTÖ Anlaşmalarında sosyal ve ekonomik değer ve menfaatler ile ticaretin serbestleştirilmesine ilişkin kuralları bağdaştıran hükümlere yer verilmiştir. Genel olarak istisna hükümleri olarak adlandırılan bu hükümler belli şart ve usuller çerçevesinde serbest ticareti öngören hükümlerden sapmaya olanak sağlamaktadır. Bu çerçevede, istisna kurallarında yer verilen şart ve usullere uygun olmak kaydıyla, DTÖ Anlaşmalarında yer verilen yükümlülüklerden kaçınmak mümkündür.

Keywords

DTÖ, İstisna Kuralları, GATT, GATS, Uluslararası Ticaret

References

• Appellate Body Report, Argentina – Safeguard Measures on Imports of Footwear, Wt/DS121/AB/R, adopted 12 January 2000, DSR 2000:I, 515.
• Appellate Body Report, Brazil – Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, Wt/DS332/AB/R, adopted 17 December 2007, DSR 2007:IV, 1527.
• Appellate Body Report, Chına – Measures Related To The Exportation of Rare Earths, Tungsten, And Molybdenum, Wt/DS431/AB/R Wt/DS432/AB/R Wt/DS433/AB/R, adopted 29 August 2014.
• Appellate Body Report, European Communities – Measures Prohibiting the Importation and Marketing of Seal Products, Wt/DS400/AB/R Wt/DS401/AB/R, adopted 18 June 2014.
• Appellate Body Report, Korea – Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, Wt/DS75/AB/R, Wt/DS84/AB/R, adopted 17 February 1999, DSR 1999:I, 3.
• Appellate Body Report, Japan–Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, Wt/DS8/AB/R, Wt/DS10/AB/R, Wt/DS11/ AB/R, adopted 1 November 1996, DSR 1996:I, 97.
• Appellate Body Report, Turkey – Restrictions on Imports of Textile and Clothing Products, Wt/DS34/ AB/R, adopted 19 November 1999, DSR 1999:VI, p. 2345
• Appellate Body Report, United States – Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, Wt/DS2/ AB/R, adopted 20 May 1996, DSR 1996:I, 3.
• Appellate Body Report, United States – Measures Affecting the CrossBorder Supply of Gambling and Betting Services, Wt/DS285/AB/R, adopted 20 April 2005, DSR  2005:XII, 5663 (Corr.1, DSR 2006:XII, 5475).
• Appellate Body Report, United States – Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Certain Steel Products, Wt/DS248/AB/R, Wt/DS249/AB/R, Wt/DS251/AB/R, Wt/DS252/AB/R, Wt/DS253/AB/R, Wt/DS254/AB/R, Wt/DS258/AB/R, Wt/DS259/AB/R, adopted 10 December 2003, DSR 2003:VII, 3117.
• Arat t./Erten R., Dtö Hukuku ve türkiye’ye Etkileri, Dünya Ticaret Örgütü Doha Turu Çok Taraflı Ticaret Müzakereleri ve Türkiye, Ed. Akman M.S/Yaman Ş., tepav, Ankara, 2008, s. 355-418.
• Ayres G./ Mitchell A., ‘General and Security Exceptions under the GAtt and GAtS, International Trade Law and WTO, Eds Carr I./ Bhuiyan J./ Alam S., Federation Press, 2012, http://papers.ssrn.com/ sol3/ papers.cfm?abstract_id=1951549 son erişim tarihi 1 Mayıs 2015.
• Devlet Planlama teşkilatı Müeteşarlığı (DPt), Hizmet ticaretinin Serbestleştirilmesi özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu, Ankara, 2000.
• Differential and More Favourable treatment Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries, http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/enabling1979_e.htm, son erişim tarihi 04 Mayıs 2017.
• Doha WtO Ministerial 2001: Ministerial Declaration, Wt/MIN(01)/DEC/1, 20 November 2001.
• Contracting Parties Decision, Article XXI – United States Exports Restrictions, (Czechoslovakia), 8 June 1949, BISD II/28.
• Ekonomi Bakanlığı, Pazara Giriş Engelleri 2015 Yılı Raporu http://www.ekonomi.gov.tr/portal/content/ conn/UCM/path/Contribution%20Folders/web/%C4%B0hracat/Pazara%20Giri%C5%9F/ekler/ Pazara%20Giri%C5%9F%20Engelleri%202015%20Raporu.pdf?lve, son erişim tarihi 1 Ocak 2016.
• Grimwade N., International trade Policy, A Contemporary Analysis, Routledge, 2006.
• Hoekman B.H./Kostecki M., the Political Economy of the World trading System, the WtO and Beyond, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2001.
• Jackson J.H., the World trading System, Law and Policy of International Economic Relations, Second Edition, the MIt Press, 1999
• Kaya t., Dtö Hukuku Uygulamasında Ayrımcılık Yapmama İlkesi, Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 59, Sayı 2, 2010, s. 183-242 (Ayrımcılık Yapmama).
• Kaya t.; Dünya ticaret örgütü (Dtö) Anlaşmalarının İç Hukukta Uygulanması, Legal Yayıncılık, 2015, (Dtö Anlaşmaları).
• Kennedy K., GAtt 1994, The World Trade Organization Legal, Economic and Political Analysis, Ed. Macrory P.F.J./ Appleton A.E./ Plummer M.G., Springer, 2005, s. 89-186.
• Mavroidis P.C.; the General Agreement on tariffs and trade, A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2005.
• Lee Y.S, the Agreement on Safeguards, The World Trade Organization Legal, Economic and Political Analysis, Ed. Macrory P.F.J./ Appleton A.E./ Plummer M.G., Springer, 2005, s. 769-798.
• Panel Report, India – Quantitative Restrictions on Imports of Agricultural, Textile and Industrial Products, Wt/DS90/R, adopted 22 September 1999, upheld by Appellate Body Report Wt/DS90/ AB/R, DSR 1999:V, 1799.
• Panel Report, India – Quantitative Restrictions on Imports of Agricultural, Textile and Industrial Products, Wt/DS90/R, adopted 22 September 1999, upheld by Appellate Body Report Wt/DS90/ AB/R, DSR 1999:V, 1799.
• Seyyidoğlu H., Uluslararası İktisat, Geliştirilmiş 13. Bası, Kurtiş Matbaası, İstanbul, 1999.
• Stoll P.t/ Schorkopf F., WtO–World Economic Order, World trade Law, Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, 2006.
• tCMB, “ödemeler Dengesi İstatistikleri”ne İlişkin Yöntemsel Açıklama, s. 4 http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/ wps/wcm/connect/94562f9f-fa7d-471e-89f9-c0e0e00cf99f/odemet.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACH EID=ROOtWORKSPACE94562f9f-fa7d-471e-89f9-c0e0e00cf99f , son erişim tarihi 10 Ocak 2017.
• telli S., Devletler Hukuku Açısından Uluslararası ticaret ve Kurumlaşması, Banka ve ticaret Araştırma Enstitüsü, Sevinç Matbaası, Ankara, 1991.
• togan S., ticaret Politikası Gözden Geçirme Mekanizması: türkiye Açısından Bir Değerlendirme, Dünya Ticaret Örgütü Doha Turu Çok Taraflı Ticaret Müzakereleri ve Türkiye, Ed. Akman M.S/ Yaman Ş., tepav, Ankara, 2008.
• Van den Bossche P.; the Law and the Policy of the World trade Organization, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
• Whalley J., Why Do Countries Seek Regional trade Agreements?, The Regionalization of the World Economy Ed. Frankel J.A., the University of Chicago Press, 1998, s. 63-90.
• WtO, Guide to the Uruguay Round Agreements, Geneva, 1998, s. 181-182 (Uruguay Round Agreements).
• WtO, Regional trade Agreements: Facts and Figures; https://www.wto.org/english/tratop e/region_e/ regfac_e.htm, son erişim tarihi 21 Ocak 2016.
• WtO, technical Information on Balance of Payments, http://www.wto.org/english/tratope/ bope/ bopinfo_e.htm, son erişim tarihi 1 Ocak 2017.
• WtO, the Fundamental WtO Principles of National treatment, Most Favoured-Nation treatment and transparency, Wt/WGtCP/W/114, 14 April 1999 (Fundamental WtO Principles).
• WtO; transparency Mechanism for Regional trade Agreements, Wt/L/671 http://docsonline.wto.org/ DDFDocuments/t/Wt/L/671.doc son erişim tarihi 1 Ocak 2017.
• WtO, World trade Report 2011, the WtO and Preferential trade Agreements: From Co-existence to Coherence, http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/anrep_e/world_trade _report11_e.pdf; son erişim tarihi 1 Ocak 2017 (World trade Report 2011).